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109-671: It was Goldman's contention that the New York symphony and orchestra musicians in the summer bands of the time, rarely rehearsed and did not take these performances very seriously. He saw the potential for starting a really good wind ensemble. The Goldman Band's first concert under that name was in 1920 at Columbia University . The program was representative of Goldman's choices in transcriptions and original works including compositions of Johann Sebastian Bach , Victor Herbert , Edward MacDowell , Johan Svendsen , Ambroise Thomas , Richard Wagner , and Karl Michael Ziehrer . For ninety-three years

218-524: A saxophonist or clarinetist as a second or third instrument; such musicians include David Murray , Marcus Miller , John Surman , John Gilmore , Bob Mintzer , John Coltrane (to whom Dolphy's mother left some of Dolphy's instruments including his bass clarinet), Brian Landrus , James Carter , Steve Buckley , Andy Biskin , Don Byron , Julian Siegel , Gunter Hampel , Michel Portal , Myron Walden , Yusef Lateef , Paul McCandless , Gianluigi Trovesi , and Chris Potter . Very few performers have used

327-459: A "full-blown crisis" over tensions stemming from a pro-Palestinian campus occupation . These protests at Columbia sparked similar pro-Palestinian protests at universities across the USA. As the protests expanded in scale and notoriety, students and faculty, including people of Jewish heritage, pushed back against the silencing of anti-Zionist voices and accusations of anti-semitism . This sentiment

436-479: A bass clarinet is called a bass clarinettist or a bass clarinetist. Most modern bass clarinets are straight-bodied, with a small upturned silver-colored metal bell and curved metal neck. Early examples varied in shape, some having a doubled body making them look similar to bassoons . The bass clarinet is fairly heavy and is supported either with a neck strap or an adjustable peg attached to its body. While Adolphe Sax imitated its upturned metal bell in his design of

545-421: A bass clarinet solo by Omer Simeon can be heard in the 1926 recording " Someday Sweetheart " by Jelly Roll Morton and His Red Hot Peppers. Additionally, Benny Goodman recorded with the instrument a few times early in his career. Harry Carney , Duke Ellington 's baritone saxophonist for 47 years, played bass clarinet in some of Ellington's arrangements, first recording with it on "Saddest Tale" in 1934. He

654-539: A bass clarinet. The part is played by Henry Solomon. There are several instruments that can arguably be considered the first bass clarinet. Probably the earliest is a dulcian -shaped instrument in the Museum Carolino Augusteum in Salzburg . It is incomplete, lacking a crook or mouthpiece, and appears to date from the first half of the eighteenth century. Its wide cylindrical bore and its fingering suggest it

763-455: A diverse range of professional and inter-disciplinary fields. In the aftermath of World War II, the discipline of international relations became a major scholarly focus of the university, and in response, the School of International and Public Affairs was founded in 1946, drawing upon the resources of the faculties of political science, economics, and history. The Columbia University Bicentennial

872-412: A dominant vegetation type of Appalachian Oak ( 104 ) with a dominant vegetation form of Eastern Hardwood Forest ( 25 ). Columbia Transportation is the bus service of the university, operated by Academy Bus Lines . The buses are open to all Columbia faculty, students, Dodge Fitness Center members, and anyone else who holds a Columbia ID card. In addition, all TSC students can ride the buses. In

981-499: A featured attraction at most Goldman Band concerts. In 1960, Richard Franko Goldman began to use trumpet soloists in addition to cornet soloists. * Denotes debut performance ** Band still known as The New York Military Band "The Emerald"(Goldman) Cradle Song from "Jocelyn"(Godard) Aria from "The Trumpeter Of Sackingen"(Nessler) "Could My Songs Their Way Be Winging"(Hahn) "Plasir d'Amour"(Martini) "It Was Not Thus To Be"(Nessler) "Berceuse" from "Jocelyn"(Godard) Air from "Robert

1090-410: A few instruments pitched in A with Boehm system key work and keyed to low E ♭ (even though the original parts seldom descend below written low E). However, these instruments were expensive and many players were reluctant to haul around two heavy bass clarinets to rehearsals and performances, so few of the modern bass clarinets in A were sold. Selmer ceased production of the bass clarinet in A in

