110-469: Grenfell Campus , formerly Sir Wilfred Grenfell College , is a campus of the Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN). It is located in the city of Corner Brook , Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada . The campus has approximately 1,300 students enrolled in degree programs for the arts, education, fine arts, science, resource management and nursing. Many students from around the province also attend
220-571: A campus on Parade Street in St. John's. It was founded to honour the war dead from World War I, to provide a way of educating school teachers for the local religious schools, and to offer students higher education locally. Before that, there was no high-ranking post-secondary education in the dominion; students often went to Canada, the United Kingdom, or the United States. Students were first admitted into
330-489: A century prior. Fishing boats originated from Basque country, England, France, and Portugal. In 1585, during the initial stages of Anglo-Spanish War , Bernard Drake led a devastating raid on the Spanish and Portuguese fisheries. This provided an opportunity to secure the island and led to the appointment of Proprietary Governors to establish colonial settlements on the island from 1610 to 1728. John Guy became governor of
440-716: A charter from English King Henry VII to "sail to all parts, countries and seas of the East, the West and of the North, under our banner and ensign and to set up our banner on any new-found-land" and on June 24, 1497, landed in Cape Bonavista . Historians disagree on whether Cabot landed in Nova Scotia in 1497 or in Newfoundland, or possibly Maine, if he landed at all, but the governments of Canada and
550-656: A constitutional name change of our province will reiterate that commitment". Following approval by the House of Commons and the Senate, Governor-General Adrienne Clarkson officially proclaimed the name change on December 6, 2001. Newfoundland and Labrador is the most easterly province in Canada, situated in the northeastern region of North America . The Strait of Belle Isle separates the province into two geographical parts: Labrador, connected to mainland Canada, and Newfoundland, an island in
660-474: A critical role in helping Corner Brook host the 1999 Canada Winter Games with its residences being used to house athletes. The city's "Canada Games Centre" civic centre opened in 1997, adjacent to the Grenfell campus. Previously run by Memorial University through Western Sports and Entertainment, today, it is known as the " Corner Brook Civic Centre ," and is now run by Corner Brook City Council. On April 1, 2005,
770-559: A dietetic program accredited by the Dietitians of Canada , and the university's graduates may subsequently become registered dietitians. Queen's College, an affiliated College of Memorial University, offers diploma and degree studies in theology, pastoral studies, church history, and related programs. It is an associate member of the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada with 166 students. The university operates
880-735: A large conference centre, and graduate student living accommodations. Tenants are the Harris Centre, Gardiner Centre, Genesis, Office of Public Engagement, Office of Strategic Operations (Signal Hill Campus) and Conference Services, MUN Pensioners' Association, Newfoundland Quarterly, and Business & Arts NL. The Conference Centre on Signal Hill Campus is a convening space within the Emera Innovation Exchange. It houses convening spaces, each with full AV connectivity. The Conference Hall overlooks St. John's harbour and can be divided into three separate venues or combined as one larger venue with
990-435: A little lower on the coast than inland. The maritime climate produces more variable weather, ample precipitation in a variety of forms, greater humidity , lower visibility, more clouds, less sunshine, and higher winds than a continental climate. Human habitation in Newfoundland and Labrador can be traced back about 9,000 years. The Maritime Archaic peoples were sea-mammal hunters in the subarctic . They prospered along
1100-543: A major facelift with the expansion of the Arts and Science building which includes additional science laboratories, a herbarium , digital media labs, and an astronomical observatory . On June 11, 2012, the campus unveiled its new logo to the public, which was rolled out in addition to a new marketing campaign entitled "Find Your Corner." New soil science laboratories, the Boreal Ecosystem Research facility, attached to
1210-594: A major source of conflict between Britain, France and Spain, who all pressed for a share in the valuable fishery there. Britain's victories around the globe led William Pitt to insist nobody other than Britain should have access to Newfoundland. The Battle of Signal Hill was fought on September 15, 1762, and was the last battle of the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War . A British force under Lieutenant Colonel William Amherst recaptured St. John's , which
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#17328481259741320-540: A maritime border with Greenland . Labrador's land area (including associated small islands) is 294,330 km (113,640 sq mi). Together, Newfoundland and Labrador make up 4.06 per cent of Canada's area, with a total area of 405,720 km (156,650 sq mi). Labrador is the easternmost part of the Canadian Shield , a vast area of ancient metamorphic rock making up much of northeastern North America . Colliding tectonic plates have shaped much of
1430-493: A name change for the campus to include the 'Memorial University brand' and remove the 'College' appellation. However, the announcement fell short of offering the campus true status as a university (within the Memorial system), much to the anger and disappointment of many local residents. On September 10, 2010, Sir Wilfred Grenfell College was renamed "Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland". The campus has since undergone
1540-659: A non-degree program in 1925. The original location on Parade Street in St. Johns was established with the help of a grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York . The college was established as a memorial to the Newfoundlanders who had lost their lives on active service during the First World War. It was later rededicated also to encompass the province's war dead of the Second World War. The first president
