114-732: David Gordon Lunan (December 31, 1914 – October 3, 2005) was a Canadian Army officer who, in 1946, was convicted of espionage on behalf of the Soviet Union . Lunan was identified as a spy by Igor Gouzenko when he defected from the Soviet Embassy in Ottawa in September 1945 and launched what became known as the Gouzenko Affair . Lunan had acted as a handler for three other accused spies: Israel Halperin , Edward Mazerall, and Durnford Smith. He
228-488: A regimental sergeant major is held by a chief warrant officer, or adjutant held by a captain. In some branches or specific units, rank titles may differ due to tradition. A trained private within the Royal Canadian Armoured Corps is a trooper, whereas the same rank within the artillery is gunner. Other titles for the rank of private include fusilier, sapper, rifleman, craftsman, and guardsman. The ranks of
342-485: A "shabbily and rather oddly dressed" man. In either case, the individual was Colonel Vasili Rogov, assistant to Colonel Nikolai Zabotin, the military attaché at the Soviet Embassy, whom Lunan knew only as "Jan". Rogov proved rigidly secretive and their initial meeting was brief; the two men climbed into the back of a chauffeur-driven car and the vehicle took off. Rogov briefly questioned Lunan about his job and handed him
456-530: A British advertising company. After two years, he earned a position in the copy department and worked as a copywriter . Lunan immigrated to Canada in 1938 and found work with A. McKim, an advertising agency in Montreal . In 1939, Lunan met Phyllis Newman, a Polish immigrant. The two were married in September of that year, shortly after the start of the Second World War . On January 20, 1943, Lunan enlisted in
570-486: A Soviet agent had surrendered to Canadian authorities and that Canada was quietly investigating a Soviet spy ring. On February 5, King hurriedly launched the Kellock–Taschereau Commission, a royal commission chaired by Supreme Court Justices Roy Kellock and Robert Taschereau , to investigate Gouzenko's information. On February 13, Lunan was sent a cable recalling him to Canada under the pretense that he
684-410: A dessert) provided for soldiers to consume in situations in which meal preparation is not possible. The Canadian Army maintains a variety of different uniforms, including a ceremonial full dress uniform , a mess dress uniform , a service dress uniform , operational/ field uniforms , and occupational uniforms. Canada's uniforms were developed parallel to British uniforms from 1900 to the unification of
798-407: A four-day trial. In his decision, McDougall cited "an overwhelming mass of evidence" and told Smith, "It is extremely unfortunate that a man of your abilities [should be guilty of such a crime]." Smith was sentenced to five years. His appeal was denied. Lunan expressed regret over implicating Smith and refused to testify at his trial. Halperin's trial had been set for December 1946. However, the trial
912-705: A highly developed science and technology sector. Since the First World War , Canada has produced its own infantry fighting vehicle , anti-tank guided missile and small arms for the Army. Regular and reserve units operate state-of-the-art equipment able to handle modern threats through 2030–2035. Despite extensive financial cuts to the defence budget between the 1960s–2000s, the Army is relatively well equipped. The Army currently operates approximately 10,500 utility vehicles, including G-wagons and 7000-MVs , and also operates approximately 2,700 armoured fighting vehicles including
1026-474: A lawyer. Harvison denied this request, saying, "At the moment you have no rights. You are being legally detained under an Order in Council and you are obliged by law to answer my questions." Harvison persisted, showing him copies of the documents Gouzenko had shared and showing Lunan surveillance records dating back as far as 1939. Harvison knew his code name, "Back" and had details of his encounters with Rogov. Lunan
1140-522: A military journal written for members of the armed forces serving overseas to keep them appraised of current affairs and prepare them for return to civilian life. Lunan became active in a number of political movements, such as the Quebec Committee for Allied Victory and the communist Labor-Progressive Party (LLP). While he never joined the Communist Party , he had several communist connections. He
1254-570: A northbound one-way arterial road paired with Mackenzie Avenue, which serves southbound traffic. St. Patrick Street and Murray Street, also a one-way pair, provide access to and from the bridge. The four roads combined encircle the Peacekeeping Monument , while Major's Hill Park lies to the southwest of this junction. Entering the ByTown Market along its western edge, Sussex Drive features wall-to-wall storefronts with apartments above them on
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#17328580787351368-513: A number of Canadians – including Lunan – and defected from the embassy on September 5. Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King responded later that year by signing a top-secret Order-in-Council (P.C. 6444) passed under the authority of the War Measures Act . It allowed police to detain suspects without evidence and suspended the suspects' right to legal counsel. Rose had received news of Gouzenko's defection on September 6. He passed along
1482-406: A number of a buildings were determined to be unfit and demolished, the remainder saw fire exits moved from the street, and facades sand-blasted, painted, and embellished to recreate an 1867 appearance. However, the plan was never fully realised due to a number of a factors, including a shift in government with the election of Lester B. Pearson in 1963, as well as other more urgent priorities such as
1596-528: A position to understand everything fully where it concerns technical details." Halperin eventually cut off contact with Lunan entirely. Mazerall was an electrical engineer with the NRC. He was reluctant to help Lunan and put off meeting with him for weeks. Finally, in late July 1945, Lunan approached him under the guise that the editor of an army newspaper was looking for information on developments in radar technology. Mazerall gave him two documents marked "confidential" –
