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89-704: The original excursion of 1854 was organized to promote the opening of a new rail line between Chicago and Rock Island, Illinois. This line was the first railway link from the eastern United States to the Mississippi River, and thus a more than symbolic moment in westward expansion, allowing for commerce and westward immigration, and ultimately a complete rail line to the Pacific coast. The route took travelers overland from Chicago, Illinois to Rock Island, Illinois , then upriver to Saint Paul , Minnesota Territory on several steamships. Approximately 1,200 people took part in

178-403: A Democrat, was elected in 1955, in the era of machine politics . In 1956, the city conducted its last major expansion when it annexed the land under O'Hare airport, including a small portion of DuPage County. By the 1960s, white residents in several neighborhoods left the city for the suburban areas – in many American cities, a process known as white flight – as Blacks continued to move beyond

267-593: A collection of over 800 technical drawings provided by the Canada Science and Technology Museum , and they used them as references for the project. Hundreds of replacement parts had to be fabricated by contractors in Vancouver, such as the cab, the running boards, the rod brasses, the superheater manifold, among other things. Contractors in the United States were hired to overhaul other major parts of No.   2816;

356-576: A continental tour from April 24 to July 10. No.   2816 was one of ten H1b-class (Nos.   2810-2819) (the "H" meant the 4-6-4 wheel configuration, the "1" was the design number and the "b" meant it was the second production run) 4-6-4 Hudson-types built by the Montreal Locomotive Works in December 1930, at a cost of $ 116,555 each. It was first assigned to premier passenger service between Winnipeg and Fort William, Ontario . Following

445-413: A cosmetic restoration for static display purposes. When No.   2816 was disassembled, it was revealed that it was mechanically worn out, despite the preliminary inspectors having stated otherwise, but Rob Ritchie decided to approve a complete rebuild of the locomotive, regardless. Broadfoot and his team were able to obtain multiple plans and vital information about CP H1b class locomotives, including

534-580: A doubleheader with Milwaukee Road 261 from St. Paul to La Crescent and return. No.   2816 returned from Minnesota to Calgary with a charity train later that same month. In August 2007, No.   2816 toured the CP from Calgary to Chicago, and then it pulled some public excursions within Illinois and Wisconsin, including another doubleheader with No.   261 on September 15 between Minneapolis and La Crosse, Wisconsin . The Empress returned to Calgary by

623-486: A heart attack soon after. Washington was succeeded by 6th ward alderperson Eugene Sawyer , who was elected by the Chicago City Council and served until a special election. Richard M. Daley , son of Richard J. Daley, was elected in 1989. His accomplishments included improvements to parks and creating incentives for sustainable development , as well as closing Meigs Field in the middle of the night and destroying

712-660: A model for the new field of social work . During the 1870s and 1880s, Chicago attained national stature as the leader in the movement to improve public health. City laws and later, state laws that upgraded standards for the medical profession and fought urban epidemics of cholera , smallpox , and yellow fever were both passed and enforced. These laws became templates for public health reform in other cities and states. The city established many large, well-landscaped municipal parks , which also included public sanitation facilities. The chief advocate for improving public health in Chicago

801-472: A new grade with the use of jackscrews for raising buildings. While elevating Chicago, and at first improving the city's health, the untreated sewage and industrial waste now flowed into the Chicago River , and subsequently into Lake Michigan , polluting the city's primary freshwater source. The city responded by tunneling two miles (3.2 km) out into Lake Michigan to newly built water cribs . In 1900,

890-463: A population of 2,746,388, as of the 2020 census , it is the third-most populous city in the United States after New York City and Los Angeles . As the seat of Cook County , the second-most populous county in the U.S., Chicago is the center of the Chicago metropolitan area , often colloquially called "Chicagoland" and home to 9.6 million residents. Located on the shore of Lake Michigan , Chicago

979-607: A railroad representative stating the test was to assess the locomotive's mechanical condition with "no plans to operate the engine on the main lines." It was subsequently announced that the locomotive would make a run as part of filming of a Holiday Train video. In 2021, Creel announced that if the US Surface Transportation Board approved CP's merger with the Kansas City Southern, the railway would celebrate it by bringing No. 2816 back under steam to lead