1650-632: A popular location for internships in education, and now offers credit courses, work terms, and internships in a number of areas. The campus accommodates approximately 50 students. Memorial established the Institut Frecker in St. Pierre in 1973, to offer one-semester French immersion programs. It was housed in a building provided by the Archdiocese of St. Pierre until 2000. Now known as the Program Frecker, it
1760-411: A range of climates and weather patterns, including frequent combinations of high winds, snow, rain, and fog, conditions that regularly made travel by road, air, or ferry challenging or impossible. Monthly average temperatures, rainfall levels, and snowfall levels for four locations are shown in the attached graphs. St. John's represents the east coast, Gander the interior of the island, Corner Brook
1870-1032: A report by the Auditor-General found several concerns with the University's operations and expenses. The university's motto is Provehito in Altum , 'to launch forth into the deep.' The arms of the university, designed by Alan Beddoe , have as their charges a cross moline , three books, and waves representing the sea, and were registered with the Canadian Heraldic Authority on 10 September 1992. Memorial has seven faculties (Business Administration, Education, Engineering, Humanities and Social Sciences, Medicine, Nursing, and Science) and seven Schools (Arctic and Subarctic Studies, Fine Arts, Graduate Studies, Music, Pharmacy , Human Kinetics and Recreation, and Social Work). These offer undergraduate and graduate degree programs. Memorial's Faculty of Business Administration
1980-1400: A sculpture of the Danger Tree marking the 100 year anniversary of the Battle of Beaumont-Hamel. In 2016, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau visited Grenfell Campus and planted a Forget-Me-Not at the Danger Tree site memorial. Memorial University , with the inclusion of the Grenfell Campus, is the only university in Newfoundland and Labrador . Grenfell Campus offers 18 undergraduate degree programs: Bachelor of Arts ( English , Historical Studies , Humanities , Psychology , and Social/Cultural Studies), Bachelor of Business Administration, Bachelor of Education (Primary/Elementary Fast Track in Co-operation with St. John’s Campus), Bachelor of Environment and Sustainability (Environmental Studies and Resource Management), Bachelor of Fine Arts ( Theatre (Acting and Stage Craft) & Visual Arts ), Bachelor of Nursing (Accelerated and Collaborative), Bachelor of Science (Mathematics, Environmental Science (Biology and Chemistry), General Science, Physics, and Psychology). The Bachelor of Education (Primary/Elementary Fast Track) has been suspended and
2090-562: A strange land full of fish, and another from Portuguese maps that depict the Terra do Bacalhau , or land of codfish , west of the Azores . The earliest, though, is the Voyage of Saint Brendan , the fantastical account of an Irish monk who made a sea voyage in the early 6th century. While the story became a part of myth and legend, some historians believe it is based on fact. In 1496, John Cabot obtained
2200-648: A teacher's cottage have been converted into a lecture facility and an apartment and a former shop has been converted into apartments. Memorial's Harlow Campus is not a school unto itself. Instead, professional schools and academic departments at Memorial use the Harlow Campus to deliver programs. Harlow offers courses in Biology , Business, Drama & Performance, English Cultural Landscape, Fine Arts (both Theatre and Visual Arts), Faith, Love & Lore, and History & Political Science. In 2013, Memorial University purchased
2310-566: Is Ikkarumikluak aamma Nunatsuak . Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador is the French name used in the Constitution of Canada. However, French is not widely spoken in Newfoundland and Labrador and is not an official language at the provincial level. On April 29, 1999, the government of Brian Tobin passed a motion in the Newfoundland House of Assembly requesting the federal government amend
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#17328481259742420-552: Is a public research university in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador , based in St. John's , with satellite campuses in Corner Brook , Happy Valley-Goose Bay , Saint Pierre , and Harlow , England. Memorial University offers certificate, diploma, undergraduate, graduate, and post-graduate programs, as well as online courses and degrees. Founded in September 1925 as a memorial to Newfoundlanders and Labradorians who died in
2530-568: Is a 185-acre (75 ha) site in Corner Brook . It has approximately 1400 students, 156 faculty, and 235 staff and offers Arts, Fine Arts, Business, Science, and Nursing programs. It was formerly known as Sir Wilfred Grenfell College until 10 September 2010. The Harlow Campus, located in Old Harlow , Essex, England consists of the Maltings, which can accommodate 30 students, and Cabot House which can accommodate ten students. A former schoolhouse and
2640-584: Is also a member of the International Association of Universities , Universities Canada , Association of Commonwealth Universities , Canadian Virtual University , and the Canadian Bureau for International Education. In 2009, Memorial University launched Yaffle to provide researchers and community partners an opportunity to connect and exchange ideas, expertise, research interests, and publicly engaged activities in an open and accessible way. Yaffle
2750-633: Is also reflected in the name of Labrador, which derives from the surname of the Portuguese navigator João Fernandes Lavrador . Labrador's name in the Inuttitut / Inuktitut language (spoken in Nunatsiavut ) is Nunatsuak ( ᓄᓇᑦᓱᐊᒃ ), meaning "the big land" (a common English nickname for Labrador ). Newfoundland's Inuttitut/Inuktitut name is Ikkarumikluak ( ᐃᒃᑲᕈᒥᒃᓗᐊᒃ ), meaning "place of many shoals". Newfoundland and Labrador's Inuttitut / Inuktitut name
2860-574: Is also roughly triangular in shape: the western part of its border with Quebec is the drainage divide of the Labrador Peninsula . Lands drained by rivers that flow into the Atlantic Ocean are part of Labrador, and the rest belongs to Quebec. Most of Labrador's southern boundary with Quebec follows the 52nd parallel of latitude. Labrador's extreme northern tip, at 60°22′N, shares a short border with Nunavut on Killiniq Island . Labrador also has
2970-536: Is best known from a mortuary site in Newfoundland at Port au Choix . The Maritime Archaic peoples were gradually displaced by people of the Dorset culture (Late Paleo-Eskimo ) who also occupied Port au Choix. The number of their sites discovered on Newfoundland indicates they may have been the most numerous Aboriginal people to live there. They thrived from about 2000 BC to 800 AD. Many of their sites were on exposed headlands and outer islands. They were more oriented to
