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131-683: He was born in Rzeszów , in southeastern Poland, in 1933 and studied acting and directing at the Ludwik Solski Academy of Dramatic Arts in Kraków and Russian Academy of Theatre Arts in Moscow. He debuted as a director in 1957 in Kraków with Eugène Ionesco 's play Chairs (co-directed with Aleksandra Mianowska) and shortly afterward founded a small laboratory theatre in 1959 in the town of Opole in Poland. During

262-527: A föhn wind , when the temperature can rise rapidly. See or edit raw graph data . According to GUS data, as of 30 June 2020, Rzeszów had 196 821 inhabitants. In contrast to other cities close to the size of Rzeszów in Poland , the population is growing. Rzeszów is the 17th largest Polish city in terms of population and the 20th largest city in terms of area. At Widełka substation, situated approximately 20 kilometres (12 miles) north-northeast of Rzeszów,

393-677: A Romantic drama relating to the soul-searching of the Polish people in the aftermath of the failed insurrection; this work is considered one of his best creations. In 1836, Słowacki left Switzerland and embarked on a journey that started in Italy. In Rome he met and befriended Zygmunt Krasiński , the third of the Three Bards . Krasiński is considered the first serious literary critic of Słowacki's work. Słowacki would dedicate several of his works, including Balladyna , to Krasiński and they would exchange

524-693: A Russian advance on Warsaw. In Dresden, Słowacki was well received by the local Polish émigré community, and even welcomed as "the bard of fighting Warsaw." In July 1831 he volunteered to deliver messages from the National Government to its representatives in London and Paris, where he heard about the fall of the Uprising. Details of his mission (what letters he was carrying, and to whom) are not known. Like many of his countrymen , Słowacki decided to stay in France as

655-609: A Rzeszów street. In the summer of 1944, during Operation Tempest , units of the Home Army attacked German positions in the town, and on 2 August, Rzeszów was in the hands of the Home Army. Polish authorities loyal to the Polish government-in-exile tried to negotiate with the Soviets, but without success. The NKVD immediately opened a prison in the cellars of the Rzeszów Castle, sending there

786-521: A big fire, but the town recovered after these events, thanks to its favorable location on the main West – East ( Kraków – Lwów ) and North – South ( Lublin – Slovakia ) trade routes. In the 15th century the first Jews settled in Rzeszów. The 16th century was the time of prosperity for the town, especially when Rzeszów belonged to Mikołaj Spytek Ligęza (since the 1580s), who invested in infrastructure, building

917-419: A castle, a Bernardine church and a monastery. Rzeszów then had some 2,500 inhabitants, with a rapidly growing Jewish community. The town was granted several royal rights, including the privilege to organise several markets a year. At that time, Rzeszów finally grew beyond its medieval borders, marked by fortifications. In 1638 Rzeszów passed into the hands of the powerful and wealthy Lubomirski family , becoming

1048-558: A deconditioning of impulse. The most widely circulated description of one of these post-theatrical events (a "beehive") is given by Andre Gregory , Grotowski's longtime friend and the American director whose work he most strongly endorsed, in My Dinner With Andre . Various collaborators who had been important to Grotowski's work in what he termed his "Theatre of Productions" phase had difficulty following him in these explorations beyond

1179-577: A disciplined manner, with a full awareness of the responsibilities it involves. Here we can see the theatre's therapeutic function for people in our present[-]day civilization. It is true that the actor accomplishes this act, but he can only do so through an encounter with the spectator - intimately, visibly, not hiding behind a cameraman, wardrobe mistress, stage designer or make-up girl - in direct confrontation with him, and somehow " instead of" him. The actor's act - discarding half measures, revealing, opening up, emerging from himself as opposed to closing up -

1310-630: A favoured tool of research. During this time Grotowski continued several collaborative relationships begun in earlier phases, and Maud Robart, Jairo Cuesta and Pablo Jimenez took on significant roles as performers and research leaders in the project. He also initiated a creative relationship with the American Keith Fowler and his student, James Slowiak. Another trusted collaborator was Thomas Richards, son of Canadian-American director Lloyd Richards , to whom Grotowski would ultimately pass on responsibility for his lifelong research. In 1986, Grotowski

1441-517: A genesis period. Philologist Jarosław Ławski  [ pl ] combines Towiański's period with the genesic ones, speaking of a "mystical" period. Overall, Słowacki's early work was influenced by Byron and Shakespeare , and included works that was often historical in nature, like (as in Maria Stuart or Mindowe ), or exotic, Oriental locales (as in Arab  [ pl ] ). His work took on

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1572-665: A larger program to rid the country of the potentially subversive Polish exiles who had settled there. From 1833 to 1836, he lived in Switzerland. The third volume of his poems, published in 1833 and containing works from the period of the Uprising, was far more nationalist in tone and won more recognition in his homeland. At the same time, he wrote several works featuring Romantic themes and beautiful scenery, such as W Szwajcarii  [ pl ] ( In Switzerland ), Rozłączenie ( Separation ), Stokrótki ( Daisies ) and Chmury ( Clouds ). In 1834 he published Kordian ,

1703-497: A long-standing collaboration with Maud Robart and Jean-Claude Tiga of Saint Soleil. Always a master strategist, Grotowski made use of his international ties and the relative freedom of travel allowed him to pursue this program of cultural research in order to flee Poland following the imposition of martial law. He spent time in Haiti and in Rome, where he delivered a series of important lectures on

1834-644: A more patriotic tone following the failed November Uprising of 1830–1831. His final works are heavy in mystical and philosophical undertones. In the 1840s he developed his own philosophy, or mystical system, with works such as Król-Duch and Genesis z Ducha being an exposition of his philosophical ideas (" genesic philosophy  [ pl ] ") according to which the material world is an expression of an ever-improving spirit capable of progression (transmigration) into constantly newer forms. As Ławski notes, his philosophical works can transcend clear boundaries of simple literary genres. Słowacki's works, situated in

1965-493: A negative effect on the population, and the quality of life deteriorated. On 12 October 1918, Rzeszów's mayor, together with the town council, sent a message to Warsaw , announcing loyalty to the independent Second Polish Republic . On November 1, after clashes with German and Austrian troops, Rzeszów was liberated, and the next day, mayor Roman Krogulski took a pledge of allegiance to the reborn Polish state. During World War I some 200 residents of Rzeszów died, rail infrastructure

2096-449: A number of Home Army soldiers. On the night of 7/9 October 1944, a Home Army unit under Łukasz Ciepliński attacked the castle, trying to release 400 inmates kept there. The attack failed, and Ciepliński was captured and subsequently executed in 1951 . Before the outbreak of World War II, the Jews of Rzeszów numbered 14,000, more than one-third of the total population. The town was occupied by