1199-630: A joint investigation by the NYPD and Columbia, the school concluded that the chemical substance was a "non-toxic, legal, novelty item". On April 17, 2024, Columbia president Minouche Shafik was questioned by the House Committee on Education and the Workforce on the topic of antisemitism on campus. While Shafik was in Washington, DC, student activists began renewed protests, leading to what CNN described as

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1308-631: A major research university. For much of the 19th century, the university consisted of decentralized and separate faculties specializing in Political Science, Philosophy, and Pure Science. In 1979, these faculties were merged into the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences . In 1991, the faculties of Columbia College, the School of General Studies, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the School of

1417-473: A neighborhood that contains a number of academic institutions. The university owns over 7,800 apartments in Morningside Heights, housing faculty, graduate students, and staff. Almost two dozen undergraduate dormitories (purpose-built or converted) are located on campus or in Morningside Heights. Columbia University has an extensive tunnel system , more than a century old, with the oldest portions predating

1526-578: A pivotal role in scientific breakthroughs including brain–computer interface ; the laser and maser ; nuclear magnetic resonance ; the first nuclear pile ; the first nuclear fission reaction in the Americas ; the first evidence for plate tectonics and continental drift ; and much of the initial research and planning for the Manhattan Project during World War II . As of December 2021 , its alumni, faculty, and staff have included seven of

1635-544: A revision committee, which was headed by John Jay and Alexander Hamilton. In April of that same year, a new charter was adopted for the college granted the power to a separate board of 24 trustees . For a period in the 1790s, with New York City as the federal and state capital and the country under successive Federalist governments, a revived Columbia thrived under the auspices of Federalists such as Hamilton and Jay. President George Washington and Vice President John Adams , in addition to both houses of Congress attended

1744-401: A siege ladder to access the second floor of Hamilton Hall and subsequently removed the demonstrators occupying it, dozens of whom were arrested. The actions taken against the demonstrators by the NYPD in riot armour while clearing Hamilton Hall inspired the rap song 'Hinds Hall' by Macklemore , who described the police as "actors in badges" in the song. In June, the charges against most of

1853-452: A solo at the opening of the third movement of Ferde Grofé 's Grand Canyon Suite . In the duet " A Boy Like That " from West Side Story (1957), Leonard Bernstein scored for "the inky sounds of three bass clarinets". Early minimalist Steve Reich 's Music for 18 Musicians (1976) calls for two bass clarinets, featured prominently in the lower register. Used almost percussively, the effect of deep, staccato repetitions, played beneath

1962-423: A static rhythmic drone, is to create a feeling of slowly fluctuating cycles. One of the most performed works for Bass Clarinet is Marc Mellits 's Black, with over 3,000 performances as of 2024. Many modern composers employ the bass along with the contra-alto and contrabass clarinets, such as Esa-Pekka Salonen in his Piano Concerto . A great amount of literature can be found in the wind ensemble, in which there

2071-412: A student application process characterized by The New York Times as "the first modern college application". The application required a photograph of the applicant, the maiden name of the applicant's mother, and the applicant's religious background. Columbia University is an independent, privately supported, nonsectarian and not-for-profit institution of higher education. Its official corporate name

2180-566: Is Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York . In 1754, the university's first charter was granted by King George II ; however, its modern charter was first enacted in 1787 and last amended in 1810 by the New York State Legislature. Bass clarinet woodwind instrument Clarinet family The bass clarinet is a musical instrument of the clarinet family. Like the more common soprano B ♭ clarinet , it

2289-402: Is $ 46,516. In 2015–2016, annual undergraduate tuition at Columbia was $ 50,526 with a total cost of attendance of $ 65,860 (including room and board). The college is need-blind for domestic applicants. On April 11, 2007, Columbia University announced a $ 400 million donation from media billionaire alumnus John Kluge to be used exclusively for undergraduate financial aid. The donation is among