1710-508: A research proposal and a paper on air navigation that was set to be presented at an upcoming symposium in London which the Soviets would be attending. Documents that were later obtained by the Kellock–Taschereau Commission suggest that, on at least two occasions, Lunan was given a payment of $ 100, with an additional $ 30 for each of Halperin, Mazerall, and Smith. Another document suggested Rogov provided
1824-514: A secret. Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King had been hesitant to get involved out of fear of damaging relations with the Soviet Union and undermining talks about nuclear weapons control. Additionally, the Soviet Union had largely ceased its espionage activities within Canada following Gouzenko's defection and the suspects posed no immediate threat to Canadian security. On January 9, 1946, Lunan
1938-521: A sense of shared history. Other regiments developed independently, resulting in a mixture of both colourful and historically familiar names. Other traditions such as battle honours and colours have been maintained by Canadian regiments as well. The senior appointment within the Canadian Army was Chief of the General Staff until 1964 when the appointment became Commander, Mobile Command in advance of
2052-481: A separate gift of $ 100 following the birth of Lunan's daughter, whom he had named Jan, Rogov's code name. Lunan would later deny having received any payments. In his memoir, Lunan claimed he was offered money, which he refused. He speculated that the money allocated to him was instead misappropriated by Embassy staff. On June 5, 1945, Lunan was promoted to captain . He ceased his espionage activities in August 1945 following
2166-478: A village on August 15, 1866, and annexed by the City of Ottawa in 1886. As a result of this, Metcalfe Street and Ottawa Street were renamed as part of Sussex Street. On the eve of Confederation , Rideau Hall, which was built by McKay, was leased to the government of Canada West in 1865 before being bought outright in 1867. This, along with John A. Macdonald's home Earnscliffe, would establish Sussex Street as
2280-519: A white envelope with instructions to destroy it after he had read its contents. The driver hurriedly circled back toward their starting point and Lunan was unceremoniously dropped off mid-block. The envelope contained instructions to act as a go-between for three prospective informants: Israel Halperin (to whom the Soviet had assigned the code name, "Bacon"), Edward Mazerall (code-named "Bagley"), and Durnford Smith (code-named "Badeau"). The three men attended
2394-484: A woman he met at a party celebrating his release. The two were married in Montreal, where Lunan returned to the advertising industry and eventually started his own firm. In 1975, he retired and the couple moved to a rural home outside Ottawa. Magee died from cancer in 1988. In 1995, Lunan published a memoir on his experiences, The Making of a Spy: A Political Odyssey . In 2005, the memoir was republished as Redhanded: Inside
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#17328580787352508-641: Is francophone . The mechanized brigades include battalions from three infantry regiments, the Royal Canadian Regiment , Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry , and the Royal 22 Regiment . Between 1953 and 1971, the Regular infantry consisted of seven regiments, each maintaining two battalions (except the Royal 22 Régiment, which had three; The Canadian Guards which had four battalions between 1953 and 1957; and
2622-552: Is the reserve element of the Canadian Army and the largest component of the Primary Reserve . The Army Reserve is organized into under-strength brigades (for purposes of administration) along geographic lines. The Army Reserve is very active and has participated heavily in all Regular Army deployments since 2002, in some cases contributing as much as 40 per cent of each deployment in either individual augmentation, as well as occasional formed sub-units ( companies ). LFR regiments have
2736-585: The Official Secrets Act : conspiring to provide information to the Soviets and having provided the information. The Crown had determined it could not pursue charges of treason since the information had been shared with the Soviet Union, which was Canada's ally at the time. Lunan did not enter a plea. Following his arraignment, Lunan was taken to the Ottawa Jail . Gouzenko had produced a considerable amount of evidence implicating Lunan and, consequently, Lunan
2850-693: The 3rd Canadian Division is based in Western Canada , the 4th Canadian Division is based in Ontario , while the 5th Canadian Division is based in Atlantic Canada . The single operational formation, 1st Canadian Division , is part of the Canadian Joint Operations Command and not part of the Canadian Army. It serves as a deployable headquarters to command a divisional-level deployment of Canadian or allied forces on operations, succeeding
2964-876: The Canadian Airborne Regiment , which was divided into three commandos). In addition to the Canadian Guards, and the Canadian Airborne Regiment, the Queen's Own Rifles of Canada , and the Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada also fielded units that served in Regular Force. In the years that followed the unification of the Canadian Armed Forces, several units of Regular Force were disbanded, or reduced to nil strength. On 15 September 1968,
3078-818: The Canadian Army as a private . Three months later, he earned a commission as a second lieutenant and was transferred to the Royal Canadian Corps of Signals at the Barriefield Military Camp in Kingston and, on December 16, 1943, he was transferred to the Edmonton Fusiliers . Eleven months later, Lunan was assigned to the Wartime Information Board with the rank of lieutenant . He was posted in Ottawa , where he edited Canadian Affairs ,
3192-516: The Canadian Army Doctrine Bulletin began printing as the successor to the original journal, and in 2004 the publication returned to its original name. Sussex Drive Sussex Drive ( French : Promenade Sussex ), also known as Ottawa Regional Road 93 , is an arterial road in Ottawa , Ontario , the capital of Canada . It is one of the city's main ceremonial and institutional routes. Travelling roughly parallel to
3306-609: The Combat Training Centre at CFB Gagetown , New Brunswick, and the Canadian Manoeuvre Training Centre at CFB Wainwright , Alberta. Canadian infantry and armoured regimental traditions are strongly rooted in the traditions and history of the British Army . Many regiments were patterned after regiments of the British Army, and a system of official "alliances", or affiliations, was created to perpetuate