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1068-523: A result, the steam program was discontinued, forcing No.   2816's excursion operations to be halted, and the locomotive was kept in storage in Calgary. Despite Harrison's resignation from the railway in early 2017, with Keith Creel succeeding him, the locomotive still remained in storage afterward. On November 13, 2020, No.   2816 was fired up for a steam test and moved around the Calgary Yard with

1157-1446: A tour from Calgary to Mexico City , making No. 2816 the first steam locomotive to run through Canada, the United States, and Mexico. The locomotive first received an overhaul by CP's steam crew, and in the process, it was equipped with positive train control . In June 2023, the overhaul was completed, and the Empress began to perform a series of test runs, which included a July 11 shakedown run from Calgary to Carseland and return. Further shakedown runs and tests were performed in August, from Calgary to Coalhurst and return. In October 2023, two back-to-back test runs from Calgary to Edmonton and back then from Calgary to Medicine Hat and back, concluding No. 2816's test runs of 2023. On April 24, 2024, No. 2816 began its Final Spike Steam Tour running from Calgary with whistle stops in Moose Jaw on April 28; Minot, North Dakota , on April 30; Saint Paul, Minnesota, on May 3; Franklin Park, Illinois , on May 8; Davenport, Iowa , on May 10; Kansas City, Missouri , on May 18; Shreveport, Louisiana , on May 24; Laredo, Texas , on May 28; Monterrey , Nuevo León, on May 31; and Mexico City on June 7. The train's journey in Mexico

1246-407: Is known to botanists as Allium tricoccum and known more commonly as "ramps". The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as " Checagou " was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir. Henri Joutel , in his journal of 1688, noted that the eponymous wild "garlic" grew profusely in the area. According to his diary of late September 1687: ... when we arrived at

1335-554: Is routinely ranked among the world's top six busiest airports by passenger traffic , and the region is also the nation's railroad hub. The Chicago area has one of the highest gross domestic products (GDP) of any urban region in the world, generating $ 689 billion in 2018. Chicago's economy is diverse , with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. Chicago is a major destination for tourism , including visitors to its cultural institutions , and Lake Michigan beaches . Chicago's culture has contributed much to

1424-473: The Black Belt . While home loan discriminatory redlining against blacks continued, the real estate industry practiced what became known as blockbusting , completely changing the racial composition of whole neighborhoods. Structural changes in industry, such as globalization and job outsourcing, caused heavy job losses for lower-skilled workers. At its peak during the 1960s, some 250,000 workers were employed in

1513-699: The Calumet River in the industrial far South Side—flow either entirely or partially through the city. Chicago's history and economy are closely tied to its proximity to Lake Michigan. While the Chicago River historically handled much of the region's waterborne cargo, today's huge lake freighters use the city's Lake Calumet Harbor on the South Side. The lake also provides another positive effect: moderating Chicago's climate, making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer. When Chicago

1602-591: The Children's Wish Foundation . The locomotive was also filmed with IMAX cameras for Rocky Mountain Express , a 2011 film that observes the Empress on a journey from Vancouver to Montreal while explaining the CP's history. On June 11, 2011, No.   2816 lead an excursion tour that promoted the Children’s Wish Foundation. The locomotive was scheduled to complete the tour on August 5 at Calgary, but as it

1691-577: The Empress returned to service, and it was used by the CP in occasional excursion service as part of their steam excursion program. In late 2012, the CP steam program was discontinued, and No.   2816 remained stored at the CP's headquarters in Calgary, Alberta . Following the CP's merger with the Kansas City Southern (KCS) to become the new Canadian Pacific Kansas City (CPKC) in 2023, No.   2816 returned to service again in 2024, embarking on

1780-520: The Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad. Manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy . The Chicago Board of Trade (established 1848) listed the first-ever standardized "exchange-traded" forward contracts, which were called futures contracts . In

1869-525: The Jefferson Township , which now makes up most of Chicago's Northwest Side . The desire to join the city was driven by municipal services that the city could provide its residents. Chicago's flourishing economy attracted huge numbers of new immigrants from Europe and migrants from the Eastern United States . Of the total population in 1900, more than 77% were either foreign-born or born in