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2398-739: Is a third campus on the west bank of the Hudson River , the 157-acre (64 ha) Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory and Earth Institute in Palisades , New York. A fourth is the 60-acre (24 ha) Nevis Laboratories in Irvington, New York , for the study of particle and motion physics. A satellite site in Paris holds classes at Reid Hall . In 2006, the university established the Office of Environmental Stewardship to initiate, coordinate and implement programs to reduce

2507-400: Is also used in clarinet choirs , marching bands , and in film scoring , and has played a persistent role in jazz . The bass clarinet has an appealing, rich, earthy and inky tone, quite distinct from other instruments in its range, drawing on and enhancing the qualities of the lower range of the soprano and alto instrument. Perhaps the earliest solo passages for bass clarinet—indeed, among

2616-455: Is always a part for the instrument. There are many important solo pieces, duos, sonatas and concertos for bass clarinet, including: There is a rich and diverse chamber repertoire for bass clarinet and other instruments, including Leoš Janáček's suite Mládí ( Youth ), Karlheinz Stockhausen's Kontra-Punkte , Theo Loevendie 's Plus One for flute, bass clarinet & piano and Beat Furrer 's Gaspra for ensemble incl. bass clarinet. It

2725-517: Is an instrument made c. 1770 by the Mayrhofers of Passau , who are often credited with the invention of the basset horn . It resembles early sickle-shaped basset horns, but has a larger bore and is longer, playing in low B ♭ . Whether this should be considered a low basset horn or a bass clarinet is a matter of opinion. In any case, no further work along this line is known to have been done. A 1772 newspaper article describes an instrument called

2834-534: Is centered on the front steps of Low Memorial Library . The statue represents a personification of the traditional image of the university as an alma mater , or "nourishing mother", draped in an academic gown and seated on a throne. She wears a laurel wreath on her head and holds in her right hand a scepter capped by a King's Crown, a traditional symbol of the university. A book, representing learning, rests on her lap. The arms of her throne end in lamps, representing "Sapientia et Doctrina", or "Wisdom and Learning"; on

2943-454: Is played by session musician Paul Harvey. The Mascara Snake (Victor Hayden) was a member of Captain Beefheart 's band in the late 1960s, playing bass clarinet on the 1969 album Trout Mask Replica . On Steely Dan 's 1980 song " Babylon Sisters ", bass clarinets are played by George Marge and Walter Kane. On Paramore 's 2023 album This Is Why , the song "Figure 8" prominently features

3052-577: Is ranked fourth overall and second among university hospitals. Columbia's medical school has a strategic partnership with New York State Psychiatric Institute , and is affiliated with 19 other hospitals in the U.S. and four hospitals in other countries. Health-related schools are located at the Columbia University Medical Center , a 20-acre (8.1 ha) campus located in the neighborhood of Washington Heights , fifty blocks uptown. Other teaching hospitals affiliated with Columbia through

3161-707: Is the Henry Hudson Parkway ( NY 9A ) to the west of the campus. It is located 3.4 miles (5.5 km) south of the George Washington Bridge . Columbia University received 60,551 applications for the class of 2025 (entering 2021) and a total of around 2,218 were admitted to the two schools for an overall acceptance rate of 3.66%. Columbia is a racially diverse school, with approximately 52% of all students identifying themselves as persons of color. Additionally, 50% of all undergraduates received grants from Columbia. The average grant size awarded to these students

3270-513: Is the name of a bass clarinet quartet based in San Francisco. Their repertoire includes original "heavy chamber music" and transcriptions of madrigals , boogie-woogie tunes, and heavy metal songs. Two of the members of Edmund Welles also perform as a bass clarinet duo, Sqwonk. While the bass clarinet was seldom heard in early jazz compositions, a bass clarinet solo by Wilbur Sweatman can be heard on his 1924 recording "Battleship Kate" and

3379-576: Is usually pitched in B ♭ (meaning it is a transposing instrument on which a written C sounds as B ♭ ), but it plays notes an octave below the soprano B ♭ clarinet. Bass clarinets in other keys, notably C and A, also exist, but are very rare (in contrast to the regular A clarinet, which is quite common in classical music). Bass clarinets regularly perform in orchestras , wind ensembles and concert bands , and occasionally in marching bands, and play an occasional solo role in contemporary music and jazz in particular. Someone who plays