2227-578: A number of countries of the Western alliance, including Sweden, Turkey, Germany, the U.S., and the Czech Republic. In June 2022, Rzeszów formed a partnership agreement with Chernihiv, Ukraine to become sister cities. In 1991 Pope John Paul II visited Rzeszów. During the celebrations in which nearly 1,000,000 people participated, the pope beatified Bishop Józef Sebastian Pelczar , former bishop of Przemyśl . On 25 March 1992 Pope John Paul II established

2358-578: A number of letters. From Rome, Słowacki went to Naples and later, to Sorrento . In August he left for Greece ( Corfu , Argos , Athens, Syros ), Egypt ( Alexandria , Cairo , El Arish ) and the Middle East, including the Holy Land ( Jerusalem , Bethlehem , Jericho , Nazareth ) and neighboring territories ( Damascus , Beirut ). It was a journey Słowacki described in his epic poem Podróż do Ziemi Świętej z Neapolu  [ pl ] ("Travel to

2489-727: A plaything of Satan . However, the same work has God and the Angels watching over Poland and the Earth. In Anhelli , Słowacki's describes the tragic fate of Polish exiles in Siberia , painting a gloomy vision of Poland's destiny; the same topic was taken by Mickiewicz in the Books of the Polish Nation and of the Polish Pilgrimage as a call for Poles to spread hope and spirituality across Europe. While

2620-537: A political brochure ; he was also a translator. His letters to his mother are among the finest letters in all Polish literature . Although the majority of his works were in Polish, he tried his hand at several works in French language ( Le roi de Landawa , Beatrix Cenci ). Many of his works were published only posthumously , often under arbitrary titles, as Słowacki never named them himself. He also left notes on works that he never began or never completed. Słowacki

2751-406: A political refugee. In 1832 he published his first collections of poems and his first two dramas ( Mindowe  [ pl ] and Maria Stuart  [ pl ] ). He also met Mickiewicz again; reportedly, Mickiewicz approached his younger colleague and shook his hand. However, Słowacki's poems, written in the 1820s, were unpopular among his Polish compatriots, as they failed to capture

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2882-516: A power plant and water system. The population grew to 23,000, with half of the inhabitants being Jews. A number of modern buildings were constructed, most of them in Secession style. During World War I , several battles took place near the town. Rzeszów was home to a large garrison of the Austro-Hungarian Army , and in the city of Przemyśl , located nearby, there was a major fortress. During

3013-409: A result, more than 200 Jews fled Rzeszów, so that a restoration of Jewish life in the city after 1945 failed to materialize. On 7 July 1945, Rzeszów became capital of the newly created Rzeszów Voivodeship , which consisted of western counties of prewar Lwów Voivodeship, and several counties of prewar Kraków Voivodeship . This decision had a major impact on the city, as it quickly grew. New offices of

3144-466: A small circle of his friends talked about his wit, perseverance and inspiration, in popular memory he was a "sickly man of weak character", egocentric, bitter due to his failed rivalry with Mickiewicz. Mickiewicz himself wrote of Słowacki's work as a "beautiful church, but without God inside". After his death, Słowacki gained a cult-like status in Poland; in particular, in the cultural center of Kraków . Several obituaries and longer articles appeared in

3275-538: A sophisticated literary game. Third, Słowacki was a master of irony ; he used it not only on others, but on himself, and even on irony itself – the "irony of irony". After his death, Słowacki acquired the reputation of a national prophet. He is now considered to be one of the " Three Bards " ( wieszczs ) of Polish literature . Słowacki was not a very popular figure in Paris, nor among his contemporaries. He wrote many dramas, which can be seen as his favorite genre, yet he

3406-453: A story of a historical figure, it developed into a discussion of the poet's own life and opinions. In 1842 he joined the religious-philosophical group, Koło Sprawy Bożej  [ pl ] (Circle of God's Cause), led by Andrzej Towiański . This group included, among others, Mickiewicz. Towiański's influence is credited with a new, mystical current in Słowacki's works, seen in works such as

3537-500: A three-week run. In 1973 Grotowski published Holiday , which outlined a new course of investigation. He would pursue this 'Paratheatrical' phase until 1978. This phase is known as the 'Paratheatrical' phase of his career because it was an attempt to transcend the separation between performer and spectator. Grotowski attempted this through the organization of communal rites and simple interactive exchanges that went on sometimes for extended periods, attempting to provoke in poor participants

3668-515: A visible influence on his works in his last decade. Around 1839 Słowacki put his capital into the Parisian stock market . He was a shrewd investor who earned enough from the investments to dedicate his life to his literary career; he was also able to pay the costs of having his books published. In the late 1840s Słowacki attached himself to a group of like-minded young exiles, determined to return to Poland and win its independence. One of his friends

3799-456: A work-team in Pontedera for several years, after which time funding cuts necessitated downscaling to a single research group, led by Richards. Grotowski characterized the focus of his attention in his final phase of research as "art as a vehicle," a term coined by Peter Brook . "It seems to me," Brook said, "that Grotowski is showing us something which existed in the past but has been forgotten over

3930-466: Is 8.9 °C (48 °F). In summer temperatures often exceed 25 °C (77 °F), and sometimes even 30 °C (86 °F). In winter the temperature drops to −5 °C (23 °F) at night and about 0 °C (32 °F) at day. During very cold nights the temperature drops to −15 °C (5 °F). With Rzeszów being near the Carpathian Mountains , there is sometimes a halny –

4061-410: Is also considered the father of modern Polish drama. Polish literary historian Włodzimierz Szturc  [ pl ] divides Słowacki's work into four periods: Wolter's circle (pseudoclassicism), Christian ethic, Towiański's ethic and genesic ethic. Other scholars offer slightly different periodizations; for example dividing his works into a classical period, a Swiss period, a Parisian period and

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4192-430: Is an invitation to the spectator. This act could be compared to an act of the most deeply rooted, genuine love between two human beings - this is just a comparison since we can only refer to this "emergence from oneself" through analogy. This act, paradoxical and borderline, we call a total act. In our opinion it epitomizes the actor's deepest calling. The year 1968 marked Grotowski's debut in the West. His company performed

4323-424: Is considered a father of contemporary experimental theatre . Barba was instrumental in revealing Grotowski to the world outside the iron curtain. He was the editor of the seminal book Towards a Poor Theatre (1968), which Grotowski wrote together with Ludwik Flaszen , in which it is declared that theatre should not, because it could not, compete against the overwhelming spectacle of film and should instead focus on