3420-681: The Delegation of the Ismaili Imamat and the Embassy of Saudi Arabia . It gradually curves south-southeast around the Embassy of Japan before straightening out and travelling between the Royal Canadian Mint and Élisabeth Bruyère Hospital , the first hospital in Ottawa, situated at 43 Bruyère Street. The Global Centre for Pluralism , which opened in the former Canadian War Museum in 2017, and
3534-727: The Embassy of Kuwait immediately follow the previous two buildings on either side of the road. Approaching the ByWard Market, the route passes the Canada School of Public Service at La Salle Academy and the Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica to the east and the National Gallery of Canada to the west, which features a Maman sculpture in front of the entrance. At the Alexandra Bridge approach, Sussex Drive becomes
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3648-869: The First and Second World Wars , Korean War , and more recently with the Gulf War , and in the War in Afghanistan . Prior to Confederation in 1867, the British Army , which included both " Fencible " Regiments of the British Army—recruited within British North America exclusively for service in North America—and Canadian militia units, was responsible for the defence of Canada. Some current regiments of
3762-617: The High Commission of South Africa . Sussex Drive proceeds south-southwest, parallel to the southern shoreline of the Ottawa River, as a two-lane road with a central raised median or turn lane. The Embassy of France and the Centre for Geography and Exploration bookend the portion of the route through New Edinburgh. Widening to four lanes as it crosses the first of the ByTown Bridges over
3876-781: The LAV-III and the Leopard 2 . The Army also operates approximately 150 field artillery pieces including the M777 howitzer and the LG1 Mark II . In 2016 the Army replaced the RG-31 Nyala and Coyote Reconnaissance Vehicle with the Textron Tactical Armoured Patrol Vehicle . The Army infantry uses the C7 Rifle or C8 Carbine as the basic assault rifle , with grenadiers using
3990-712: The Macdonald-Cartier Bridge . Surrounding this intersection are the National Research of Canada (NRC) Laboratories as well as the Lester B. Pearson Building , which is home to Global Affairs Canada . The former residence of John A. Macdonald , Earnscliffe , is preserved at 140 Sussex Drive, adjacent to the NRC Labs. Crossing over the southern end of the Macdonald-Cartier Bridge, Sussex Drive passes
4104-619: The NATO presence in West Germany during the Cold War . In the years following its unification with the navy and air force in 1968, the size of Canada's land forces was reduced, however, Canadian troops participated in a number of military actions with Canada's allies. These operations included the Gulf War in 1991 and the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, in addition to various peacekeeping operations under United Nations auspices in different parts of
4218-557: The Non-Permanent Active Militia . Finally, in 1940, an order in council changed the name of the Active Militia to the Canadian Army. On 1 April 1966, prior to the unification of the Canadian Armed Forces , the land forces were placed under a new command called Mobile Command (French: Commandement des forces mobiles ). For two years following, the Army existed as a distinct legal entity before its amalgamation with
4332-480: The Ottawa River , Sussex Drive begins as a continuation of Sir George-Étienne Cartier Parkway at Rideau Gate, at the entrance to Rideau Hall . It travels south to Rideau Street , with the portion south of St. Patrick Street forming the northbound half of a one-way pair with Mackenzie Avenue. Both Mackenzie Avenue and Sussex Drive connect with Colonel By Drive at their southern end, which continues south alongside
4446-628: The Rideau Canal . Sussex Drive was laid out as three separately named streets during the establishment of Ottawa in the first half of the 19th century: Sussex Street, between Bolton Street and Rideau Street; Metcalfe Street, between Bolton Street and the Rideau River ; and Ottawa Street between the river and Rockcliffe Park . The latter two were renamed as an extension of Sussex Street following Ottawa's annexation of New Edinburgh in 1886. Numerous government institutions were established along Sussex in
4560-648: The Royal Canadian Navy and the Royal Canadian Air Force to form the Canadian Armed Forces. In the 1990s, the command was renamed Land Force Command (French: Commandement des Forces terrestres ), until it reverted to its original name in August 2011. During its history, the Canadian Army has fought in a variety of conflicts, including in the North-West Rebellion , the Second Boer War ,
4674-413: The United Kingdom on 3 September 1939, with Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King consulting with the Parliament of Canada and declaring war on 10 September 1939, the Canadian Army raised the Canadian Active Service Force, which initially consisted of the 1st Canadian Division ; later increased to form the First Canadian Army . On 19 November 1940, during Second World War , an Order in Council
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4788-469: The atomic bombing of Hiroshima . His position with the Wartime Information Board did not give him access to any secret information that would have been of value to the Soviets. Rather, his usefulness was limited to the extent he could extract information from Halperin, Mazerall, and Smith and he did not have the scientific literacy to act as an effective go-between. He noted in his memoir: My judgment eventually led me to abdicate my role as intermediary. Rogov
4902-402: The unification of Canada's military forces . The position was renamed Chief of the Land Staff in 1993. Following the reversion to the name Canadian Army in 2011, the position became Commander of the Canadian Army . There are three mechanized brigade groups in the Canadian Army's Regular Force. Approximately two-thirds of the Regular Force is composed of anglophone units, while one third
5016-446: The 1990s, the Regular Force saw further organizational restructuring. The Canadian Airborne Regiment was disbanded in 1995, while the Regular Force regiment of the 8th Canadian Hussars (Princess Louise's) , formed in 1957, was converted to a mixed Regular and Reserve "Total Force" unit with the close-out of 4 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group at Lahr , Germany, in 1994, before reverting to a Reserve regiment in 1997. The Army Reserve