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3488-413: The "basse-tube" , invented by G. Lott in Paris in 1772. This instrument has not survived and very little is known of it. The article has frequently been cited as the earliest record of a bass clarinet, but it has more recently been suggested that the basse-tube was in fact a basset horn. The Klarinetten-Bass by Heinrich Grenser , c. 1793, had a folded, bassoon-like shape and an extended range, and

3597-571: The Common Application . The policy change made Columbia one of the last major academic institutions and the last Ivy League university to switch to the Common Application. Scholarships are also given to undergraduate students by the admissions committee. Designations include John W. Kluge Scholars, John Jay Scholars, C. Prescott Davis Scholars, Global Scholars, Egleston Scholars, and Science Research Fellows. Named scholars are selected by

3706-670: The Founding Fathers of the United States of America; four U.S. presidents ; 34 foreign heads of state or government ; two secretaries-general of the United Nations; ten justices of the United States Supreme Court ; 103 Nobel laureates ; 125 National Academy of Sciences members; 53 living billionaires; 23 Olympic medalists ; 33 Academy Award winners ; and 125 Pulitzer Prize recipients. Discussions regarding

3815-628: The Israel–Hamas war , with counter-protests from pro- Israel activists. The students were protesting against the alleged genocide of Palestinians in Gaza by the IDF , with significant faculty support for the protests. Protestors were reported to have yelled “October 7th is going to be every day for you,” toward Jewish students. In January 2024, students who were former IDF soldiers were accused of attacking pro-Palestine demonstrators with noxious chemicals in what

3924-719: The Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory , the Goddard Institute for Space Studies , and accelerator laboratories with Big Tech firms such as Amazon and IBM . Columbia is a founding member of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the MD degree . The university also administers and annually awards the Pulitzer Prize . Columbia scientists and scholars have played

4033-533: The Manhattan Project , creating the first nuclear fission reactor in the Americas and researching gaseous diffusion . In 1928, Seth Low Junior College was established by Columbia University in order to mitigate the number of Jewish applicants to Columbia College. The college was closed in 1936 due to the adverse effects of the Great Depression and its students were subsequently taught at Morningside Heights, although they did not belong to any college but to

4142-541: The New York City Subway , the [REDACTED] train serves the university at 116th Street-Columbia University . The M4 , M104 and M60 buses stop on Broadway while the M11 stops on Amsterdam Avenue. The main campus is primarily boxed off by the streets of Amsterdam Avenue, Broadway , 114th street, and 120th street, with some buildings, including Barnard College, located just outside the area. The nearest major highway

4251-469: The Upper Manhattan neighborhood of Morningside Heights on Seth Low 's late-19th century vision of a university campus where all disciplines could be taught at one location. The campus was designed along Beaux-Arts planning principles by the architects McKim, Mead & White . Columbia's main campus occupies more than six city blocks , or 32 acres (13 ha), in Morningside Heights, New York City,

4360-410: The bassoon 's lowest B ♭ ), two octaves below written middle C. At concert pitch this note is the B ♭ below the second ledger line below the bass staff or B ♭ 1 in scientific pitch notation . These three lowermost half-steps are played via additional keys operated by the right thumb, some of them often duplicated in the left- or right-hand little-finger key clusters. Overall,

4469-646: The "Urban Beach", are a popular meeting area for Columbia students. The term refers to the long series of granite steps leading from the lower part of campus (South Field) to its upper terrace. In April 2007, the university purchased more than two-thirds of a 17 acres (6.9 ha) site for a new campus in Manhattanville , an industrial neighborhood to the north of the Morningside Heights campus. Stretching from 125th Street to 133rd Street , Columbia Manhattanville houses buildings for Columbia's Business School, School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia School of

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4578-633: The 'German" system in the US, because it is commonly used in Germany and Austria, as well as Eastern Europe and Turkey; bass clarinets produced with the Oehler system's predecessor, the Albert system , are still in use, particularly in these areas. Most modern Boehm system bass clarinets have an "extension" key allowing them to play to the (written) E ♭ . This key was originally added to allow easy transposition of parts for