4454-755: Is located on both sides of the Wisłok River in the heartland of the Sandomierz Basin . Rzeszów is the capital of the Subcarpathian Voivodeship and the seat of Rzeszów County . The history of Rzeszów dates back to the Middle Ages . It received city rights and privileges from King Casimir III the Great in 1354. Local trade routes connecting Europe with the Middle East and the Ottoman Empire resulted in

4585-777: Is on the main west–east rail route; Line 91 . This runs from Silesia and Kraków , Kraków Main station (Kraków Główny) – Medyka on the Polish eastern border. This line then continues on to Ukraine . Its main railway station was established in the 19th century and apart from it, there are five additional stations in the city: Rzeszów Staroniwa , Rzeszów Zwięczyca , Rzeszów Osiedle , Rzeszów Załęże and Rzeszów Zachodni ( freight only). There are also two non-electrified lines stemming from Rzeszów – to Jasło and to Tarnobrzeg . Universities: Notable high schools: Juliusz S%C5%82owacki Juliusz Słowacki ( Polish pronunciation: [ˈjuljuʂ swɔˈvat͡skʲi] ; French : Jules Slowacki ; 4 September 1809 – 3 April 1849)

4716-465: Is served by an international airport and is a member of Eurocities . In the area of Rzeszów, the first early European modern humans appeared in the late Paleolithic Age ; archaeologists have excavated a tool made in that period at site Rzeszów 25. In the mid-6th century BC, the first farmers came to the area of the city, most likely through the Moravian Gate . Later on, Rzeszów was a settlement of

4847-532: The Austrian Empire , to which it belonged for 146 years. In the late 18th century, Rzeszów had 3,000 inhabitants. By the mid-19th century, the population grew to around 7,500, with 40% of them Jewish. In 1858, the Galician Railway of Archduke Charles Louis reached Rzeszów, which resulted in further development of the town. In 1888 the first telephone lines were opened, in 1900 – gas street lamps, and in 1911 –

4978-554: The Battle of Galicia in the late summer of 1914, Russian troops moved towards Rzeszów, and on 21 September, they captured it. The first Russian occupation lasted only 16 days, ending after an attack by the Austrians, on 4 October. Under Russian pressure, the Austrians were unable to keep the town, and on 7 November, the Russians again appeared in Rzeszów. In the late fall of 1914, the front line

5109-669: The Beniowski and the drama Ksiądz Marek  [ pl ] ( Father Mark ). Słowacki left the Circle a year later, in 1843. In the summers of 1843 and 1844 Słowacki traveled to Pornic , a resort on the Atlantic coast in Brittany . It was there, in 1844, that he wrote Genezis z Ducha  [ pl ] ( Genesis from the Spirit ). This work introduced his philosophical system that would have

5240-639: The Central European Olympiad in Informatics (CEOI). In 2017–2021, Rzeszów's city limits were greatly expanded by including the villages of Bzianka , Miłocin and Pogwizdów Nowy . The area of Rzeszów increased to over 120 square kilometres and more than 188,000 inhabitants. In 2022 following the February Russian invasion of Ukraine , Rzeszów became a "main artery" and hub for resupply of military material being transshipped to Ukraine from

5371-665: The East Slavic Ruthenians from the weakened and fragmented Polish state (see Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth ). Polish rulers of the Piast dynasty recaptured Rzeszów in 1264. In Tarnów , there was a meeting of Prince Bolesław V the Chaste , and Prince Daniel of Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia , during which both sides agreed that the border would go between Rzeszów and Czudec (Rzeszów belonged to Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia , while Czudec and Strzyżów to Lesser Poland ). After

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5502-568: The Great Northern War , the Swedes again captured Rzeszów, in 1702, then several different armies occupied the town, ransacking it and destroying houses. In the mid-eighteenth century, the town's population was composed of Poles (Roman Catholics) and Yiddish Jews in almost equal numbers (50.1% and 49.8%, respectively). In 1772, following the First Partition of Poland , Rzeszów became part of

5633-676: The Juliusz Slowacki Museum in Kremenets  [ uk ] , Ukraine, opened in 2004 at his family's former manor house. In 2009 the Polish Sejm (parliament) declared that year, the two-hundredth anniversary of Słowacki's birth, to be the Year of Juliusz Słowacki. The oldest monument to Juliusz Słowacki, unveiled in 1899, is in Miloslaw Park . In 2014, his 205th birthday was honored with

5764-460: The Krzemieniec Lyceum in Kremenets; from 1811 he held the chair ( katedra ) of rhetoric and poetry at Vilnius Imperial University . He died in 1814, leaving Juliusz to be raised solely by his mother, Salomea Słowacka  [ pl ] (née Januszewska). In 1818 she married a professor of medicine, August Bécu  [ pl ] . She ran a literary salon where young Juliusz

5895-565: The Lusatian culture , which was followed by the Przeworsk culture . In the 7th century, the first Slavs appeared in the area, which is confirmed by numerous archaeological findings. Most probably, Rzeszów was then inhabited by the Vistulans . In the 10th century, it became part of the emerging Duchy of Poland . Sometime between 11th and 13th century the town was conquered and subsequently annexed by

6026-826: The National Committee (Komitet Narodowy) in Poznań on 27 April. "I tell you", he declared as the rebels faced military confrontation with the Prussian Army, "that the new age has dawned, the age of holy anarchy ." But by 9 May, the revolt was crushed. Arrested by the Prussian police, Słowacki was sent back to Paris. On his way there, he passed through Wrocław , where in mid-June he was reunited with his mother, whom he had not seen for almost twenty years. He returned to Paris in July 1848. His poem Pośród niesnasków Pan Bóg uderza... ( Among

6157-497: The Polish anti-communist resistance. In 1971 and 1977, further villages were included within the city limits. In early 1981, Rzeszów was a main center of farmer protests , who occupied local offices for fifty days, which resulted in the signing of the Rzeszów – Ustrzyki Agreement , and the creation of Rural Solidarity . On 1 January 1999, the city became the capital of Podkarpackie Voivodeship . Its population grew to 170,000, and area to 91,43 km . In 2004, Rzeszów hosted

6288-410: The Polish resistance movement , operated in the region. Cases are also known of local Poles who were captured and either executed or sent to concentration camps for rescuing and aiding Jews . Poles who saved Jews in other places in the region were also temporarily imprisoned in the local castle or sentenced to death by the local German court. After the war, an additional 600 Rzeszów Jews returned from