5130-434: The 19th century, participated in included: the North-West Rebellion in 1885, and the Second Boer War . During the First World War , the Canadian Army raised the volunteer Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF) for service overseas, and was the primary Canadian participation to the war effort. The Canadian Army also fought during the Second World War . Following the declaration of war on Nazi Germany and her allies by
5244-411: The 24-hour lighting, and Harvison's "highly vindictive" attitude, though he could not identify any specific instances of physical threats or intimidation. However, the magistrate, Glenn Strike, dismissed these arguments, ruling the testimony admissible. In May, Mazerall's trial yielded a ruling that would act as a precedent for the other accused spies. The presiding judge, James Chalmers McRuer , allowed
5358-451: The 2nd Battalion of the Canadian Guards was reduced to nil strength and transferred to the Supplementary Order of Battle; its personnel became a part of 3rd Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment . After the Canadian Guards were reduced to nil strength, the role of the Household Troop reverted to the two seniormost infantry regiments of the Reserve. The respective battalions relinquished their numerical battalion designations in 1976. During
5472-430: The 2nd Battalion of the Queen's Own Rifles was reduced to nil strength and transferred to the Supplementary Order of Battle . Several weeks later, the 1st Battalion of the Canadian Guards was disbanded on 1 October 1968. In 1970, several more units were reduced to nil strength. The 1st Battalion of the Queen's Own Rifles was reduced to nil strength and transferred to the Supplementary Order of Battle on 27 April 1970, with
5586-533: The Army adopted CADPAT camouflaged combat uniforms in the late-1990s. With the adoption of CADPAT, the Canadian Armed Forces became the first military force to adopt digital camouflage pattern for all its units. Officers are selected in several ways: In addition, there were other commissioning plans such as the Officer Candidate Training Plan and Officer Candidate Training Plan (Men) for commissioning serving members which are no longer in effect. Occupational training for Canadian Army officers takes place at one of
5700-463: The Army regiments originated from the Canadian militia, and was eventually relegated from combat to ceremonial use. The present service dress uniform includes a rifle green tunic and trousers, similar to the older iteration of the service dress, although with a different cut, and an added shoulder strap. The present service dress uniforms were introduced in the late 1980s, alongside the other "distinctive environmental uniforms" issued to other branches of
5814-448: The Bytown Bridges, Sussex Drive, and Colonel By Drive on November 16. In 1959, following the passage of the National Capital Act the previous year, the National Capital Commission (NCC) was formed. The act replaced the FDC with the NCC and gave it broad ranging powers, including the ability to expropriate land. One of the first issues that came before the NCC was the increasing commercialisation of Sussex Drive. In particular,
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#17328580787355928-456: The C7 with an attached M203 grenade launcher , and the C9 squad automatic weapon . The Canadian Army also uses the SIG Sauer P320 and the SIG Sauer P226 . Newer variants of the C7/C8 family have since been integrated into common use throughout the Canadian Armed Forces. The C7 has most recently been updated in the form the C7A2. The major internal components remain the same, however, several changes have been made to increase versatility of
6042-545: The Canadian Armed Forces in 1968, though maintained significant differences. The adoption of a number of separate uniforms for separate functions, also made its uniforms become distinctively "Canadian" in the process. Prior to unification in 1968, the uniforms between the three branches were similar to their counterparts in the forces of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries, save for national identifiers and some regimental accoutrements. The Honourable Peter MacKay, Minister of National Defence, announced on 8 July 2013
6156-449: The Canadian Armed Forces. From the unification of the armed forces in 1968, to the introduction of the distinctive service uniforms in the 1980s, the branches of the Canadian Armed Forces wore a similar rifle green service uniform. The Canadian Army began to issue combat specific uniforms in the early 1960s, with the introduction of "combats," coloured olive-drab shirt. The olive-drab uniforms continued to be used with minor alterations until
6270-432: The Canadian Army and Chief of the Army Staff, who is subordinate to the Chief of the Defence Staff . The Army is also supported by 3,000 civilian employees from the public service. Formed in 1855, as the Active Militia , in response to the threat of the United States to the Province of Canada after the British garrison left for the Crimean War . This Militia was later subdivided into the Permanent Active Militia and
6384-463: The Canadian Army are as follows: Field kitchens and catering are used to provide Canadian Army personnel fresh-cooked meals at bases and overseas operation centres. When fresh rations are not practical or available, Individual Meal Packs (IMPs) are issued instead. There are also patrol packs, which are small high-protein snack-type foods (such as beef jerky or shredded cheese) and boxed lunches (consisting of assorted sandwiches, juice, fruit, pasta and
6498-444: The Canadian Army trace their origins to these pre-Confederation militia and Fencible units. Following the passage of the Militia Act of 1855 , the Permanent Active Militia was formed, and in later decades several regular bodies of troops were created, their descendants becoming the Royal Canadian Horse Artillery , the Royal Canadian Dragoons , and the Royal Canadian Regiment . The major operations that regular Canadian troops, in