3080-762: Is currently under review. In addition to the undergraduate programming, as of 2023, Grenfell Campus also offers Graduate programs in: Master of Arts (Environmental Policy, Applied Literary Arts, and Management), Master of Fine Arts (Visual Arts), and Master of Science (Boreal Ecosystems and Agricultural Sciences, and Applied Geomatics), PhD in Boreal Ecosystems and Agricultural Sciences, and PhD in Transdisciplinary Sustainability. In 2012, Grenfell Campus established its first graduate program with its Master of Arts in Environmental Policy . In 2015,
3190-708: Is home to the Faculty of Medicine, co-located with the Newfoundland Health Science Center General Hospital. The Faculty of Medicine grants undergraduate and graduate degrees in medicine while also providing residential and advanced training. It is one of only four medical schools in Atlantic Canada (the others are Dalhousie University Faculty of Medicine , University of New Brunswick Medical Training Centre and Université de Moncton Medical Training Centre . The Department of Biochemistry has
3300-482: Is located at Oxen Pond along Mount Scio Road. The park has adopted the Twinflower ( Linnaea borealis ) as its emblem. There are over 18,000 students enrolled in full and part-time studies at Memorial University. This number includes both undergraduate and graduate students. As of fall 2023, approximately 62% of students are from Newfoundland and Labrador. Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland and Labrador
3410-619: Is managed by the Leslie Harris Centre of Regional Policy and Development at Memorial University. Out of 50 universities in Canada, Research Infosource ranked Memorial University the 20th most research-intensive for fiscal year 2016, with a sponsored research income of $ 91.178 million, averaging $ 93,500 per faculty member. Times Higher Education ranked Memorial University 17th among Canadian universities for subject-normalised total citations. According to Memorial University's President's Report 2017, Memorial's total research funding for
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3520-570: Is now known as the Arts and Science Building. In 1988, the campus' second building opened—the Fine Arts Building. Grenfell Campus saw significant expansion in the 1990s and early 2000s, with new student housing and academic buildings constructed. In 1995, the Library and Computing Building opened, which housed the newly named Ferriss Hodgett Library; in 1997, the Student Centre annex was added to
3630-725: Is ocean-related (68% in the Faculty of Science alone). Memorial University joined with Dalhousie University and the University of Prince Edward Island to form the Ocean Frontier Institute , a collaborative research initiative aimed at harnessing the potential of the world's oceans. Memorial University is a member of the University of the Arctic , an international cooperative network of universities, colleges, and other organizations concerned with education and research in Arctic region. Memorial
3740-589: Is particularly important for St. John's, where a heavy snowfall can be followed by rain, so no snow remains on the ground. Surface water temperatures on the Atlantic side reach a summer average of 12 °C (54 °F) inshore and 9 °C (48 °F) offshore to winter lows of −1 °C (30 °F) inshore and 2 °C (36 °F) offshore. Sea temperatures on the west coast are warmer than Atlantic side by 1–3 °C (approximately 2–5 °F). The sea keeps winter temperatures slightly higher and summer temperatures
3850-707: Is recognized as a leader in Canadian business education with a high ranking, offering programs at undergraduate and graduate levels, including a bachelor of commerce, international bachelor of business administration, bachelor of business administration, master of business administration, master of employment relations and Ph.D. degrees. Students can choose to specialize in the following engineering disciplines: Civil Engineering, Computer Engineering , Electrical Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Ocean and Naval Architectural Engineering (combined degree), Engineering Management , and Process Engineering . The St. John's campus
3960-610: Is run from the FrancoForum , a language teaching facility owned by the government of St. Pierre. The program is partially supported by the governments of Canada and Newfoundland and Labrador. In September 1975, a campus was opened in Corner Brook ; it was first renamed Sir Wilfred Grenfell College in 1979 and renamed again in 2010 as Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland . 1300 students attend Grenfell, which offers full degree programs in several disciplines, including Fine Arts, and partial programs, which can be completed at
4070-427: Is split by Prince Philip Drive. The university also operates the Memorial University of Newfoundland Botanical Garden . The largest campus is located in St. John's. Prince Philip Drive runs east–west through the St. John's campus, with Westerland Road bordering it to the west, Elizabeth Avenue to the south, and Allandale Road to the east. The majority of the academic buildings are located south of Prince Philip Drive:
4180-422: Is the easternmost province of Canada , in the country's Atlantic region . The province comprises the island of Newfoundland and the continental region of Labrador , having a total size of 405,212 km (156,453 sq mi). As of 2024 the population of Newfoundland and Labrador was estimated to be 545,247. The island of Newfoundland (and its smaller neighbouring islands) is home to around 94 per cent of
4290-597: The Newfoundland Act to change the province's name to "Newfoundland and Labrador". A resolution approving the name change was put forward in the House of Commons in October 2001, introduced by Tobin who had moved to federal politics. Tobin's successor as premier Roger Grimes stated: "The Government of Newfoundland and Labrador is firmly committed to ensuring official recognition of Labrador as an equal partner in this province, and
4400-588: The U.S. News & World Report 2022–23 ranking, the university placed 698th in the world. Memorial University has the following campuses: St. John's Campus on Elizabeth Avenue, Signal Hill, St. John's , Grenfell Campus , Corner Brook , Bonne Bay Marine Station , Holyrood Marine Base, Labrador Institute, Happy Valley-Goose Bay , Ocean Sciences Centre, Institut Frecker on the French island of St-Pierre , off Newfoundland's south coast, and in Harlow , England. The largest campus in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