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1958-503: The Miami , Sauk and Meskwaki peoples in this region. The first known permanent settler in Chicago was trader Jean Baptiste Point du Sable . Du Sable was of African descent, perhaps born in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (Haiti), and established the settlement in the 1780s. He is commonly known as the "Founder of Chicago." In 1795, following the victory of the new United States in

2047-578: The New Negro Movement , in art, literature, and music. Continuing racial tensions and violence, such as the Chicago race riot of 1919 , also occurred. The ratification of the 18th amendment to the Constitution in 1919 made the production and sale (including exportation) of alcoholic beverages illegal in the United States. This ushered in the beginning of what is known as the gangster era, a time that roughly spans from 1919 until 1933 when Prohibition

2136-803: The Northwest Indian War , an area that was to be part of Chicago was turned over to the U.S. for a military post by native tribes in accordance with the Treaty of Greenville . In 1803, the U.S. Army constructed Fort Dearborn , which was destroyed during the War of 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn by the Potawatomi before being later rebuilt. After the War of 1812, the Ottawa , Ojibwe , and Potawatomi tribes ceded additional land to

2225-644: The Royal Canadian Pacific consist while performing a 3,000-mile (4,800 km) tour across the CP between Vancouver and Montreal, and it marked the first time in fifty years that a single steam locomotive pulled a cross-country passenger train in Canada, but it was assisted by three CP heritage diesels. In early June 2004, the Empress was ferried behind a Soo Line SD60 over the CSX mainline between Buffalo, New York and Chicago, Illinois , and then it travelled to

2314-735: The Twin Cities area in Minnesota to participate in the Grand Excursion 2004 event, which celebrated the 150th anniversary of the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad 's celebration train of 1854. No.   2816 pulled multiple public excursions for the event between the Twin Cities and the Quad Cities area in Iowa , using passenger coaches owned by Friends of the 261, and the last train took place on July 3;

2403-463: The University of Chicago , Northwestern University , and the University of Illinois Chicago , among other institutions of learning . Professional sports in Chicago include all major professional leagues , including two Major League Baseball teams. The name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the indigenous Miami–Illinois word shikaakwa for a wild relative of the onion ; it

2492-663: The Washington and Jackson Parks. During World War I and the 1920s there was a major expansion in industry. The availability of jobs attracted African Americans from the Southern United States . Between 1910 and 1930, the African American population of Chicago increased dramatically, from 44,103 to 233,903. This Great Migration had an immense cultural impact, called the Chicago Black Renaissance , part of

2581-490: The 1800s, Chicago became the nation's railroad hub, and by 1910 over 20 railroads operated passenger service out of six different downtown terminals. In 1883, Chicago's railway managers needed a general time convention, so they developed the standardized system of North American time zones . This system for telling time spread throughout the continent. In 1893, Chicago hosted the World's Columbian Exposition on former marshland at

2670-477: The 1850s, Chicago gained national political prominence as the home of Senator Stephen Douglas , the champion of the Kansas–Nebraska Act and the "popular sovereignty" approach to the issue of the spread of slavery. These issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln , to the national stage. Lincoln was nominated in Chicago for U.S. president at the 1860 Republican National Convention , which

2759-747: The 57th mayor of Chicago. Chicago is located in northeastern Illinois on the southwestern shores of freshwater Lake Michigan. It is the principal city in the Chicago Metropolitan Area , situated in both the Midwestern United States and the Great Lakes region . The city rests on a continental divide at the site of the Chicago Portage, connecting the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes watersheds . In addition to it lying beside Lake Michigan, two rivers—the Chicago River in downtown and

Grand Excursion - Misplaced Pages Continue

2848-472: The Atlantic Ocean was poured into the falls in a symbolic "mingling of the waters." A repeat of the journey marking its 150th anniversary ( sesquicentennial ) ran from June 25 to July 5, 2004. The 2004 Grand Excursion retraced the route of the original trek, using several historic vehicles on the route. In addition to celebrating the 150th anniversary of the original event, it was used as a celebration of