6419-656: The Rzeszów–Khmelnytskyi powerline , the only 750 kV powerline in Poland, ends. Rzeszów is located on the main [REDACTED] West-East European E40 Highway , which goes from Calais in France via Belgium , across Germany, Poland , Ukraine and onto Russia and Kazakhstan . Within Poland the E40 follows the [REDACTED] A4 Highway , passing through Wrocław , Katowice , Kraków and Korczowa . The [REDACTED] S19 Expressway connects Rzeszów with Belarus and Slovakia as part of planned Via Carpathia route from

6550-541: The Soviet Union . Almost all of them subsequently left Rzeszów and Poland. After rumors of the murder of a Christian girl in the city surfaced, on 1 June 1945, or after the mutilated body of 9-year-old Bronisława Mendoń was found in the basement of a tenement building largely inhabited by Holocaust survivors on 11 June 1945, the Polish Communist Citizens' Militia arrested all of Rzeszów's remaining Jews, or

6681-701: The Spring of Nations (1848). Słowacki was born on 4 September 1809 at Kremenets (in Polish , Krzemieniec ), Volhynia , formerly part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth but then in the Russian Empire and now in Ukraine . His father, Euzebiusz Słowacki  [ pl ] , a Polish nobleman of the Leliwa coat of arms , taught rhetoric , poetry, Polish language , and the history of literature at

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6812-583: The Stanisław Wyspiański play Akropolis/Acropolis (1964) at the Edinburgh Festival . This was a fitting vehicle for Grotowski and his poor theatre because his treatment of the play in Poland had already achieved wider recognition and was published in Pamiętnik Teatralny (Warsaw, 1964), Alla Ricerca del Teatro Perduto (Padova, 1965), and Tulane Drama Review (New Orleans, 1965). It marked

6943-621: The University of California, Irvine , where he began a course of work known as Objective Drama . This phase of his research focused on participants' psychophysiological responses to selected songs and other performative tools derived from traditional cultures , focusing specifically on relatively simple techniques that could elicit discernible and predictable effects on the 'doers', regardless of their belief structures or culture of origin. Ritual songs and related performative elements linked to Haitian and other African diaspora traditions became

7074-409: The collective unconscious '. Grotowski repeatedly described his rehearsal process and performances as 'sacred', seeking to revive what he understood to be the routes of drama in religious ritual and spiritual practice . To achieve his aims, Grotowski demanded that his actors draw from their psyches images of a collective significance and give them form through the motion of the body and the sound of

7205-566: The loss of Polish statehood and the failure of the November Uprising. Słowacki's ironic and sometimes pessimistic attitude was not appreciated by his contemporaries, nor was his denial of Polish uniqueness. Whereas Mickiewicz followed the Messianic tradition and in Konrad suggested that Poland's fate was in the hands of God, Słowacki's Kordian questioned whether his country was not instead

7336-424: The 1960s, the company began to tour internationally and his work attracted increasing interest. As his work gained wider acclaim and recognition, Grotowski was invited to work in the United States and left Poland in 1982. Although the company he founded in Poland closed a few years later in 1984, he continued to teach and direct productions in Europe and America. However, Grotowski became increasingly uncomfortable with

7467-432: The Baltic to the Black Sea. In recent years, communication has been improved by a modernization of the roads within the city. SCATS traffic system has been implemented. The A4 highway and S19 expressway act as bypass of the city, running through the northern and eastern districts of Rzeszów. Rzeszów-Jasionka Airport (Port Lotniczy Rzeszów-Jasionka) is located in the village of Jasionka 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) north of

7598-482: The German Army on 10 September 1939 and was renamed "Reichshof". German persecution of the Jews began almost immediately. By the end of 1939, there were 10 forced labour camps in the Rzeszów region and many Jews became slave labourers . Jews were forced to live in the Gestapo -controlled ghetto . Many Jews managed to flee to Soviet-occupied eastern Poland . By June 1940, the number of Jews in Rzeszów had decreased to 11,800, of whom 7,800 were pre-war residents of

7729-440: The Germans established a ghetto , whose Jewish inhabitants were later murdered in Bełżec extermination camp (for more information see The Holocaust below). During the war, Rzeszów was a main center of the Polish Underground State , with the Rzeszów Inspectorate of the Home Army covering several counties. On 25 May, during Action Kosba, Home Army soldiers killed the Gestapo henchmen Friederich Pottenbaum and Hans Flaschke on

7860-495: The Holy Land from Naples"); his other works of that period inclucded the poem Ojciec zadżumionych  [ pl ] ( The Father of the Plague-stricken ), Grób Agamemnona  [ pl ] ( Agamemnon's Grave ), Rozmowa z piramidami ( A talk with the pyramids ), Anhelli and Listy poetyckie z Egiptu ( Poetic Letters from Egypt ). In June 1837 he returned to Italy, settling briefly in Florence , and moved back to Paris in December 1838. In 1840 Mickiewicz

7991-443: The Jewish inhabitants of the area and some Jews transiting through the railway station, and led them through the city amidst an angry crowd, while at the same time looting the homes of the arrested Jews. All of the arrested people were released the same day, but the main suspect, who was linked to the crime through a sheet of paper from Mendoń's notebook and bloodstains in his flat, was arrested on June 14 and held until September. As

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8122-407: The Polish press upon Słowacki's death. His works, many of them published posthumously for the first time, found growing acceptance among a new generation; an 1868 work noted that "Słowacki took the fancy of the Polish youth. He was its singer, its spiritual leader in the full meaning of the term". Through undoubtedly a poet of the romantic era , he was increasingly popular among the positivists and

8253-448: The Russian as "the first great creator of a method of acting in the theatre" and praised him for asking "all the relevant questions that could be asked about theatrical technique." Among the many productions for which his theatre company became famous were Orpheus by Jean Cocteau , Shakuntala based on text by Kalidasa , Dziady (Forefathers' Eve) by Adam Mickiewicz , and Akropolis by Stanisław Wyspiański . This last production

8384-462: The Workcenter shortly after its founding, also became a central contributor to this research. Although Grotowski died in 1999 at the end of a prolonged illness, the research of Art as Vehicle continues at the Pontedera Workcenter, with Richards as artistic director and Biagini as associate director. Grotowski's Will declared the two his "universal heirs," holders of copyright on the entirety of his textual output and intellectual property. Jerzy Grotowski

8515-542: The actors' bodies represent objects. He seated audience members as the guests at Faust's last supper, with the action unfolding on and around their table. In 1965, Grotowski moved his company to Wrocław , relabeling them a "Teatr Laboratorium", in part to avoid the heavy censorship to which professional "theatres" were subject in Poland at that time. Work had already begun on one of their most famous productions, The Constant Prince (based on Juliusz Słowacki 's translation of Calderón 's play). Debuting in 1967, this production