4687-457: The 1940s). Despite its relative rarity, important works by some prominent composers featured the bass clarinet in A, and in the early 20th century makers began regularly offering B♭ bass clarinets equipped with an E ♭ extension key, so that bass parts in A could be transposed onto the B♭ instrument. In the 1970s there was a mild revival of interest in the instrument, and Selmer of Paris produced

4796-523: The Arts , and the School of Professional Studies were merged into the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, leading to the academic integration and centralized governance of these schools. In 2010, the School of International and Public Affairs , which was previously a part of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, became an independent faculty. In fall of 2023, pro-Palestine student activists organized protests in response to

4905-724: The Arts, and the Jerome L. Greene Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior, where research will occur on neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. The $ 7 billion expansion plan included demolishing all buildings, except three that are historically significant (the Studebaker Building , Prentis Hall , and the Nash Building), eliminating the existing light industry and storage warehouses, and relocating tenants in 132 apartments. Replacing these buildings created 6.8 million square feet (630,000 m ) of space for

5014-557: The City of New York , is a private Ivy League research university in New York City . Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhattan , it is the oldest institution of higher education in New York and the fifth-oldest in the United States . Columbia was established as a colonial college by royal charter under George II of Great Britain . It

5123-431: The D above treble C). This gives the bass clarinet a usable range of up to four octaves, quite close to the range of the bassoon; indeed, many bass clarinetists perform works originally intended for bassoon or cello because of the plethora of literature for those two instruments and the scarcity of solo works for the bass clarinet. The bass clarinet has been regularly used in scoring for orchestra and concert band since

5232-3145: The Devil"(Meyerbeer) "Inflammatus"(Rossini) "A Soldiers Dream"(Rogers) "None But The Lonely Heart"(Tchaikovsky) "Young Werner's Parting Song"(Nessler) "The Great Awakening"(Kramer) "Serenade"(Schubert) "I'll Sing These Songs of Araby"(Clay) "If Flowers Could Speak"(Zucca) "Ouray"(E.S.Williams) "Samson and Delilah"(Saint-Saens) "The Lost Chord"(Sullivan) Air from "Mesfistofele"(Boito) "Inflammatus"(Rossini) "The Lost Chord"(Sullivan) "The Debutante"(Clarke) "Because"(d'Hardelot) "The Pyramids"(Liberati) "Neptune"(Clarke) Aria from "The Trumpeter Of Sakingen"(Nessler) "Serenade" (Schubert) "None But A Lonely Heart"(Tchaikovsky) "The Lost Chord"(Sullivan) "Fantasie Billiante" (Clarke) "Oh Promise Me"(De Koven) "Serenade"(Schubert) "Aphrodite"(Goldman) "Concert Fantasie" (Clarke) "Samson and Delilah"(Saint-Saens) "The Commadore" (Chambers) "A Soldiers Dream"(Rogers) "Russian Fantasy"(Levy) "The Debutante" (Clarke) "Inflamattus"(Rossini) "The Volunteer"(Rogers) "Remembrance Of Switzerland"(Liberati) "Carnival Of Venice"(Rogers) "Carnival Of Venice" (Clarke) "Young Werner's Parting Song"(Nessler) Overture "Poet And Peasant"(Suppe) "It Was Not Thus To Be"(Nessler) "Carnival Of Venice"(Staigers) "The Student's Sweetheart"(Bellestedt) "A Soldiers Dream"(Rogers) Aria from "Samson and Delilah"(Saint-Saens) "Inflamattus"(Rossini) "Berceuse" from "Jocelyn" (Godard) "Napoli" (Bellestedt) "The Volunteer"(Rogers) "The Lost Chord"(Sullivan) "Fantasie Brilliante" (Clarke) "Twilight Dreams"(Clarke) "The Debutante"(Clarke) "Carnival of Venice"(Clarke) "Russian Fantasy"(Levy) "The American Boy" "None But The Lonely Heart"(Tchaikovsky) "Neptune's Court" (Clarke) "Rock Of Ages" (Barnhouse) "La Mandolinata" (Bellestedt) "International Fantasie"(Staigers) "Hazel"(Staigers) "Fantasie Caprice"(Staigers) "Princess Alice"(Bellestedt) "Tone Poem - Finlandia"(Sibelius) "At Dawning"(Cadman) "Eili Eili"(Shallit) "Serenade"(Schubert) "Oh Promise Me"(De Koven) "Farewell"(Bellestedt) "Centennial Fantasia"(Bellestedt) "Fantasy Caprice" (Bellestedt) "Fantasie Brilliante"(Bellestedt) "Care Selve"(Handel) "A Kiss In The Dark"(Herbert) "Ruy Blas" (Mendelssohn) Aria "My Heart at Thy Sweet Voice"(Saint-Saens) "Young Werner's Parting Song"(Nessler) Air Varie"(DeBeriot) Overture "Light Cavalry"(Suppe) Excerpts from "Madame Butterfly"(Puccini) "Fantasie Caprice Brilliante" "Facilita" (Hartmann) "Cornet Solo" (Thursday)"Cornet Solo" (Friday) "Carnival Of Venice"(Staigers)(Thursday). "Carnival Of Venice"(Staigers)(Friday). "Aphrodite"(Goldman) Aria from "Carmen"(Bizet) Aria from "Samson and Delilah"(Saint-Saens) Aria from "Mignon"(Thomas) "The Rosary" Overture to "Sakuntala"(Goldmark) "Thy Beaming Eyes"(MacDowell) "Carnival of Venice"(Arban) "Tramp,Tramp,Tramp"(Goldman) "Sans Souci" (Goldman) "None But The Lonely Heart" (Tchaikovsky) "A Soldier's Dream"(Rogers) "Why"(Goldman) "La Mandolinata"(Bellestedt) "Finnish Folksong" Columbia University Columbia University , officially Columbia University in