2937-461: The CP in December 1963. The locomotive was removed from the scrap lines of Angus, Ontario , and it was put on static display at Steamtown's first location in Bellows Falls, Vermont. During No.   2816's time on static display, the locomotive deteriorated from the outdoor elements, and it worsened its condition for several years. In the winter of 1983-1984, it was moved along with the rest of

3026-455: The Chicago River were devastated; by 1933 over 50% of industrial jobs in the city had been lost, and unemployment rates amongst blacks and Mexicans in the city were over 40%. The Republican political machine in Chicago was utterly destroyed by the economic crisis, and every mayor since 1931 has been a Democrat . From 1928 to 1933, the city witnessed a tax revolt, and the city was unable to meet payroll or provide relief efforts. The fiscal crisis

3115-645: The Excursion, many of whom were noted reporters and distinguished residents from the Eastern United States . Among these were then-popular novelist Catharine Sedgwick and former president President Millard Fillmore , who was widely rumored to be considering another campaign for the Presidency. News of the planned trek spread widely in the months prior to it taking place, so it generated a fair amount of press attention. Along with The Song of Hiawatha , which

3204-499: The Final Spike Steam Tour, CP 2816 was joined by hydrogen fuel cell locomotive 1001 at the start of the journey. This collaboration symbolized the convergence of tradition and modernity, showcasing CP's efforts to honour its steam heritage while embracing sustainable technology for the future of rail transport. Of the five surviving Canadian Pacific Hudsons out of the original 65 built between 1929 and 1940, No.   2816

3293-527: The Mississippi River. In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed an area about 4 miles (6.4 km) long and 1-mile (1.6 km) wide, a large section of the city at the time. Much of the city, including railroads and stockyards , survived intact, and from the ruins of the previous wooden structures arose more modern constructions of steel and stone. These set a precedent for worldwide construction. During its rebuilding period, Chicago constructed

3382-563: The No.   2860 crews had been looking for replacement parts for the Royal Hudson and were offered to buy the entire locomotive by Steamtown. A team of inspectors performed a preliminary inspection on No.   2816, and they pronounced that it was in good condition. In September 1998, the locomotive was coupled in a special consist led by CP GP38-2 No.   3069, FP7 No.   1400, and St. Lawrence and Hudson GP9u No.   8216, and it

3471-562: The South arrived in the city to work in the steel mills, railroads, and shipping yards. On December 2, 1942, physicist Enrico Fermi conducted the world's first controlled nuclear reaction at the University of Chicago as part of the top-secret Manhattan Project . This led to the creation of the atomic bomb by the United States, which it used in World War II in 1945. Mayor Richard J. Daley ,

3560-612: The United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis . The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the 1833 Treaty of Chicago and sent west of the Mississippi River as part of the federal policy of Indian removal . On August 12, 1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 6,000 people. On June 15, 1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as Receiver of Public Monies. The City of Chicago

3649-775: The United States of foreign parentage. Germans , Irish , Poles , Swedes , and Czechs made up nearly two-thirds of the foreign-born population (by 1900, whites were 98.1% of the city's population). Labor conflicts followed the industrial boom and the rapid expansion of the labor pool, including the Haymarket affair on May 4, 1886, and in 1894 the Pullman Strike . Anarchist and socialist groups played prominent roles in creating very large and highly organized labor actions. Concern for social problems among Chicago's immigrant poor led Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr to found Hull House in 1889. Programs that were developed there became

Grand Excursion - Misplaced Pages Continue

3738-431: The bridges will be decked with bunting and signs." The boats participating in the 2004 Grand Excursion included: Anson Northrup , Celebration Belle , Delta Queen , Harriet Bishop , Julia Belle Swain , La Crosse Queen , Mississippi Queen , and Spirit of Peoria . Chicago Chicago is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois and in the Midwestern United States . With

3827-553: The city include the central business district, called the Loop , and the North, South , and West Sides . The three sides of the city are represented on the Flag of Chicago by three horizontal white stripes. The North Side is the most-densely-populated residential section of the city, and many high-rises are located on this side of the city along the lakefront. The South Side is the largest section of

3916-529: The city was affected by a series of tenant rent strikes , which lead to the formation of the Chicago Tenants Protective association, passage of the Kessenger tenant laws, and of a heat ordinance that legally required flats to be kept above 68 °F during winter months by landlords. Chicago was the first American city to have a homosexual-rights organization. The organization, formed in 1924,