8646-431: The adoption and adaptation of his ideas and practices, particularly in the US. So, at what seemed to be the height of his public profile, he left America and moved to Italy where he established the Grotowski Workcenter in 1985 in Pontedera , near Pisa . At this centre, he continued his theatre experimentation and practice, and it was here that he continued to direct training and private theatrical events almost in secret for

8777-467: The apparently divisive and individual structure of the Western psyche, and evoke a spontaneous, collective, internal response'. James Roose-Evans states that Grotowski's theatre 'speaks directly to the fundamental experience of each person present, to what Jung described as the collective unconscious ... what Grotowski asks of the actor is not that he play the Lady from the Sea or Hamlet , but that he confront these characters within himself and offer

8908-455: The authors of the Young Poland period in the late 1800s and early 1900s. His works were popularized by other writers, such as Adam Asnyk and Michał Bałucki , and his dramas were shown in theaters. He became a major literary figure for the new generation of Polish writers. He also became respected abroad; a 1902 English language book edited by Charles Dudley Warner noted that "the splendid exuberance of his thought and fancy ranks him among

9039-431: The backing of Józef Piłsudski , for whom Słowacki was a favorite poet, to obtain the Church's agreement to interring Słowacki at Wawel Cathedral. At the 1927 ceremony, Piłsudski commanded: W imieniu Rządu Rzeczypospolitej polecam Panom odnieść trumnę Juliusza Słowackiego do krypty królewskiej, bo królom był równy . Gentlemen, in the name of the government of Poland I bid you carry the coffin of Juliusz Słowacki into

9170-404: The best preserved in the country. In recent years, the population of Rzeszów has grown from 159,000 (2005) to over 301,000 (2022), mainly owing to an influx of Ukrainian refugees after the Russian invasion of Ukraine . Further plans for extending the city's borders include incorporating surrounding counties to strengthen its function as a metropolitan center in southeastern Poland. Rzeszów

9301-779: The boundary of conventional theatre. Other, younger members of the group came to the foreground, notably Jacek Zmysłowski, whom many would consider Grotowski's closest collaborator in this period. Theatre critics have often exoticized and mystified Grotowski's work on the basis of these paratheatrical experiments, suggesting that his work should be seen in the lineage of Antonin Artaud , a suggestion Grotowski strongly resisted. Later in life, he clarified that he quickly found this direction of research limiting, having realized that unstructured work frequently elicits banalities and cultural cliché from participants. In this period of his work, Grotowski traveled intensively through India, Mexico, Haiti and elsewhere, seeking to identify elements of technique in

9432-458: The center of its vast properties. At first, the town prospered and in 1658, the first college was opened there, which now operates as High School Nr 1. The period of prosperity ended, and furthermore, there were several fires and wars, which destroyed the town. Rzeszów was first captured by the Swedes during The Deluge , then by the troops of George II Rákóczi leading to the Treaty of Radnot . During

9563-550: The centuries; that is that one of the vehicles which allows man to have access to another level of perception is to be found in the art of performance." Moreover, it was in 1986 that Grotowski changed the name of the Italian centre to the Workcenter of Jerzy Grotowski and Thomas Richards, to signal the unique and central place Richards held in his work. Grotowski drove Richards to take on increasingly greater responsibility and leadership in

9694-534: The city's early prosperity and development. In the 16th century, Rzeszów had a connection with Gdańsk and the Baltic Sea . It also experienced growth in commerce and craftsmanship, especially under local rulers and noblemen . Following the Partitions of Poland , Rzeszów was annexed by the Austrian Empire and did not regain its position until it returned to Poland after World War I . Rzeszów has found its place in

9825-469: The city. As of June 2015 scheduled passenger services are offered by Ryanair , LOT Polish Airlines , and Lufthansa . This is supplemented seasonally by tourist charter flights to typical summer leisure destinations. The city operates 49 bus lines including night and airport buses. Rzeszów is also a gateway to the Bieszczady mountains , with many buses heading for Sanok . Rzeszów is an important rail hub

9956-705: The city; the rest were from the surrounding villages. As in all Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland , life in the ghetto was impossible and hundreds died of malnutrition and disease. During the war, some 20,000 Jews were murdered in the ghetto in Rzeszów. This number includes thousands who were sent to Rzeszów only to be deported or murdered soon after arrival. In the summer of 1942, hundreds were murdered in forests near Rzeszów. Hundreds more were sent to Belzec to be immediately gassed. Later in 1942, another round up sent nearly 1,500 children to their deaths and their parents to labor camps. In final " Aktions " in

10087-771: The company; he/they felt Grotowski's work was unique but equally understood that its value was diminished if talked about too much, if faith were broken with the consultant. Grotowski's company made its debut in the United States under the auspices of the Brooklyn Academy of Music in the fall of 1969. BAM built a theatre for Grotowski's company in the Washington Square Methodist Church in Greenwich Village . Three productions were presented: Akropolis, The Constant Prince and Apocalypsis Cum Figuris during

10218-435: The confused babbling of the very small child and including the most sophisticated oratorical recitation. Inarticulate groans, animal roars, tender folksongs, liturgical chants, dialects, declamation of poetry: everything is there. The sounds are interwoven in a complex score which brings back fleetingly the memory of all forms of language. Grotowski and his group of actors became known in particular for their experimental work on

10349-408: The diplomatic staff of the revolutionary Polish National Government , led by Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski . Initially he served as a copyist . On 8 March 1831 he was sent on a courier mission to Dresden (some sources say this was not an official mission but a private journey ). Many others left Warsaw around that time, in the aftermath of the Battle of Olszynka Grochowska and in expectation of

10480-426: The discord God hits... ), published in late 1848, gained new fame a century later when it seemed to foretell the 1978 ascent of Karol Wojtyła to the throne of St. Peter as Pope John Paul II . His final dramas ( Zawisza Czarny  [ pl ] , Samuel Zborowski  [ pl ] ), attempted to explain history of Poland through Słowacki's genesic philosophy. In March 1849, Słowacki, his health failing,

10611-580: The dramas Kordian and Balladyna and the poems Beniowski , Testament mój and Anhelli . Słowacki spent his youth in the " Stolen Lands ", in Kremenets ( Polish : Krzemieniec ; now in Ukraine ) and Vilnius , Lithuania (Polish: Wilno ). He briefly worked for the government of the Kingdom of Poland . During the November 1830 Uprising , he was a courier for the Polish revolutionary government . When