4510-486: The Atlantic Coast of North America from about 7000 BC to 1500 BC. Their settlements included longhouses and boat-topped temporary or seasonal houses. They engaged in long-distance trade, using as currency white chert , a rock quarried from northern Labrador to Maine . The southern branch of these people was established on the north peninsula of Newfoundland by 5,000 years ago. The Maritime Archaic period
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4620-610: The Atlantic Ocean . The province also includes over 7,000 tiny islands. The highest point of the province is Mount Caubvick with the highest point on Newfoundland being Cabox . Newfoundland has a roughly triangular shape. Each side is about 400 km (250 mi) long, and its area is 108,860 km (42,030 sq mi). Newfoundland and its neighbouring small islands (excluding French possessions) have an area of 111,390 km (43,010 sq mi). Newfoundland extends between latitudes 46°36′N and 51°38′N. Labrador
4730-658: The Bonne Bay Marine Station in Gros Morne National Park . Research at Memorial University spans six faculties and six schools on the St. John's campus, three at the Grenfell Campus, and three at the Marine Institute, covering a broad range of basic, interdisciplinary, and applied research topics. It also includes centres in marine learning that study ocean technology, aquaculture , sustainable fishery , and offshore safety. Over 40% of Memorial's research
4840-727: The Corte-Real brothers , Miguel and Gaspar , explored Newfoundland and Labrador, claiming them as part of the Portuguese Empire . In 1506, king Manuel I of Portugal created taxes for the cod fisheries in Newfoundland waters. João Álvares Fagundes and Pero de Barcelos established seasonal fishing outposts in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia around 1521, and older Portuguese settlements may have existed. Sir Humphrey Gilbert , provided with letters patent from Queen Elizabeth I , landed in St. John's in August 1583, and formally took possession of
4950-523: The First World War , Memorial is the largest university in Atlantic Canada and Newfoundland and Labrador's only university. As of 2018, there were 1,330 faculty and 2,474 staff, supporting 18,000 students from nearly 100 countries. At its founding, Newfoundland was a dominion of the United Kingdom. Memorial University began as Memorial University College (MUC), which opened in September 1925 at
5060-715: The Grand Banks , employing some 10,000 sailors; many continuing to come from the Basque Country , Normandy, or Brittany. They dried and salted cod on the coast and sold it to Spain and Portugal. Heavy investment by Sir George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore , in the 1620s in wharves, warehouses, and fishing stations failed to pay off. French raids hurt the business, and the weather was terrible, so he redirected his attention to his other colony in Maryland . After Calvert left, small-scale entrepreneurs such as Sir David Kirke made good use of
5170-589: The Great Depression and Newfoundland's participation in the First World War . On March 31, 1949, it became the 10th and most recent province to join the Canadian Confederation as "Newfoundland". On December 6, 2001, the Constitution of Canada was amended to change the province's name from "Newfoundland" to "Newfoundland and Labrador". The name "New founde lande" was uttered by King Henry VII about
5280-433: The 1690s, destroyed nearly every English settlement on the island. The entire population of the English colony was either killed, captured for ransom, or sentenced to expulsion to England, with the exception of those who withstood the attack at Carbonear Island and those in the then remote Bonavista . After France lost political control of the area after the Siege of Port Royal in 1710 , the Miꞌkmaq engaged in warfare with
5390-439: The 1880s to present; Human History and Natural Sciences. Memorial University of Newfoundland Folklore and Language Archive collection consists of manuscripts, tapes, records, photographs and artifacts pertaining to Maritime Provinces, specifically Newfoundland and Labrador. The Queen Elizabeth II Library contains around 1,100,000 monographs, 105,000 maps, 6,000 audio-visual titles and 9,000 journal titles. The Commons, located on
5500-406: The Arts and Administration Building, the Science Building, Chemistry and Physics, Mathematics, Music, Education, Physical Education, and the Bruneau Centre for Research and Innovation. The University Centre is home to the food court, bookstore, campus bar ("Breezeway"), and the CHMR-FM campus radio station. The Memorial University Libraries contain collections of university Archives, Fine Arts from
5610-458: The Arts and Science Building. In 1998, the Forest Centre opened, which houses not only laboratory and classroom space, but also research offices for Natural Resources Canada , among others. In 2001, Grenfell opened its chalet apartments; the campus was then able to accommodate more than 400 students in student housing. In 2014, the new Residence Complex was officially opened, increasing student housing capacity to 600 students. Grenfell Campus played
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#17328481259745720-409: The Beothuk population, and they were extinct by 1829. The oldest confirmed accounts of European contact date from a thousand years ago as described in the Viking (Norse) Icelandic Sagas . Around the year 1001, the sagas refer to Leif Erikson landing in three places to the west, the first two being Helluland (possibly Baffin Island ) and Markland (possibly Labrador ). Leif's third landing
5830-406: The British throughout Dummer's War (1722–1725), King George's War (1744–1748), Father Le Loutre's War (1749–1755) and the French and Indian War (1754–1763). The French colonization period lasted until the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713, which ended the War of the Spanish Succession : France ceded to the British its claims to Newfoundland (including its claims to the shores of Hudson Bay ) and to
5940-557: The Calvert family's control. The majority Catholic population that developed, thanks to Irish immigration , in St. John's and the Avalon Peninsula , was subjected to same disabilities that applied elsewhere under the British Crown. On visiting St. John's in 1786, Prince William Henry (the future King William IV ) noted that "there are ten Roman Catholics to one Protestant", and he counselled against any measure of Catholic relief. Following news of rebellion in Ireland , in June 1798, Governor Vice-Admiral Waldegrave cautioned London that