4005-415: The city's first African American woman mayor and its first openly LGBTQ mayor, was elected to succeed Emanuel as mayor in 2019. All three city-wide elective offices were held by women (and women of color) for the first time in Chicago history: in addition to Lightfoot, the city clerk was Anna Valencia and the city treasurer was Melissa Conyears-Ervin . On May 15, 2023, Brandon Johnson assumed office as

4094-424: The city's first female mayor, was elected. She was notable for temporarily moving into the crime-ridden Cabrini-Green housing project and for leading Chicago's school system out of a financial crisis. In 1983, Harold Washington became the first black mayor of Chicago. Washington's first term in office directed attention to poor and previously neglected minority neighborhoods. He was re‑elected in 1987 but died of

4183-577: The city, encompassing roughly 60% of the city's land area. The South Side contains most of the facilities of the Port of Chicago . Canadian Pacific 2816 Canadian Pacific 2816 , also known as the " Empress ", is a preserved class "H1b" 4-6-4 Hudson-type steam locomotive built by the Montreal Locomotive Works (MLW) in December 1930 for the Canadian Pacific Railway (CP). It is the only non-streamlined H1 Hudson to be preserved. The locomotive

4272-473: The collection to Scranton, Pennsylvania , where Steamtown was later reorganized as Steamtown National Historic Site under the ownership of the National Park Service . Following the reorganization, No.   2816 was deemed surplus in the collection, and Steamtown wanted to dispose of it. During the mid-late 1990s, the Canadian Pacific Railway's then-president and CEO, Robert Ritchie , reorganized

4361-466: The company and established the " Royal Canadian Pacific " excursion train to honour the railway's history, and he sought for CP to operate their own steam excursion program. In 1998, the CP purchased No.   2816 from Steamtown, and in exchange, the railway would move some equipment to Scranton. CP had heard of its availability via phone calls from BC Rail , who had been operating CP Royal Hudson No.   2860 as part of their own excursion program;

4450-515: The convention hall, with anti-war protesters, journalists and bystanders being beaten by police. Major construction projects, including the Sears Tower (now known as the Willis Tower , which in 1974 became the world's tallest building ), University of Illinois at Chicago , McCormick Place , and O'Hare International Airport , were undertaken during Richard J. Daley's tenure. In 1979, Jane Byrne ,

4539-470: The development of the City Beautiful movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance, culture , commerce, industry, education, technology, telecommunications, and transportation . It has the largest and most diverse finance derivatives market in the world, generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone. O'Hare International Airport

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4628-479: The district and forcing a shutdown of electrical power. The area was shut down for three days and some buildings did not reopen for weeks; losses were estimated at $ 1.95 billion. On February 23, 2011, Rahm Emanuel , a former White House Chief of Staff and member of the House of Representatives , won the mayoral election. Emanuel was sworn in as mayor on May 16, 2011, and won re-election in 2015. Lori Lightfoot ,

4717-580: The driving wheels were shipped to the Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum (TVRM) in Chattanooga, Tennessee , and the boiler was shipped to Doyle McCormack and his crews in Portland, Oregon . No.   2816's firebox was converted from coal to oil firing, and the tender received dual water intakes with Canadian and American threads. CP gained so much faith in the project that on April 19, 2000,

4806-592: The end of September. At the end of the 2008 operating season, the Canadian Pacific Railway put the steam program on hold—while still operating previously promised engagement runs—due to financial challenges created by the Great Recession . No.   2816 did not operate at all in 2009, but crews opted to take advantage of the down time to perform some extensive maintenance work on the Empress and its passenger car fleet. No.   2816 returned to service again on June 6, 2010, when it pulled excursions to raise money for

4895-413: The engineer—No.   2816 pulled its first official inaugural excursion out of Port Moody , toured some of the CP mainlines for 672 miles (1,081 kilometres) over five days, and then it stopped at CP’s headquarters in Calgary, Alberta. The locomotive began pulling additional public relations excursions for the Canadian Pacific Railway, and it quickly received the name " The Empress ". On May 16, 2002,