6612-440: The Carleton County Sheriff, but could not be sent directly to Kingston due to a severe snowstorm. Instead, he spent the next several days in the Ottawa Jail, time that was not counted toward his sentence. Lunan was released on October 20, 1951, after serving four-and-a-half years, with time off for good behaviour . His marriage to Newman survived his incarceration, but she filed for divorce in 1952. Lunan later married Miriam Magee,
6726-525: The Government of Canada's intent to restore Canadian Army rank insignia, names and badges to their traditional forms. The Canadian Army's universal full dress uniform includes a scarlet tunic , midnight blue trousers with a scarlet trouser stripe, and a Wolseley helmet . However, a number of regiments in the Canadian Army are authorized regimental deviations from the Army's universal design; including some armoured, Canadian-Scottish regiments , and all rifle / voltigeur regiments. The full dress uniforms of
6840-456: The House of Commons on May 22, 1951. The plan called for the complete reorganization of Ottawa's road and rail network, including numerous parkways and an east to west expressway ( The Queensway ) along what was then a Canadian National Railway line. The Federal District Commission began implementation of the Greber Plan at the behest of Ottawa mayor Charlotte Whitton in 1953, including several projects along Sussex Street that would remove
6954-403: The King's commission in the Canadian Army. I can find no excuse whatever for what you have done. Lunan remained free pending his appeal. However, he was not represented by Cohen during the appeal process, as the relationship between the two men soon broke down in a dispute over fees. On December 27, Smith was convicted of conspiracy to communicate confidential information to the Soviets following
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#17328580787357068-446: The Macdonald-Cartier Bridge approaches, Union Station, and Highway 417 . Despite this, the NCC purchased every historic property on the road by 1963. Following the removal of the railways into Union Station in 1966, planning for the Rideau Centre commenced, which would result in several changes to the street network in the ByWard Market. Colonel By Drive was extended from Hawthorne Avenue to Rideau Street in 1967, connecting with
7182-516: The Rideau Centre, would be stalled for nearly a decade due to public opposition to various proposals. Work eventually began on both in late 1981. Sussex Street and Mackenzie Avenue were reopened as paired one-way streets in July 1982. The intersections with Murray Street and St. Patrick Street were rebuilt again in 1983 in order to remove the wasted triangle of land between Mackenzie Avenue and Sussex Drive north of St. Patrick Street. A number of nations purchased properties along Sussex Drive throughout
7296-406: The Rideau River and ending at Rockcliffe Park. Sussex Street was built on land acquired by Colonel John By (1779–1836), whom laid out Upper and Lower Bytown, and by Thomas McKay (1792–1855), whom built the locks where the Rideau Canal meets the Ottawa River. McKay gradually purchased over 1,000 acres (400 ha) of land and established New Edinburgh in 1832. New Edinburgh was incorporated as
7410-499: The Rideau River, Sussex Drive passes above Rideau Falls onto Green Island . There the John G. Diefenbaker Building , former Ottawa City Hall, is complemented by the Ottawa Memorial , Mackenzie–Papineau Monument , the National Artillery Monument, and a statue of John McCrae . Crossing the second bridge, the road returns to the mainland in the Lower Town neighbourhood and intersects the northern end of King Edward Avenue , which provides access to Quebec Autoroute 5 in Gatineau via
7524-411: The Royal Canadian Mint in 1908, and the Connaught Building in 1915. The Daly Building, which opened as a department store in 1905, was purchased by the government in 1921; it was demolished in 1991 after standing vacant for several years. Throughout the mid-20th century, a large portion of Ottawa saw massive gentrification under the Greber Plan , which was produced by Jacques Gréber in 1949 under
7638-541: The Soviet Embassy, learned that he was to be recalled to the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union had been devastated by the Second World War and the standard of living in his country could not compare to that afforded by his post in Canada. Zabotin was able to delay his return by insisting he could not be spared until a replacement could be found and trained. In July 1945, however, his replacement arrived from Moscow and Gouzenko's departure seemed inevitable. Eager to avoid repatriation, he gathered more than 100 documents that implicated
7752-424: The Spy Ring that Changed the World . The primary difference between the two books is an epilogue in the latter where he said he acted "naively, stupidly and admittedly outside the law" and expressed regret over his role in the Gouzenko Affair and bringing about the Cold War in Canada . In 2005, Lunan suffered a fall and spent the final two weeks of his life in a hospital in Hawkesbury , Ontario. He died October 3 at
7866-412: The age of 90. Canadian Army The Canadian Army ( French : Armée canadienne ) is the command responsible for the operational readiness of the conventional ground forces of the Canadian Armed Forces . It maintains regular forces units at bases across Canada , and is also responsible for the Army Reserve, the largest component of the Primary Reserve . The Army is headed by the Commander of
7980-481: The capacity of Canadian explosives plants – information that was already publicly available – which Lunan wrote up in a one-and-a-half-page report. Lunan continued to press Halperin for more information – particularly written information since Lunan lacked the expertise to convey complex scientific concepts back to the Soviets – but Halperin continually refused. Lunan reported to Rogov, "It is impossible to get anything from him except... verbal descriptions, and I am not in
8094-471: The command comprises the Canadian Army Doctrine and Training Centre , which includes the following establishments: Military rank in the Canadian Army is granted based on a variety of factors including merit, qualification, training, and time in-rank. However, promotion up to the rank of corporal for non-commissioned members, and to captain for officers, is automatic based on time in previous rank. Some ranks are associated with specific appointments. For example,