6050-449: The Colonies formally stated that a new commission would be issued to Governor Cochrane to remove any and all Roman Catholic disabilities in Newfoundland. By then Catholic emancipation was bound up (as in Ireland) with the call for home rule . After the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, France and other nations re-entered the fish trade and an abundance of cod glutted international markets. Prices dropped, competition increased, and
6160-540: The English constituted but a "small proportion" of the locally raised Regiment of Foot . In an echo of an earlier Irish conspiracy during the French occupation of St. John's in 1762, in April 1800, the authorities had reports that upwards of 400 men had taken an oath as United Irishmen , and that eighty soldiers were committed to killing their officers and seizing their Anglican governors at Sunday service. The abortive mutiny , for which for which eight men (denounced by Catholic Bishop James Louis O'Donel as "favourers of
6270-428: The Forest Centre, also opened in Summer 2013. In 2016, Western Health closed the nursing school residence in the wake of the 2016 provincial budget. Monaghan Hall, located at Western Regional Memorial Hospital, had 69 rooms and closed that September. Grenfell Campus introduced a decanal academic structure in 2016, replacing the previous college-style Department Head structure. In June 2016, Princess Anne dedicated
6380-424: The French had seized three months earlier in a surprise attack. From 1763 to 1767, James Cook made a detailed survey of the coasts of Newfoundland and southern Labrador while commander of HMS Grenville . (The following year, 1768, Cook began his first circumnavigation of the world .) In 1796, a Franco-Spanish expedition again succeeded in raiding the coasts of Newfoundland and Labrador, destroying many of
6490-421: The French possessions in Acadia . Afterward, under the supervision of the last French governor, the French population of Plaisance moved to Île Royale (now Cape Breton Island ), part of Acadia which remained then under French control. In the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), France had acknowledged British ownership of the island. However, in the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), control of Newfoundland once again became
6600-399: The International Student Advising Office, assists international students with housing, health insurance, academics, immigration, and career options. Memorial also has a British campus in Harlow , Essex, and is one of only two universities in Canada with a foothold in the United Kingdom. In Maclean's 2023 Canadian university rankings, Memorial University of Newfoundland placed seventh in
6710-410: The Residence Complex. The Aging Research Centre (ARC) is primarily located at Grenfell Campus, but also has spaces in St. John's , Grand Falls-Windsor , and North-West River . The office at Grenfell Campus provides space and equipment to conduct research, conduct interviews, and meet. The centre was created in response to the province not having such a facility and its rapidly ageing population, among
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#17328481259746820-429: The Royal Gazette and Newfoundland Advertiser, who resided in New Brunswick and Newfoundland, freed his enslaved servant Dinah, upon his death in Newfoundland in 1847, notably after the Slavery Abolition Act in 1833 . Notably, the Kirke brothers who were merchants in the triangular trade, brought Olivier Le Jeune to New France, where he was sold in 1629. In 1655, France appointed a governor in Plaisance (Placentia),
6930-503: The St. John's campus, in many other subjects. In 1977, the Memorial University of Newfoundland Educational Television Centre implemented the Telemedicine project. In 1992, the Institute of Fisheries and Marine Technology in St. John's became affiliated with Memorial University as the Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland. Today, it is named the Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland . It offers both degree and non-degree programs. In 2008,
7040-460: The United Kingdom recognise Bonavista as being Cabot's "official" landing place. In 1499 and 1500, Portuguese mariners João Fernandes Lavrador and Pero de Barcelos explored and mapped the coast, the former's name appearing as "Labrador" on topographical maps of the period. Based on the Treaty of Tordesillas , the Portuguese Crown claimed it had territorial rights in the area John Cabot visited in 1497 and 1498. Subsequently, in 1501 and 1502,
7150-423: The campus introduced the Master of Science in boreal ecosystems and agricultural sciences. More graduate programs are in development. Beyond the degree offerings, the campus also offers courses in a variety of other fields. Grenfell Campus consists of five main academic buildings the Arts and Science Building, Fine Arts Building, Library and Computing Building, Forest Centre, and Monaghan Hall located off-campus at
7260-429: The capacity to host up to 450 people. The Atrium, a multifunctional event space spread over two levels and connected by a seated staircase, serves as a venue for public events and presentations. YAFFLE Connect, a space operating as a physical manifestation of the Yaffle application, Memorial's online connecting tool, was designed for small meetings, co-working sessions, dialogues and debates. There are eight meeting rooms on
7370-492: The coast of Labrador with Inuit groups that had large populations. The Miꞌkmaq of southern Newfoundland spent most of their time on the shores harvesting seafood; during the winter they would move inland to the woods to hunt. Over time, the Miꞌkmaq and Innu divided their lands into traditional "districts". Each district was independently governed and had a district chief and a council. The council members were band chiefs, elders and other worthy community leaders. In addition to
7480-404: The coast. These rights were reaffirmed by treaties in 1818, 1854 and 1871, and confirmed by arbitration in 1910. The founding proprietor of the Province of Avalon , George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore , intended that it should serve as a refuge for his persecuted Roman Catholic co-religionists. But like his other colony in the Province of Maryland on the American mainland, it soon passed out of