5341-836: The Goldman Band performed free public concerts at a variety of venues in New York City, including on the Green at Columbia, Central Park , Prospect Park, and at the Guggenheim Bandshell at Lincoln Center . Famous instrumental and vocal performers appeared with the band along with guest conductors such as Percy Grainger and Vivian Dunn . Traditional and classical works were performed as well as new works for band. Goldman requested new works for band from European composers including Ottorino Respighi , Albert Roussel , and Jaromir Weinberger . With professional musicians and endowment funds from

5450-496: The Guggenheim Foundation withdrew funding to concentrate on social justice issues, and the band had to start fundraising from other sources, and shortened their season to thirty-five concerts over a seven-week period. After Goldman's death at age 78 in 1956, his son, Richard Franko Goldman , took the podium until 1979; the year before his death in 1980. Ainslee Cox served as co-conductor with Goldman beginning in 1968, and

5559-583: The Guggenheim Foundation, the band was able to perform in New York and also tour the U.S. and Canada and perform on radio and television. The Goldman Band was widely considered the successor to the John Philip Sousa band. Many of Sousa's musicians went on to play with the Goldman Band including Henry Heidelberg (piccolo); Johnny Carr, Raymond Scott, Emil Preiss and Joseph Chaney (clarinet); Del Staigers , Oscar B. Short and George Fee (cornet); Wayne Lewis (euphonium) and William Bell (tuba player) . In 1983,

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5668-457: The King's College campus at Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue , where it remained for the next forty years. During the last half of the 19th century, under the presidency of Frederick A. P. Barnard , for whom Barnard College is named, the institution rapidly assumed the shape of a modern university. Barnard College was created in 1889 as a response to

5777-771: The NewYork-Presbyterian network include the Payne Whitney Clinic in Manhattan, and the Payne Whitney Westchester, a psychiatric institute located in White Plains, New York. On the northern tip of Manhattan island (in the neighborhood of Inwood ), Columbia owns the 26-acre (11 ha) Baker Field, which includes the Lawrence A. Wien Stadium as well as facilities for field sports, outdoor track, and tennis. There