8208-468: The contrary notwithstanding, the real glue that abound me to my comrades and them to me was the shared desire for a more humane society, a fairer distribution of wealth. Lunan's espionage activities began in March 1945. Lunan was approached by Rose about supplying information to the Soviets, a proposal Lunan quickly agreed to. There are varying accounts of how the Soviets first made contact with Lunan. According to
8322-544: The demolition of the 100-year-old Goulden Hotel at the corner of Bruyere Street drew the ire of locals and set forth a movement to preserve the historic character of the road. Consequently, the NCC set forth in 1961 to purchase the remaining properties along Sussex Drive that were over 100 years old and establish a grand Mile of History . Architect Peter Stoakes was tasked with uncovering historical records for each property and conducting studies into their current condition. While
8436-416: The direction of Prime Minister Mackenzie King . Although Gréber had been corresponding with King as early as 1936, World War II halted any plans from reaching fruition at that time. Following the war, Gréber was again contacted and his expertise requested. He arrived on October 2, 1945, and began working almost immediately. The Greber Plan, as it came to be known, was released in 1950 and presented to
8550-723: The early 20th century, and embassies were established following World War II. As a result of the Greber Plan , the road was widened and rebuilt and the buildings along it refurbished throughout the 1950s and 1960s. It was renamed Sussex Drive in November 1953 during a visit by the Queen Mother . Known as Canada's ceremonial road, Sussex Drive is a boulevard through the ByWard Market , Lower Town and New Edinburgh neighbourhoods of Ottawa. A number of landmarks, embassies and institutions line
8664-519: The east side and the Embassy of the United States on the west side. The Former Geological Survey of Canada Building and Connaught Building sandwich the road at George Street. Sussex Street ends at Rideau Street, where it and Mackenzie Avenue connect with Colonel By Drive south along the eastern bank of the Rideau Canal. The Rideau Centre stands on the southeast corner of the intersection, while
8778-553: The entire route, classifies Sussex Drive as an urban arterial road throughout its length. Sussex Drive begins at a traffic circle adjacent to Rockcliffe Park, through which the roadway continues as Sir George-Étienne Cartier Parkway. Adjacent to the traffic circle are Rideau Hall at 1 Sussex Drive, home to the Governor General , the Prime Minister 's residence at 24 Sussex Drive directly opposite Rideau Hall, and
8892-494: The former Union Station which was repurposed into the Senate of Canada Building is on the southwest corner. The Daly Building once stood between Sussex and Mackenzie on the north side of Rideau Street, but was demolished in the early 1990s and replaced by a residential condominium in 2005. Sussex Drive is named after Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex (1773–1843), son of King George III , and an early abolitionist . It
9006-575: The heart of the new capital of Canada. By this time, several of the non-governmental institutions were established along the street, including Ottawa General Hospital (now Élisabeth Bruyère Hospital), Bytown College (now La Salle Academy), Notre-Dame Cathedral, the Former Geological Survey of Canada Building, the Revere Hotel, and what is now 24 Sussex Drive. These buildings, as well as houses, shops and hotels, were built following
9120-531: The news to his contacts, telling them, "Lie low. Don't talk. Nothing will happen." He assured Lunan that he was unlikely to face any recourse, as King would be reluctant to upset relations with the Soviet Union. As time passed, Lunan appeared to grow more relaxed; on November 7, the anniversary of the October Revolution , Lunan and Rose attended a celebration at the Soviet Embassy. For five months, Rose's prediction appeared to hold; Gouzenko's defection remained
9234-408: The other detainees were held in an RCMP barracks at Rockcliffe. They were kept isolated and denied access to family or counsel. They were forbidden from speaking to the guards or the other detainees. The windows at the facility had been nailed shut and the lights were left on 24 hours per day. The detainees were kept under suicide watch . Lunan was one of the first to be targeted for interrogation. He
9348-698: The passage of the Vesting Act in 1843, which subdivided the land in Lower Town, as well as the arrival of the railway in 1854. The ByWard Market was subsequently established over the next half century. During the early 1900s, several notable government institutions were built along Sussex Street, including the Dominion Archives in 1906 (later the Canadian War Museum, now the Global Centre for Pluralism),
9462-510: The previous Canadian Joint Forces HQ. In addition to the four regional command areas, the Canadian Army Doctrine and Training Centre , commanded by a major-general and headquartered at McNaughton Barracks, CFB Kingston , Ontario, is responsible for the supervision, integration and delivery of Army training and doctrine development, including simulation and digitization. It includes a number of schools and training organizations, such as
9576-549: The rifle. Tactical communication is provided via the Iris Digital Communications System . The badge of the Canadian Army consists of: Since 1947, the Canadian Army has produced a peer-reviewed academic journal called the Canadian Army Journal . In 1965, prior to the unification of the Canadian Armed Forces, the journal was merged with similar publications from across the services. In 1980,
9690-429: The road, many of which are designated National Historical Sites . In addition, a number of parks and monuments are located throughout the length of the route, several of which overlook the Ottawa River. The entire route forms a portion of Confederation Boulevard , a ceremonial route around Ottawa and Gatineau used by foreign dignitaries and during royal visits to Canada . The City of Ottawa, which has jurisdiction over
9804-440: The same discussion group and Lunan was already acquainted with Smith. Lunan was to relay requests for information on Canadian research in a number of fields. Lunan's career in journalism offered him cover for recruiting informants, some of whom were led to believe they were speaking to him in his capacity as editor of Canadian Affairs . Lunan was assigned the code name, "Back." Smith was the most productive of Lunan's sources. Smith