7590-472: The college introduced a wireless local area network in areas of the campus which underwent major upgrades again in 2012. In Newfoundland and Labrador's 2007 provincial budget, it was announced that Sir Wilfred Grenfell College would become an autonomous university within a single university system. In late 2009, the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador announced that Sir Wilfred Grenfell College would be undergoing several changes, including its own budget and
7700-563: The colony's profits evaporated. A string of harsh winters between 1815 and 1817 made living conditions even more difficult, while fires at St. John's in 1817 left thousands homeless. At the same time a new wave of immigration from Ireland increased the Catholic population. In these circumstances much of the English and Protestant proprietor class tended to shelter behind the appointed, and Anglican, "naval government". A broad home-rule coalition of Irish community leaders and ( Scottish and Welsh ) Methodists formed in 1828. Expressing, initially,
7810-516: The concerns of a new middle class over taxation, it was led by William Carson, a Scottish physician, and Patrick Morris, an Irish merchant. In 1825, the British government granted Newfoundland and Labrador official colonial status and appointed Sir Thomas Cochrane as its first civil governor. Partly carried by the wave of reform in Britain, a colonial legislature in St. John's, together with the promise of Catholic emancipation, followed in 1832. Carson made his goal for Newfoundland clear: "We shall rise into
7920-843: The district councils, the Miꞌkmaq tribes also developed a Grand Council or Santé Mawiómi , which according to oral tradition was formed before 1600. By the time European contact with Newfoundland began in the early 16th century, the Beothuk were the only indigenous group living permanently on the island. Unlike other groups in the Northeastern area of the Americas, the Beothuk never established sustained trading relations with European settlers. Their interactions were sporadic, and they largely attempted to avoid contact. The establishment of English fishing operations on
8030-620: The dogs, larger weapons and other technologies that gave the expanding Inuit an advantage. The inhabitants eventually organized themselves into small bands of a few families, grouped into larger tribes and chieftainships . The Innu are the inhabitants of an area they refer to as Nitassinan , i.e. most of what is now referred to as northeastern Quebec and Labrador. Their subsistence activities were historically centered on hunting and trapping caribou , deer and small game. Coastal clans also practiced agriculture, fished and managed maple sugar bush. The Innu engaged in tribal warfare along
8140-577: The enslaved persons of African descent on plantations in the West Indies . Products typically associated with Newfoundland such as molasses and rum ( Screech ), were produced by the enslaved persons of African descent on plantations in the West Indies, and shipped to Newfoundland and England on merchant ships. Some merchants in Newfoundland enslaved persons of African descent such as St. John's merchant, Thomas Oxford. John Ryan , merchant and publisher of
8250-405: The facilities. Kirke became the first governor of Newfoundland in 1638. A triangular trade with New England, the West Indies, and Europe gave Newfoundland an important economic role. By the 1670s, there were 1,700 permanent residents and another 4,500 in the summer months. This trade relied upon the labour of enslaved people of African descent. Salted cod from Newfoundland was used to feed
8360-466: The first settlement at Cuper's Cove . Other settlements included Bristol's Hope , Renews , New Cambriol , South Falkland and Avalon (which became a province in 1623). The first governor given jurisdiction over all of Newfoundland was Sir David Kirke in 1638. Explorers quickly realized the waters around Newfoundland had the best fishing in the North Atlantic. By 1620, 300 fishing boats worked
8470-560: The fiscal year 2016-17 was over $ 100 million. Memorial is the seat of 20 active Canada Research Chairs and 13 sponsored research chairs. Memorial University operates and manages over 30 research units. Some fall under the direct authority of their respective faculties or schools, while others have a pan-university mandate or multi-organization consortium. Below is a sampling of the more prominent units: Memorial has 134 student programs, exchanges, and research partnership agreements in 40 countries. The Internationalization Office, formerly
8580-526: The former Basque fishing settlement, thus starting a formal French colonization period in Newfoundland as well as a period of periodic war and unrest between England and France in the region. The Miꞌkmaq, as allies of the French, were amenable to limited French settlement in their midst and fought alongside them against the English. English attacks on Placentia provoked retaliation by New France explorer Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville who during King William's War in
8690-459: The former Battery Hotel, located on Signal Hill , overlooking St. John's harbour. The hotel was a landmark property with a long history in the province's cultural life. Signal Hill Campus opened to the public in September 2018. A large portion of the campus, the Emera Innovation Exchange, serves as Memorial's innovation and public engagement hub to facilitate university-community collaboration. The campus houses public-facing university organizations,
8800-542: The geology of Newfoundland. Gros Morne National Park has a reputation as an outstanding example of tectonics at work, and as such has been designated a World Heritage Site . The Long Range Mountains on Newfoundland's west coast are the northeasternmost extension of the Appalachian Mountains . The north-south extent of the province (46°36′N to 60°22′N), prevalent westerly winds, cold ocean currents and local factors such as mountains and coastline combine to create
8910-473: The government of Newfoundland announced free tuition for first-year students enrolled at Memorial University in St. John's. The Faculty of Medicine of Memorial University of Newfoundland was established in 1967, and the first students were admitted in 1969. It admits approximately 80 students into the M.D. program each year and also offers MSc and PhD programs. Memorial maintains a campus in Harlow , England which opened to students in 1969. This campus has been