4984-526: The fair was technological innovation over the century since Chicago's founding. During World War II , the city of Chicago alone produced more steel than the United Kingdom every year from 1939 – 1945, and more than Nazi Germany from 1943 – 1945. The Great Migration, which had been on pause due to the Depression, resumed at an even faster pace in the second wave , as hundreds of thousands of blacks from

5073-416: The introduction of semi-streamlined Royal Hudson locomotives in 1937, No.   2816 was reassigned to secondary passenger service between Windsor, Ontario , and Quebec City , and during the 1950s, it pulled commuter trains between Montreal and Rigaud, Quebec . In 1957, No.   2816 received a minor overhaul, with its tender being replaced with one from Royal Hudson No.   2822. The locomotive

5162-503: The locomotive pulled two excursions for the West Coast Express. Between May 24 and July 8, 2003, No.   2816 toured the CP between Alberta and Ontario, and the purpose of the tour was to spread further public awareness of CP and to raise money for the children's " Breakfast for Learning " program. On September 27, No.   2816 visited the Kamloops Heritage Railway and took part in a doubleheader excursion with Canadian National 2-8-0 No.   2141. In May 2004, No.   2816 pulled

5251-451: The lowest points are along the lake shore at 578 ft (176.2 m), while the highest point, at 672 ft (205 m), is the morainal ridge of Blue Island in the city's far south side. Lake Shore Drive runs adjacent to a large portion of Chicago's waterfront. Some of the parks along the waterfront include Lincoln Park , Grant Park , Burnham Park , and Jackson Park . There are 24 public beaches across 26 miles (42 km) of

5340-464: The most costly steam locomotive restoration projects in North America. On August 15, 2001, No.   2816 passed its federal boiler inspection, and the following day, the locomotive was fired up for the first time in forty years, performing a series of test runs over three days on CP's Cascade Subdivision between Coquitlam and Mission . From September 19 to 23—with Al Broadfoot as the fireman and with Bill Stettler and Doyle McCormack taking turns as

5429-440: The present location of Jackson Park . The Exposition drew 27.5 million visitors, and is considered the most influential world's fair in history. The University of Chicago , formerly at another location, moved to the same South Side location in 1892. The term "midway" for a fair or carnival referred originally to the Midway Plaisance , a strip of park land that still runs through the University of Chicago campus and connects

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5518-428: The problem of sewage contamination was largely resolved when the city completed a major engineering feat. It reversed the flow of the Chicago River so that the water flowed away from Lake Michigan rather than into it. This project began with the construction and improvement of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and was completed with the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal that connects to the Illinois River , which flows into

5607-448: The railway announced that No.   2816 would be scheduled to return to service for their steam program by September of that year, but the deadline was pushed back, due to further challenges encountered in the restoration process. The project spanned more than two years and incurred costs between $ 3 million and $ 3.5 million. When adjusted for inflation, this amounts to $ 5.3 million to $ 6.2 million as of September 27, 2024, making it one of

5696-443: The reclamation of the Mississippi River. The river had become very polluted as the population of the region grew. Extensive efforts have been made to clean it up since the mid-20th century. The river remains fairly polluted, but it is much cleaner than it once was. It also celebrated the redevelopment of the riverfront areas for many communities. For many years, the riverfront area was neglected. In recent times, communities along

5785-520: The route have recognized the cultural importance of the riverfront, and have undertaken extensive redevelopment efforts. A steam locomotive , the Milwaukee Road 261 , pulled a collection of historic railroad cars on the route from Chicago to the Quad Cities of Illinois and Iowa . Steamboats (or at least boats with an appropriate appearance) then traveled up the river to the Twin Cities in Minnesota , stopping daily and often becoming part of other festivities planned in local communities. Some of

5874-522: The runways. After successfully running for re-election five times, and becoming Chicago's longest-serving mayor, Richard M. Daley declined to run for a seventh term. In 1992, a construction accident near the Kinzie Street Bridge produced a breach connecting the Chicago River to a tunnel below, which was part of an abandoned freight tunnel system extending throughout the downtown Loop district. The tunnels filled with 250 million US gallons (1,000,000 m ) of water, affecting buildings throughout