5886-558: The United States. In 1763, Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper , a graduate of The Queen's College, Oxford , and an ardent Tory . In the charged political climate of the American Revolution , his chief opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777, Alexander Hamilton . The Irish anatomist, Samuel Clossy , was appointed professor of natural philosophy in October 1765 and later

5995-526: The United States. Several buildings on the Morningside Heights campus are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Low Memorial Library , a National Historic Landmark and the centerpiece of the campus, is listed for its architectural significance. Philosophy Hall is listed as the site of the invention of FM radio . Also listed is Pupin Hall , another National Historic Landmark , which houses

6104-411: The admission committee from first-year applicants. According to Columbia, the first four designated scholars "distinguish themselves for their remarkable academic and personal achievements, dynamism, intellectual curiosity, the originality and independence of their thinking, and the diversity that stems from their different cultures and their varied educational experiences". In 1919, Columbia established

6213-469: The back of the throne is embossed an image of the seal of the university . The small hidden owl on the sculpture is also the subject of many Columbia legends, the main legend being that the first student in the freshmen class to find the hidden owl on the statue will be valedictorian, and that any subsequent Columbia male who finds it will marry a Barnard student, given that Barnard is a women's college . "The Steps", alternatively known as "Low Steps" or

6322-478: The bass clarinet in all of his operas, beginning with Edgar in 1889. The Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky wrote some prominent solos for the instrument in his last ballet, The Nutcracker . The later Romantics used the bass clarinet frequently in their works. All of Gustav Mahler 's symphonies include the instrument prominently, and often contain lengthy solos for the instrument, especially in his Symphony No. 6 in A minor . Richard Strauss wrote for

6431-614: The bass clarinet in his large-scale works such as the Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale , Op. 15 (1840), the Te Deum , Op. 22 (1849), and the opera Les Troyens , Op. 29 (1863). Later French composers to use the instrument included Maurice Ravel , who wrote virtuosic parts for the bass clarinet in his ballet Daphnis et Chloé (1912), La valse (1920), and his orchestration of Modest Mussorgsky 's Pictures at an Exhibition (1924). The operas of Richard Wagner also make extensive use of

6540-1067: The bass clarinet was quite small, most bass clarinet soloists specialize in new music, while also arranging works composed for other instruments from earlier eras (such as the Bach Cello Suites ). Beginning with Horák, many players have commissioned works for the instrument, and consequently there now exists a repertoire of hundreds of solo works, many by prominent international composers such as Brian Ferneyhough and David Lang . In addition to Horák, other specialist performers include Henri Bok (Netherlands), his student Luís Afonso (Brazil), Dennis Smylie (United States), Tommie Lundberg (Sweden), Harry Sparnaay (Netherlands, who has worked with important composers such as Luciano Berio , Iannis Xenakis , and Morton Feldman ), Fie Schouten (artistic director Basklarinet Festijn; worked with o.a. Georges Aperghis , Michael Finnissy , Theo Loevendie , Louis Sclavis , Rozalie Hirs ) Jason Alder , Evan Ziporyn (United States), and Michael Lowenstern (United States);

6649-496: The bass clarinet, beginning with Tannhäuser (1845). He incorporated the instrument fully into the wind section as both a solo and supporting instrument. Wagner pioneered in exploiting the instrument's dark, somber tone to represent sadness and melancholy. Wagner was almost completely responsible for making the instrument a permanent member of the opera orchestra. The instrument plays an extensive role in Tristan und Isolde (1859),

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6758-469: The college's commencement on May 6, 1789, as a tribute of honor to the many alumni of the school who had been involved in the American Revolution . In November 1813, the college agreed to incorporate its medical school with The College of Physicians and Surgeons, a new school created by the Regents of New York, forming Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons . In 1857, the college moved from

6867-471: The college's first professor of anatomy in 1767. The American Revolutionary War broke out in 1776, and was catastrophic for the operation of King's College, which suspended instruction for eight years beginning in 1776 with the arrival of the Continental Army . The suspension continued through the military occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783. The college's library