9020-882: The highest in Canada. The Boreal Ecosystem Research Facility is located within the Forest Centre at Grenfell Campus. The Facility was established to promote "university and private sector research priorities in forestry, agriculture and the environmental sector". The facility also supports research activity for its Master of Science program The Environmental Policy Institute (EPI) was established at Grenfell Campus in tandem with its Master of Arts in Environmental Policy. The Centre engages in research, teaching, and public engagement 48°56′24″N 57°55′56″W / 48.94009°N 57.93220°W / 48.94009; -57.93220 Memorial University of Newfoundland Memorial University , or MUN ( / m ʌ n / ),
9130-740: The infidel French") were hanged, may have been less a United Irish plot, than an act of desperation in the face of brutal living conditions and officer tyranny. Many of the Irish reserve soldiers were forced to remain on duty, unable to return to the fisheries that supported their families. Yet the Newfoundland Irish would have been aware of the agitation in the homeland for civil equality and political rights. There were reports of communication with United men in Ireland from before '98 rebellion; of Thomas Paine 's pamphlets circulating in St. John's; and, despite
9240-523: The island. Sometime before 1563, Basque fishermen, who had been fishing cod shoals off Newfoundland's coasts since the beginning of the sixteenth century, founded Plaisance (today Placentia ), a seasonal haven which French fishermen later used. In the Newfoundland will of the Basque seaman Domingo de Luca, dated 1563 and now in an archive in Spain, he asks "that my body be buried in this port of Plazençia in
9350-399: The land explored by Sebastian and John Cabot . In Portuguese , it is Terra Nova (while the province's full name is Terra Nova e Labrador ), which literally means "new land" and is also the French name for the province's island region ( Terre-Neuve ). The name "Terra Nova" is in wide use on the island (e.g. Terra Nova National Park ). The influence of early Portuguese exploration
9460-450: The last flowering of independence to depression and life on the dole. The 1940 discovery of Newfoundland as a strategic military asset brought a new period of prosperity. Newfoundland gave up dominion status in 1934, ending self-government in exchange for British Commission of Government rule as a crown colony. Newfoundland remained a crown colony until it joined Canada as a province in 1949. The post-Confederation government elevated
9570-598: The lower level of the Atrium and a dining room with a built-in kitchen for private lunches or small dinner receptions. The Harbour Wing and Tower areas of Signal Hill Campus are dedicated to graduate student living accommodations. There are 87 furnished rooms available, each single occupancy with a private washroom. The kitchen and lounge facilities on each floor are common areas shared between about 15 students. The collection includes perennial and annual plants, aquatic plants, spruce, fir, and alder trees. The garden, founded in 1972,
9680-401: The magazine's comprehensive university category. The university has also placed in several global university rankings. In 2022 Academic Ranking of World Universities , the university ranked 701–800 worldwide. The 2024 QS World University Rankings ranked the university 601-649 in the world. 2023 Times Higher Education World University Rankings placed the university 601–800 in the world. In
9790-489: The main floor of the library, has computers available for students and a digital media centre. The Marine Institute is a marine polytechnic institution located on Ridge Road in St. John's within Pippy Park, north of the city. It has facilities such as a full ship's bridge simulator and the world's largest flume tank. It offers degrees, diplomas, certifications and industry training for the maritime sector. Grenfell Campus
9900-605: The most recent cultural manifestation of peoples who first migrated from Labrador to Newfoundland around 1 AD. The Inuit , found mostly in Labrador, are the descendants of what anthropologists call the Thule people , who emerged from western Alaska around 1000 AD and spread eastwards across the High Arctic tundra reaching Labrador around 1300–1500. Researchers believe the Dorset culture lacked
10010-462: The outer coastline of the island, and their later expansion into bays and inlets, cut off access for the Beothuk to their traditional sources of food. In the 18th century, as the Beothuk were driven further inland by these encroachments, violence between Beothuk and settlers escalated, with each retaliating against the other in their competition for resources. By the early 19th century, violence, starvation, and exposure to tuberculosis had decimated
10120-591: The place where those who die here are usually buried". This will is the oldest-known civil document written in Canada. Twenty years later, in 1583, Newfoundland became England's first possession in North America and one of the earliest permanent English colonies in the New World when Sir Humphrey Gilbert claimed it for Elizabeth I . European fishing boats had visited Newfoundland continuously since Cabot's second voyage in 1498 and seasonal fishing camps had existed for
10230-414: The population is descended from English and Irish settlers, with the majority immigrating from the early 17th century to the late 19th century. St. John's , the capital and largest city of Newfoundland and Labrador, is Canada's 22nd-largest census metropolitan area and home to about 40% of the province's population. St. John's is the seat of the House of Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador as well as
10340-638: The province's House of Assembly , and has not yet taken effect. In September 2019, the Memorial University Senate voted unanimously to create a degree-granting campus in Labrador. Memorial University subsequently established the School of Arctic and Sub-Arctic Studies in 2020. A campus in Happy Valley-Goose Bay (renovated from the former provincial courthouse on Hamilton River Road) was expected to offer courses in fall 2022. In October 2023,
10450-589: The province's highest court, the Newfoundland and Labrador Court of Appeal . Until 1949, the Dominion of Newfoundland was a separate dominion in the British Empire. In 1933, the House of Assembly of the self-governing dominion voted to dissolve itself and to hand over administration of Newfoundland and Labrador to the British-appointed Commission of Government . This followed the suffering caused by