10742-465: The entire Romantic culture", Słowacki's masterpiece, weaving together Poland's history and its contemporary political and literary thought, was never finished. Słowacki died in Paris on 3 April 1849 from tuberculosis , and on 5 April he was buried in the Montmartre Cemetery in Paris. He never married. Only about 30 people attended his funeral. Krasiński, although estranged from Słowacki in

10873-581: The fall of 1943, most Jewish slave labour was transported in Holocaust trains to the newly reopened Szebnie concentration camp . A month later, on 5 November 1943, some 2,800 Jews were deported to Auschwitz and murdered. Most of those who had been sent to labor camps were eventually murdered there or in an extermination camp. Of Rzeszów's 14,000 Jews, only 100 survived the war, whether in Rzeszów itself, hiding all over Poland, or in various camps. The secret Polish Council to Aid Jews, "Żegota" , established by

11004-697: The first time many in Britain had been exposed to "poor theatre". The same year, his book titled Towards a Poor Theatre appeared in Danish, published by Odin Teatrets Forlag. It appeared in English the following year, published by Methuen and Co. Ltd., with an Introduction by Peter Brook , then an associate director at the Royal Shakespeare Company. In it he writes feelingly about Grotowski's private consulting for

11135-658: The great poets of the nineteenth century". In 1927, some eight years after Poland had regained independence, the Polish government arranged for Słowacki's remains to be transferred from Paris to Wawel Cathedral , in Kraków . He was interred in the Crypt of the National Bards  [ pl ] , beside Mickiewicz. Słowacki's interment at Waweł Cathedral was controversial, as many of his works were considered heretical by Polish Catholic-Church officials. It took almost two decades and

11266-541: The group of the most elite cities in Poland, with growing number of investments, rapid progress and a very high standard of living . In 2011 Forbes awarded Rzeszów with the second place in the ranking of the most attractive semi-large cities for business. Moreover, the city is home to a number of higher education schools and foreign consulates. Rzeszów is also developing as a regional tourist destination ; its Old Town, Main Market Square, churches and synagogues are among

11397-474: The human voice, partially inspired by the work of Roy Hart, who in turn furthered the extended vocal technique initially established by Alfred Wolfsohn . Alan Seymour , speaking of Grotowski's 1963 production of Faustus noted that the performers' voices 'reached from the smallest whisper to an astonishing, almost cavernous tone, an intoned declaiming, of a resonance and power I have not heard from actors before'. The use of non-verbal voice in these productions

11528-421: The last few years, wrote of the funeral: There were 30 compatriots at the funeral – nobody rose to speak, nobody uttered even one word to honour the memory of the greatest master of Polish rhymes Słowacki's tombstone at Montmartre was designed by his friend and executor of his last will , painter Charles Pétiniaud-Dubos ; it did not weather the passage of time well however, and in 1851 a new, similar tombstone

11659-581: The last twenty years of his life. Suffering from leukemia and a heart condition, he died in 1999 at his home in Pontedera. Jerzy Grotowski was 6 when World War II broke out in 1939. During the war, Grotowski, with his mother and brother, moved from Rzeszów to the village of Nienadówka . Grotowski made his individual directorial debut in 1958 with the production Gods of Rain , which introduced his bold approach to text, which he continued to develop throughout his career, influencing many subsequent theatre artists. Later in 1958, Grotowski moved to Opole , where he

11790-636: The new Diocese of Rzeszów. The city of Rzeszów became the administrative center of the new Diocese and the Church of the Sacred Heart became the new city cathedral. Rzeszów lies in the north temperate zone and has a continental climate with four distinct seasons. It is characterised by a significant variation between hot summers and cold, snowy winters. Average temperatures in summer range from 18 to 19.6 °C (64 to 67 °F) and in winter from −2.1 to 0 °C (28 to 32 °F). The average annual temperature

11921-609: The novel Hugo  [ pl ] , published in the periodical Melitele . That year, the November Uprising began, and Słowacki published several poems with patriotic and religious overtones. His Hymn  [ pl ] , first published in Polak Sumienny ( The Conscientious Pole ) on 4 December 1830, and other works such as Ode to Freedom  [ pl ] ( Oda do Wolności ), won acclaim and were quickly reprinted several times. In January 1831 he joined

12052-455: The only of his dramas that was put on stage during his lifetime, and Fantazy  [ pl ] , published posthumously, well received by critics. Over the next few years Słowacki wrote and published many works, including Testament mój ( My Last Will ), in which he described his faith that his works would endure after his death. Between 1841 and 1846, he published Beniowski , considered by some his best lyrical poetry. Starting as

12183-530: The period of romanticism in Poland , contain rich and inventive vocabulary, including many neologisms . They use fantasy , mysticism and symbolism and feature themes related to Poland's history , essence of Polishness, and relation to a larger universe. Ławski, enumerating the main characteristics of Słowacki's writings, notes first that he was a "creationist", in the sense of creating new meanings and words (many of his characters bear names he invented himself, such as Kordian ). Second, he notes that Słowacki

12314-402: The physical and vocal expression of this imagery, and Grotowski proposed that such a training process 'leads to a liberation from complexes in much the same way as psychoanalytic therapy '. Rzesz%C3%B3w Rzeszów ( US : / ˈ ʒ ɛ ʃ uː f , - ʃ ʊ f / ZHESH -oof, -⁠uuf , Polish: [ˈʐɛʂuf] ) is the largest city in southeastern Poland . It

12445-622: The population , and its members co-formed the local German police. Under German occupation, Rzeszów, renamed into Reichshof , became part of the General Government . The occupiers established a Nazi prison, in which they imprisoned over 1,100 Poles, especially the intelligentsia , arrested in the region between October 1939 and June 1940, during the Intelligenzaktion . Some people were eventually released, some were deported to prisons in Kraków and Tarnów , while many were executed at

12576-510: The prison yard. On 2 November 1939, the Germans carried out mass arrests of local priests and Bernardine friars, and afterwards, they also carried out executions of Polish intelligentsia at the local Bernardine monastery. Persecution of Polish intelligentsia was continued with the AB-Aktion , and on 27 June 1940, 104 Poles from the local prison were exterminated in the forest of Lubzina . In 1941,

12707-481: The production was made with an introduction by Peter Brook , which constitutes one of the most accessible and concrete records of Grotowski's work. In 1964, Grotowski followed success with success when his theatre premiered The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus based on the Elizabethan drama by Christopher Marlowe , featuring Zbigniew Cynkutis in the title role. Foregoing the use of props altogether, Grotowski let