9918-610: The schools of the Combat Training Centre for Army controlled occupations (armour, artillery, infantry, electrical, and mechanical engineers, etc.), or at a Canadian Armed Forces school, such as the Canadian Forces School of Administration and Logistics, or the Defence Public Affairs Learning Centre for Officers from career fields controlled outside the Army. Canada is an industrial nation with
10032-466: The southern end of Sussex Drive and Mackenzie Avenue. In 1973, plans were announced to rebuild the Sussex Drive, Mackenzie Avenue, St. Patrick Street and Murray Street intersections and make the roads into one-way pairs. Murray Street would be extended west of Sussex Drive and Mackenzie Avenue would be realigned to gradually merge into Sussex Drive at St. Andrew Street. However, these plans, as well as
10146-530: The street car tracks along it and widen it to four lanes with a central boulevard. The iron bridges over the Rideau River were rebuilt as concrete spans and overhead wires were mostly rerouted underground. These projects were completed in anticipation of a visit by the Queen Mother in late 1954, at which point Sussex Street was renamed Sussex Drive. She toured Ottawa in November of that year, officially dedicating
10260-807: The testimony admissible. Cohen also objected to Gouzenko as a witness, arguing the documents he took from the Embassy were diplomatically immune from court, but he was overruled. On Friday, November 15, after the Crown finished presenting its case, the trial came to an abrupt end when Cohen declared he would not be presenting any defence evidence. None of the witnesses he called appeared in court. The following Monday, November 18, McDougall found Lunan guilty of conspiracy and sentenced him to five years' imprisonment at Kingston Penitentiary . While passing sentence, he told Lunan: Lunan, you are an educated and able man. You have been given every opportunity in this country and were granted
10374-542: The testimony he would later give to the Kellock–Taschereau Commission , he arrived in his office one morning to find an anonymous note on his desk, inviting him to meet an unnamed person at a corner on Rideau Street . According to his memoir, he received an anonymous phone call from a young woman instructing him to meet her at the Château Laurier . She led him down Sussex Drive where she introduced him to
10488-497: The theoretical administrative capacity to support an entire battalion , but typically have the deployable manpower of only one or two platoons . They are perpetuated as such for the timely absorption of recruits during times of war . Current strength of the Army Reserve is approximately 18,500. On 1 April 2008, the Army Reserve absorbed all units of the former Communications Reserve. The Canadian Army comprises: Additionally,
10602-570: The transcripts of the Commission to be used as evidence against Mazerall. He stated that ignorance of the law was not a defence and claimed the accused could have avoided self-incrimination by demanding protection under the Canada Evidence Act . Lunan was called to testify in Mazerall's trial, but refused; however, McRuer did not charge him with contempt of court . Nevertheless, on May 22, Mazerall
10716-598: The unit's personnel forming the 3rd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. Further reductions occurred from mid-June to early-July 1970, with the Regular Force unit from the Fort Garry Horse being disbanded on 16 June 1970. The 1st and 2nd Battalions of the Black Watch were reduced to nil strength on 1 July 1970, and transferred to the Supplementary Order of Battle. Several days later, on 6 July 1970,
10830-692: The world. Despite Canada's usual support of British and American initiatives, Canada's land forces did not directly participate in the Suez Crisis , the Vietnam War , or the Iraq War . Command of the Army is exercised by the commander of the Canadian Army within National Defence Headquarters in Ottawa. The Army is divided into four geographical districts: the 2nd Canadian Division is based in Quebec ,
10944-491: The years in order to establish embassies. The Embassy of France and the High Commission of South Africa were both established prior to World War II, while Japan and Saudi Arabia both purchased land for their embassies in 1978, although the latter did not open until 2005. The American Embassy was opened by US president Bill Clinton on October 8, 1999. The Kuwait Embassy was opened in 2003. The following table lists
11058-567: Was a mathematics professor at Queen's University who had taken leave to serve in the Canadian Artillery during the Second World War. The Soviets assigned Lunan a lengthy list of objectives regarding Halperin; among other things, they wanted him to provide information regarding Canadian research on explosives and, in particular, supply samples of uranium. Halperin met with Lunan several times but supplied him only with verbal information on
11172-529: Was an electrical engineer with the National Research Council (NRC) . From March to August 1945, he passed along 17 secret reports – totalling 700 pages – on radar systems, radio tubes, and microwaves. However, the information proved to be extremely technical and Lunan, with no scientific background, proved ineffective as an intermediary. Instead, the GRU opted to have Rogov deal with Smith directly. Halperin
11286-615: Was befriended by Fred Rose , a politician and union organizer who would go on to become a member of Parliament under the LLP banner. He met often with Rose and other communist activists and allowed them the use of his apartment for discussion groups. In his 1995 memoir, The Making of a Spy: A Political Odyssey , he wrote: I admired the Soviet Union for what I believed then to be its enlightened worldview. I wished it well, but like most of my comrades, I suspect, I would not have wanted to live there or to make Canada over in its likeness. RCMP claims to
11400-442: Was brought to testify before the Commission and provided details of his meetings with Halperin, Mazerall, and Smith, though not Rose. On February 20, investigators reported in a memorandum to MI6 : After long and delicate interrogation, during which was told of overwhelming evidence against him, LUNAN was finally brought to point where he stated he might be prepared to assist Canadian government and that he could be of great help. He