5963-436: The said place called "Chicagou" which, according to what we were able to learn of it, has taken this name because of the quantity of garlic which grows in the forests in this region. The city has had several nicknames throughout its history, such as the Windy City , Chi-Town, Second City, and City of the Big Shoulders. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by the Potawatomi , an indigenous tribe who had succeeded

6052-399: The steamboats were initially delayed due to high water on the river, which prevented the tall ships from passing under bridges , but they soon caught up with the other boats. It included many stops at towns on the river that were along the route. Some of the stops included Dubuque, Iowa , Guttenberg, Iowa , and La Crosse, Wisconsin . Since 1854, extensive rail networks have been built, so

6141-447: The steel industry in Chicago, but the steel crisis of the 1970s and 1980s reduced this number to just 28,000 in 2015. In 1966, Martin Luther King Jr. and Albert Raby led the Chicago Freedom Movement , which culminated in agreements between Mayor Richard J. Daley and the movement leaders. Two years later, the city hosted the tumultuous 1968 Democratic National Convention , which featured physical confrontations both inside and outside

6230-469: The train headed by the Milwaukee 261 followed the flotilla upriver on nearby tracks. For a while, it was also joined by Canadian Pacific 2816 . Since they came a day early, there was little fanfare when original Grand Excursion boats arrived in Minnesota (then Minnesota Territory ). St. Paul Mayor Randy Kelly said the city would make up for that in 2004 by promising, " Church bells will ring, cannons will fire, bands will play, flags will wave and

6319-420: The trek upriver. The steamboats stopped several times daily to load up on firewood, but still traveled fairly quickly—they unexpectedly appeared a day earlier than planned in St. Paul. Once in the area, many travelers hiked overland to see the Falls of St. Anthony , the only waterfall on the Mississippi River , in what is now Minneapolis . During a brief ceremony at the falls, a jar of water taken from

6408-551: The unemployed. In the spring of 1937 Republic Steel Works witnessed the Memorial Day massacre of 1937 in the neighborhood of East Side. In 1933, Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak was fatally wounded in Miami, Florida , during a failed assassination attempt on President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt . In 1933 and 1934, the city celebrated its centennial by hosting the Century of Progress International Exposition World's Fair . The theme of

6497-625: The visual arts, literature , film, theater , comedy (especially improvisational comedy ), food , dance, and music (particularly jazz , blues , soul , hip-hop , gospel , and electronic dance music , including house music ). Chicago is home to the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and the Lyric Opera of Chicago , while the Art Institute of Chicago provides an influential visual arts museum and art school . The Chicago area also hosts

6586-644: The waterfront. Landfill extends into portions of the lake providing space for Navy Pier , Northerly Island , the Museum Campus , and large portions of the McCormick Place Convention Center. Most of the city's high-rise commercial and residential buildings are close to the waterfront. An informal name for the entire Chicago metropolitan area is "Chicagoland", which generally means the city and all its suburbs, though different organizations have slightly different definitions. Major sections of

6675-525: The world's first skyscraper in 1885, using steel-skeleton construction. The city grew significantly in size and population by incorporating many neighboring townships between 1851 and 1920, with the largest annexation happening in 1889, with five townships joining the city, including the Hyde Park Township , which now comprises most of the South Side of Chicago and the far southeast of Chicago, and

6764-431: Was John H. Rauch, M.D. Rauch established a plan for Chicago's park system in 1866. He created Lincoln Park by closing a cemetery filled with shallow graves, and in 1867, in response to an outbreak of cholera he helped establish a new Chicago Board of Health. Ten years later, he became the secretary and then the president of the first Illinois State Board of Health, which carried out most of its activities in Chicago. In

6853-467: Was called the Society for Human Rights . It produced the first American publication for homosexuals, Friendship and Freedom . Police and political pressure caused the organization to disband. The Great Depression brought unprecedented suffering to Chicago, in no small part due to the city's heavy reliance on heavy industry. Notably, industrial areas on the south side and neighborhoods lining both branches of

6942-557: Was ferried from Scranton to Montreal via Binghamton and Albany, New York , before travelling cross-country to the BC Rail steam workshop in North Vancouver , British Columbia. CP contracted the BC Rail steam shop crew, led by Al Broadfoot, to disassemble No.   2816 and evaluate its condition; if it were salvageable, then they would restore it to operating condition, but if it were deteriorated beyond salvaging, then they would give it