12838-408: The psyche of the audience'. But, for Grotowski, as for Hart, there was, between the psyche's reservoir of images and the bodily and vocal expression of that imagery , a series of inhibitions, resistances and blocks, which his acting exercises set out to remove. Many of the acting exercises and rehearsal techniques developed by Grotowski were designed to removing these personal obstacles, which prevented

12969-568: The regional government were built, and in 1951, several neighbouring villages were included within the city limits of Rzeszów, and the area of the city grew to 39 km . Before the Polish People's Republic deported ethnic Ukrainians to the western " Recovered Territories " in Operation Vistula , the city was a major base of support for the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists during

13100-411: The rehearsal process upon their actors, and the impact of their performances upon the audience to psychotherapy , drawing upon the principles of Carl Jung and analytical psychology to explain the principles behind their creativity. Grotowski said that theatre 'is a question of a gathering which is subordinated to ritual: nothing is represented or shown, but we participate in a ceremonial which releases

13231-450: The result of that encounter to an audience. Grotowski, like Hart, did not consider the dramatic text or script to be primary in this process, but believed that the text 'becomes theatre only through the actors' use of it, that is to say, thanks to intonations, to the association of sounds, to the musicality of language'. Grotowski thus pursued the possibility of creating 'ideograms' made up of 'sounds and gestures' which 'evoke associations in

13362-513: The reunification of Poland following the fragmentation period, Rzeszów remained in Ruthenian hands until 1340, when King Casimir III the Great eventually recaptured the area, inviting his knights to govern the re-acquired land. According to some sources, at that time Rzeszów was inhabited by the Walddeutsche , and was called Rishof (during World War II , the Germans renamed it Reichshof ). The town

13493-704: The royal crypt, for he was the peer of kings. Several streets and schools in modern Poland bear Juliusz Słowacki's name. Three parks are dedicated to him: in Bielsko-Biała , in Łódź and in Wrocław . (in Polish) There are several monuments of Juliusz Słowacki, including ones in Warsaw (2001) and Wrocław (1984). Among the most notable landmarks bearing his name is the Juliusz Słowacki Theatre in Kraków, and

13624-463: The sentiment of a people living under foreign occupation . Słowacki was also angered by Mickiewicz, who not only stole the limelight with his Księgi narodu polskiego i pielgrzymstwa polskiego  [ pl ] ( Books of the Polish nation and pilgrimage ), but his part three of Dziady (1832) cast Słowacki's stepfather, professor Bécu, in the role of a villain. In a letter to his mother Słowacki wrote that immediately after reading that work he

13755-682: The topic of theatre anthropology at the Sapienza University of Rome in 1982 before seeking political asylum in the United States. His dear friends Andre and Mercedes Gregory helped Grotowski to settle in the US, where he taught at Columbia University for one year while attempting to find support for a new program of research. Unable (despite the best efforts of Richard Schechner ) to secure resources for his projected research in Manhattan, in 1983 Grotowski received an invitation from Robert Cohen to come to

13886-406: The traditional practices of various cultures that could have a precise and discernible effect on participants. Key collaborators in this phase of work include Włodzimierz Staniewski , subsequently founder of Gardzienice Theatre , Jairo Cuesta and Magda Złotowska, who traveled with Grotowski on his international expeditions. His interest in ritual techniques linked to Haitian practice led Grotowski to

14017-451: The uprising ended in defeat, he found himself abroad and thereafter, like many compatriots , lived the life of an émigré. He settled briefly in Paris, France, and later in Geneva, Switzerland. He also traveled through Italy, Greece and the Middle East. Eventually he returned to Paris, where he spent the last decade of his life. He briefly returned to Poland when another uprising broke out during

14148-410: The very root of the act of theatre: actors cocreating the event of theatre with its spectators. Theatre - through the actor's technique, his art in which the living organism strives for higher motives - provides an opportunity for what could be called integration, the discarding of masks, the revealing of the real substance: a totality of physical and mental reactions. This opportunity must be treated in

14279-449: The voice. Grotowski's ultimate aim was to effect in the actor change and growth, transformation and rebirth in order that the actor, in turn, could precipitate a similar development in the audience. It was for this reason that Grotowski often chose to base productions on works based on ancient narratives. For he believed that they 'embodied myths and images powerful and universal enough to function as archetypes , which could penetrate beneath

14410-438: The work, until he was not only the primary doer in the practice of Art as Vehicle, but also its primal leader and "director" (if such a term can be accurately used) of the performance structures created around these Afro-Caribbean vibratory songs, most significantly 'Downstairs Action' (filmed by Mercedes Gregory in 1989) and 'Action', on which work began in 1994 and continues to the present. Italian actor Mario Biagini, who joined

14541-515: Was a Polish Romantic poet . He is considered one of the " Three Bards " of Polish literature — a major figure in the Polish Romantic period , and the father of modern Polish drama. His works often feature elements of Slavic pagan traditions , Polish history , mysticism and orientalism . His style includes the employment of neologisms and irony . His primary genre was the drama, but he also wrote lyric poetry . His most popular works include

14672-462: Was a playwright who never saw any of his work performed on stage (only Mazepa was staged during his lifetime, and not in his presence). His works, written in Polish, dense with Slavic myths, philosophy and symbols, were difficult to translate to other languages. Słowacki's unpopularity among other Polish émigrés can be attributed to his unwillingness to pander to contemporary tastes; and in particular, his refusal to comfort his compatriots, shaken by

14803-526: Was among a small group of actors and directors, including Peter Brook and Roy Hart , who sought to explore new forms of theatrical expression without employing the spoken word. In the programme notes to the production of one of Grotowski's performances called Akropolis , of which the premiere was in October 1962, one of the performers stated: The means of verbal expression have been considerably enlarged because all means of vocal expression are used, starting from

14934-623: Was cited by members of the company as an example of a group 'total act'. The development of Apocalypsis took more than three years, beginning as a staging of Słowacki 's Samuel Zborowski and passing through a separate stage of development as a staging of the Gospels, Ewangelie (elaborated as a completed performance though never presented to audiences) before arriving to its final form. Grotowski revolutionized theatre and along with his first apprentice, Eugenio Barba , leader and founder of Odin Teatret ,

15065-676: Was destroyed, as well as approximately 60 houses. In 1920, Rzeszów became capital of a county in the Lwów Voivodeship . The town grew, and the creation of the Central Industrial Region had an enormous impact on Rzeszów. It became a major center of the defense industry, with PZL Rzeszów opening there in 1937. It was also home to a large garrison of the Polish Army, with the 10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade stationed there. In 1939, Rzeszów had 40,000 inhabitants, but its dynamic growth