11514-476: Was facing five additional charges under the Official Secrets Act . On March 14, bail set at $ 6,000. He made bail the following day. At a preliminary hearing on March 28, Lunan's lawyer, H.L. Cartwright, attempted to cast doubt on his confession before the Commission by questioning him about the conditions he faced in detention. Lunan described the conditions as "psychological torture", citing his isolation,
11628-553: Was gone far enough to make retraction difficult and with luck he will make statement tomorrow. Another memorandum was sent the following day: LUNAN has confessed completely... and has implicated fully SMITH, MAZERALL and HALPERIN. On March 4, 1946, the Commission released an interim report publicly identifying four of the detainees: Lunan, Mazerall, Kathleen Willsher, and Emma Woikin . That same day, all four were released from Rockcliffe and then arrested and brought to an arraignment in Ottawa where they each faced two charges of violating
11742-762: Was issued that renamed the Permanent Active Militia as the Canadian Army (Active), supplemented by the Non-Permanent Active Militia , which was named the Canadian Army (Reserve). The Army participated in the Korean War , with the first elements of its participation landed in Korea in December 1950 and formed part of the forces who took part in Operation Killer and the Battle of Kapyong . Canadian troops were also committed to
11856-552: Was known as Sussex Street until 1953, when it was renamed during a visit by the Queen Mother . Originally it was the primary road in Ottawa, serving to connect the former Union Station (now the Senate of Canada Building) with the Queen's Wharf at the foot of the Rideau Canal. The street continued as Metcalfe Street to New Edinburgh , becoming Ottawa Street at the Nepean – Gloucester boundary along
11970-420: Was largely centred on discrediting the Commission and having Lunan's testimony ruled inadmissible, arguing the "intimidation, threats, promises and inducements in a legal sense, every type of thing makes his testimony inadmissible". He had subpoenas served to a number of officials, including King, Kellock, and C. D. Howe , Canada's Minister of Reconstruction. However, the presiding judge, A. Gordon McDougall, ruled
12084-399: Was not interested in my assessment of Canadian or international affairs and I was not qualified to appraise information of a scientific nature, or to discuss or evaluate any reciprocal information coming from Rogov. Nor, for that matter, was I prepared to pressure or influence the others to do anything against their own judgment. In September 1944, Igor Gouzenko , a 25-year-old cipher clerk at
12198-409: Was put on hold when Lunan was called as a witness and he refused to testify. When the court reconvened in March 1947, the charges were dismissed due to lack of evidence when Lunan again refused to testify. Lunan was again charged with contempt of court and sentenced to an additional year in prison. On April 16, 1947, Lunan's appeals against his conviction and sentence were both denied. He surrendered to
12312-499: Was questioned by Clifford Harvison , an RCMP officer who would go on to become Commissioner of the RCMP . In his memoir, Lunan recalled Harvison saying, "Well, we've tangled with you reds before and you scream your heads off but there is no way you're going to wiggle out of this one. You know why you're here. Are you ready to tell us what you know?" Lunan claimed he at first denied any involvement in espionage activities and demanded to speak to
12426-521: Was seen as a key figure in the Gouzenko Affair. The press referred to him as a "spy cell head" and a "master spy." In a later interview, however, Mazerall disputed these assessments, saying: They took the view that Lunan was a more hardened individual, for some strange reason. I don't see how he could have been because he wouldn't have given way so early in the barracks if he had been an experienced person. On March 12, Lunan returned to court to learn he
12540-604: Was sent to London where he was stationed at Canada House . He was initially tasked with providing publicity for the first session of the United Nations General Assembly , but he ended up as a speechwriter for Paul Martin Sr. , King's Secretary of State for External Affairs . Martin was aware that Lunan was under suspicion of espionage. On February 3, 1946, Gouzenko's defection was made public when Drew Pearson , an NBC Radio host, announced in his weekly broadcast that
12654-561: Was sentenced to five years' imprisonment and given two additional sentences totalling 15 months for contempt of court when he refused to testify against Halperin and Fred Rose . Lunan was born December 31, 1914, in Kirkcaldy , Scotland. He had three brothers and his father worked as a commercial traveller. When he was nine years old, his family moved to London where he attended Belmont School and, later, Mill Hill School . He finished school at 17 and began an apprenticeship with S. H. Benson ,
12768-415: Was sentenced to four years' imprisonment. In June, however, Lunan was charged with contempt of court and sentenced to three months when he refused to testify at Rose's trial. He served his sentence at Bordeaux Prison in Montreal while awaiting his own trial. Lunan's trial began on November 13 and would last four days. He was represented by Joseph Cohen, who had also defended Rose. Cohen's defence strategy
12882-491: Was told the other detainees had implicated him (and, in fact, Mazerall had). At one point, Harvison, evidently unaware that Lunan's wife was Jewish, resorted to anti-Semitism, asking him "Are you going to stand by and let people with names like Rosenberg, Kogan, Mazerall, Rabinovitch, and Halperin sell Canada down the river?" After a few days, Lunan, fearing that, as a member of the armed forces, he could be shot for treason, relented and confessed his involvement. On February 28, he
12996-525: Was urgently needed for an "important assignment" in Ottawa. He arrived at Dorval Airport on February 15. He heard his name called over the loud-speaker. He was directed to a small room where several plainclothes RCMP officers surrounded and detained him. That same day, 10 others were detained in a series of police raids in Montreal, Ottawa, and Kingston, with two others detained the following day. Among those detained were Halperin, Mazerall, and Smith. Rose would not be taken into custody until March 14. Lunan and
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