7031-462: Was founded in 1837, most of the early building was around the mouth of the Chicago River, as can be seen on a map of the city's original 58 blocks. The overall grade of the city's central, built-up areas is relatively consistent with the natural flatness of its overall natural geography, generally exhibiting only slight differentiation otherwise. The average land elevation is 579 ft (176.5 m) above sea level . While measurements vary somewhat,

7120-566: Was held in a purpose-built auditorium called the Wigwam . He defeated Douglas in the general election, and this set the stage for the American Civil War . To accommodate rapid population growth and demand for better sanitation, the city improved its infrastructure. In February 1856, Chicago's Common Council approved Chesbrough 's plan to build the United States' first comprehensive sewerage system. The project raised much of central Chicago to

7209-526: Was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed . It grew rapidly in the mid-19th century. In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless, but Chicago's population continued to grow. Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and architecture , such as the Chicago School ,

7298-521: Was incorporated on Saturday, March 4, 1837, and for several decades was the world's fastest-growing city. As the site of the Chicago Portage , the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicago's first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad , and the Illinois and Michigan Canal opened in 1848. The canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on

7387-410: Was midway through the tour, No.   2816 suffered a mechanical problem, and it had to return to Calgary early for repairs. In late 2012, Canadian Pacific CEO Fred Green—Rob Ritchie's successor—stepped down from the company, and E. Hunter Harrison succeeded him. Harrison was not interested in steam locomotive operations, and wanted CP to focus on improving their finances and operation tactics. As

7476-669: Was not without incident, however. On June 4, just three days before arriving at Mexico City, No. 2816 passed through Nopala de Villagrán and fatally struck a 29-year-old woman, who attempted to take a selfie at an unsafe distance. After being seen by thousands in Mexico City, the locomotive departed for its return trip north on June 9, arriving in Laredo on June 11. On the return trip to Calgary, No. 2816 made two whistle stops at Silvis, Illinois , on June 29 and Winnipeg on July 6, before arriving back at Calgary on July 10. As part of

7565-625: Was primarily used in pulling passenger trains in revenue service for thirty years, before it was retired in May 1960. In 1963, it was sold to F. Nelson Blount , who added it to his Steamtown, U.S.A. collection in Bellows Falls, Vermont . After becoming surplus in the collection by the National Park Service, No.   2816 was reacquired by the CP in 1998, and crews from BC Rail were hired to extensively restore it to operating condition. In 2001,

7654-463: Was published around the same time, accounts of this journey have been widely credited with influencing people to visit and often settle in the region in the late 19th century. The first leg of the journey was by rail , and took the visitors from Chicago to Rock Island, Illinois via the Rock Island Railroad . Then, passengers were transferred to several steam-powered paddlewheelers for

7743-455: Was repealed. The 1920s saw gangsters , including Al Capone , Dion O'Banion , Bugs Moran and Tony Accardo battle law enforcement and each other on the streets of Chicago during the Prohibition era . Chicago was the location of the infamous St. Valentine's Day Massacre in 1929, when Al Capone sent men to gun down members of a rival gang, North Side, led by Bugs Moran. From 1920 to 1921,

7832-469: Was resolved by 1933, and at the same time, federal relief funding began to flow into Chicago. Chicago was also a hotbed of labor activism, with Unemployed Councils contributing heavily in the early depression to create solidarity for the poor and demand relief; these organizations were created by socialist and communist groups. By 1935 the Workers Alliance of America begun organizing the poor, workers,

7921-673: Was retired from revenue service on May 26, 1960, after accumulating 2,046,000 miles (3,293,000 kilometres). It was subsequently used briefly as a stationary boiler at the St. Luc yards in Montreal. In the early 1960s, F. Nelson Blount wanted to expand his Steamtown, U.S.A. collection, and one of the locomotives he initially wanted to preserve was a 4-6-4 from the New York Central Railroad (NYC). Since all NYC 4-6-4s were scrapped by that time, Blount improvised by purchasing No.   2816 from

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