15196-606: Was educated at the Krzemieniec Lyceum , and at a Vilnius Imperial University preparatory gymnasium in Wilno. From 1825 to 1828 he studied law at Vilnius Imperial University. His earliest surviving poems date to that period, though he presumably wrote some earlier, none of which have survived. In 1829 he moved to Warsaw , where he found a job in Congress Poland 's Governmental Commission of Revenues and Treasury  [ pl ] . In early 1830 he debuted his literary career with

15327-456: Was elected to the position of professor of Slavic literature at Collège de France ; it was one of the events that cemented his position over Słowacki in the Polish émigré community. The rivalry between the two Bards for primacy would continue till the ends of lives. In 1841 Słowacki traveled briefly to Frankfurt , but Paris would become his main home till his death. In 1840 and 1841 he wrote two notable dramas: Mazepa  [ pl ] ,

15458-472: Was established between Tarnów and Gorlice , and Rzeszów became an important center of the Imperial Russian Army , with large magazines of food and ammunition located there. The Russian occupation lasted until May 1915. After the Russians were pushed out of Galicia, Rzeszów remained outside the area of military activity. The Austrian administration returned, but wartime reality and damage to the town had

15589-508: Was exposed to diverse influences. It was there in 1822 that the 13-year-old met Adam Mickiewicz , the first of the Three Bards of Polish literature . Two years later, in 1824, Mickiewicz was arrested and exiled by the Russian authorities for his involvement in a secret patriotic Polish student society, the Philomaths ; Słowacki likely met with him on Mickiewicz's final day in Wilno. Słowacki

15720-544: Was granted Magdeburg rights , it had a parish church, a market place and a cemetery, and its total area was some 1,5 km . Magdeburg rights entitled Rzeszów's local authorities to punish criminals, build fortifications and tax merchants. In 1458 Rzeszów was burned by the Vlachs and the Tatars . In 1502 the Tatars destroyed it again. Earlier, in 1427, Rzeszów had burned to the ground in

15851-456: Was invited by Roberto Bacci oto his theater center in Pontedera , Italy. There, he was offered an opportunity to conduct long-term research on performance without the pressure of having to show results until he was ready. Grotowski gladly accepted, taking with him three assistants from Objective Drama research (Richards, Jimenez and Slowiak) to help in founding his Italian Workcenter. Robart also led

15982-558: Was invited by the theatre critic and dramaturg Ludwik Flaszen to serve as director of the Theatre of 13 Rows. There he began to assemble a company of actors and artistic collaborators which would help him realize his unique vision. It was also there that he began to experiment with approaches to performance training, which enabled him to shape young actors. Although his methods were often contrasted to those of Konstantin Stanislavski , he admired

16113-652: Was not only inspired by works of others, from poets and writers to scholars and philosophers, but that his texts were often a masterful, ironic-grotesque polemic with other creators. For example, Słowacki was so impressed by Antoni Malczewski 's Maria  [ pl ] that he wrote a sequel to it, Jan Bielecki  [ pl ] . Likewise, Kordian is seen as building on William Shakespeare 's Hamlet , and as Słowacki's response to Mickiewicz's Dziady . This Ławski calls "ivy-like imagination", comparing Słowacki's approach to that of an ivy , growing around works of others and reshaping them into new forms in

16244-419: Was part of Grotowski's investigation into the use of the actor's own self as the substance of performance, and his work was founded upon his belief in the ability of a human being to express physically and vocally aspects of the psyche , including those parts allegedly buried in what Carl Jung called the collective unconscious , without recourse to words. Both Grotowski and Hart compared the desired effect of

16375-498: Was put in place, this one designed by Polish sculptor Władysław Oleszczyński . In 1927 Słowacki's remains were moved to Wawel Cathedral in Poland, but an empty grave still remains at Montmartre. Słowacki was a prolific writer; his collected works ( Dzieła wszystkie ) were published in 17 volumes. His legacy includes 25 dramas and 253 works of poetry. He wrote in many genres : dramas, lyrical poems , literary criticism , letters , journals and memoirs, fragments of two novels, and

16506-426: Was ready to challenge Mickiewicz for a duel ; that did not come to pass but from that moment on, Słowacki would see Mickiewicz as his main rival. Few days later, antagonized by worsening reception of his works among the Polish émigré community in Paris, including sharp criticism from Mickiewicz, Słowacki left on a trip to Geneva , Switzerland. The French authorities denied him the right to return to France as part of

16637-534: Was soon considered to be a major success. In one of his final essays, Grotowski detailed how he worked individually with actor Ryszard Cieslak for more than a year to develop the scenes of torture and martyrdom intrinsic to the play. Grotowski's last professional production as a director was in 1969. Entitled Apocalypsis Cum Figuris, it uses texts from the Bible, this time combined with contemporary writings from authors such as T. S. Eliot and Simone Weil , this production

16768-559: Was stopped by the Invasion of Poland and outbreak of World War II . On 6–8 September 1939, Rzeszów was bombed by the Luftwaffe . The town was defended by the 10th Cavalry Brigade and 24th Uhlan Regiment from Kraśnik . The German attack began on 8 September in the afternoon, and the Wehrmacht entered Rzeszów the next morning. The Einsatzgruppe I entered the city to commit crimes against

16899-721: Was the first complete realization of Grotowski's notion of "poor theatre." In it the company of actors (representing concentration camp prisoners) build the structure of a crematorium around the audience while acting out stories from the Bible and Greek mythology . This conceptualization had particular resonance for the audiences in Opole, as the Auschwitz concentration camp was only sixty miles away. Akropolis received much attention and could be said to have launched Grotowski's career internationally due to inventive and aggressive promotion by visiting foreign scholars and theatre professionals. A film of

17030-479: Was the pianist and composer Frédéric Chopin . Others included enthusiasts of his work, such as Zygmunt Szczęsny Feliński , Józef Alojzy Reitzenheim and Józef Komierowski . Despite poor health, when he heard about the events of the Spring of Nations , Słowacki traveled with some friends to Poznań , then under Prussian control , hoping to participate in the Wielkopolska Uprising of 1848. He addressed

17161-470: Was visited three times by another Polish writer and poet, Cyprian Norwid , who later wrote about his visits in Czarne kwiaty. Białe kwiaty  [ pl ] ( Black Flowers. White Flowers ). Up to his final days, Słowacki was writing poetry; a day before his death he dictated passages of his final work, Król-Duch  [ pl ] ( King-Spirit ). This grandiose, visionary-symbolic poem, "summary of

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