10560-658: The province's population, with more than half residing in the Avalon Peninsula . Labrador has a land border with both the province of Quebec , as well as a short border with the territory of Nunavut on Killiniq Island . The French overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon lies about 20 km (12 mi) west of the Burin Peninsula . According to the 2016 census, 97.0% of residents reported English as their native language, making Newfoundland and Labrador Canada's most linguistically homogeneous province. Much of
10670-454: The public for presentations and observation nights, frequently presented by Svetlana Barkanova . The facility also assists with the campus Physics program and research. The campus also has on-campus accommodations for approximately 600 students spread across three residential areas. Residence Wings ( Bennett and Pittman), two Chalet Sites (Site 1: Tuckamore, Spruce, Juniper, Jack Pine, Birch. Site 2: Gros Morne , Topsail, and Torngat ), and
10780-405: The school for the first- and second-year course offerings before transferring to Memorial University's larger campus in St. John's . The campus opened in 1975 as Memorial University's West Coast Regional College with Arthur Sullivan as its principal. It began with 400 students. The facility was renamed in 1979 in honour of British medical missionary pioneer Wilfred Grenfell . The original building
10890-414: The sea than earlier peoples, and had developed sleds and boats similar to kayaks . They burned seal blubber in soapstone lamps. Many of these sites, such as Port au Choix , recently excavated by Memorial archaeologist, Priscilla Renouf, are quite large and show evidence of a long-term commitment to place. Renouf has excavated huge amounts of harp seal bones at Port au Choix, indicating that this place
11000-552: The settlements. By the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), French fishermen gained the right to land and cure fish on the "French Shore" on the western coast. (They had a permanent base on the nearby St. Pierre and Miquelon islands; the French gave up their French Shore rights in 1904.) In 1783, the British signed the Treaty of Paris with the United States that gave American fishermen similar rights along
11110-541: The site of Western Memorial Regional Hospital home to the Faculty of Nursing. The original campus building, known as the Arts and Science Building, also contains the Student Centre Annex which hosts the students’ union offices, the campus dining hall The Grove, and the campus pub, The Backlot. The Arts and Science building extension contains the campus Observatory, the only professional telescope in Newfoundland and Labrador . The observatory regularly opens itself to
11220-678: The status of Memorial University College to full university status in August 1949, renaming the institution to Memorial University of Newfoundland. Memorial University was established by the Memorial University Act. The enrolment in Memorial's first year was 307 students. In 1959, Memorial pioneered the Extension Service as a model for field education and community development. In 1961, enrolment increased to 1400, and Memorial moved from Parade Street to its present location on Elizabeth Avenue (St. John's Campus). On 8 March 1965,
11330-468: The university's hiring process for incoming presidents came under scrutiny for political interference by the province's education minister, Joan Shea . In May 2021, the Board of Regents of Memorial University recommended that the institution should proceed with officially changing its name to Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador . However, changing the university's legal name will require an act of
11440-417: The various climates of the province. Newfoundland, in broad terms, has a cool summer subtype, with a humid continental climate attributable to its proximity to water — no part of the island is more than 100 km (62 mi) from the Atlantic Ocean . However, Northern Labrador is classified as a polar tundra climate, and southern Labrador has a subarctic climate . Newfoundland and Labrador contain
11550-569: The war with France, of hundreds of young County Waterford men still making a seasonal migration to the island for the fisheries, among them defeated rebels, said to have "added fuel to the fire" of local grievance. When news reached Newfoundland in May 1829 that the UK Parliament had finally conceded Catholic emancipation , the locals assumed that Catholics would now pass unhindered into the ranks of public office and enjoy equality with Protestants. There
11660-416: The west coast of the island and Wabush the interior of Labrador. Climate data for 56 places in the province is available from Environment Canada . The data for the graphs is the average over 30 years. Error bars on the temperature graph indicate the range of daytime highs and night time lows. Snowfall is the total amount that fell during the month, not the amount accumulated on the ground. This distinction
11770-404: Was J. L. Paton . It offered the first two years of university studies. MUC's initial enrollment was 57 students, which peaked at over 400 in the 1940s. In 1933, it merged with the adjacent Normal School and took responsibility for teacher training. The period from the founding in 1925 until 1949 in Newfoundland was chaotic, reflecting Newfoundland's shifting economic and political situation, from
11880-588: Was a celebratory parade and mass in St. John's, and a gun salute from vessels in the harbour. But the attorney general and supreme court justices determined that as Newfoundland was a colony, and not a province of the United Kingdom , the Roman Catholic Relief Act did not apply. The discrimination was a matter of local ordinance. It was not until May 1832 that the British Secretary of State for
11990-475: Was a prime location for the hunting of these animals. The people of the Dorset culture (800 BC – 1500 AD) were highly adapted to a cold climate, and much of their food came from hunting sea mammals through holes in the ice. The massive decline in sea ice during the Medieval Warm Period would have had a devastating effect upon their way of life. The appearance of the Beothuk culture is believed to be
12100-462: Was at a place he called Vinland (possibly Newfoundland). Archaeological evidence of a Norse settlement was found in L'Anse aux Meadows , Newfoundland , which was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1978. There are several other unconfirmed accounts of European discovery and exploration, one tale of men from the Channel Islands being blown off course in the late 15th century into
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