6976-722: The cornet soloist. The band also premiered Bennett's last major composition for band, Autobiography, on June 22, 1977. The band made numerous recordings for Capitol Records , American Decca, RCA Victrola , and New World Records . Instrumentation between 1930–1956, when the band consisted of 64 members, was four flutes , two oboes , one E-flat clarinet , one bass clarinet , nineteen clarinets (eight firsts, six seconds, five thirds), two alto saxophones , one tenor saxophone , one baritone saxophone , two bassoons , four cornets , four trumpets , five French horns , six trombones , two euphoniums , four tubas , two string basses , one harp , and three percussionists . Cornet solos were

7085-563: The earliest parts for the instrument—occur in Mercadante's 1834 opera Emma d'Antiochia , in which a lengthy solo introduces Emma's scene in Act 2. (Mercadante actually specified a glicibarifono for this part.) Two years later, Giacomo Meyerbeer wrote an important solo for bass clarinet in Act 4 of his opera Les Huguenots . French composer Hector Berlioz was one of the first of the Romantics to use

7194-405: The entire range of the instrument in his solos. Bennie Maupin emerged in the late 1960s as a primary player of the instrument, playing on Miles Davis 's seminal record Bitches Brew as well as several records with Herbie Hancock 's Mwandishi group. His style resembles Dolphy's in its use of advanced harmonies. While the bass clarinet has been used often since Dolphy, it is typically used by

7303-400: The entire university community" and was carried out by both faculty and students. The task force on anti-semitism was criticised by a group of 24 Jewish faculty (as well as 16 non-Jewish faculty) and Jewish students for misrepresentations, omission of key context and equating anti-Zionism with antisemitism. The majority of Columbia's graduate and undergraduate studies are conducted in

7412-479: The fall of 1983, after a decade of failed negotiations with Barnard College , the all-female institution affiliated with the university, to merge the two schools. Barnard College still remains affiliated with Columbia, and all Barnard graduates are issued diplomas signed by the presidents of Columbia University and Barnard College. During the late 20th century, the university underwent significant academic, structural, and administrative changes as it developed into

7521-425: The first bass clarinet in A was made by Johann Adam Henkel, around 1850, and a number of greater and lesser known makers continued to produce examples over the next 70 years: e.g., Stengel, Moritz, Kruspe, et al . Buffet made some instruments in the 1920s, but the bass in A was never produced in any great numbers, and after the 1920s very few instruments in A were made (although Fritz Wurlitzer experimented with one in

7630-446: The form of a serpentine series of curves, carved out of wood); George Catlin of Hartford, Connecticut ( "clarion" ) c. 1810; Sautermeister of Lyons ( "Basse-orgue" ) in 1812; Gottlieb Streitwolf in 1828; and Catterino Catterini ( "glicibarifono" ) in the 1830s. These last four, and several others of the same period, had bassoon-like folded shapes, and most had extended ranges. A straight-bodied instrument without extended range

7739-559: The founding of a college in the Province of New York began as early as 1704. Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the college's first president, Samuel Johnson . The college was officially founded on October 31, 1754, as King's College by royal charter of George II , making it the oldest institution of higher learning in the State of New York and the fifth oldest in

7848-477: The instrument exclusively, but such performers include American Michael Pinz , Berlin-based bass clarinetist Rudi Mahall , and French bass clarinetists Louis Sclavis and Denis Colin . Klezmer clarinetist Giora Feidman is known for idiosyncratic use of the bass clarinet on some klezmer and jazz tunes. On The Beatles 1967 recording of George Harrison 's " It's All Too Much ", a prominent bass clarinet ostinato , scored and conducted by producer George Martin ,

7957-596: The instrument in all of his symphonic poems except for Don Juan , and the instrument shared the spotlight with the tenor tuba in his 1898 tone poem, Don Quixote , Op. 35. Strauss wrote for the instrument as he did for the smaller clarinets, and the parts often include playing in very high registers, such as in Also Sprach Zarathustra , Op. 30. Composers of the Second Viennese School , Arnold Schoenberg , Anton Webern and Alban Berg , often favored

8066-461: The instrument over the bassoon, the instrument's closest relative in terms of range. Russian composers Dmitri Shostakovich and Sergei Prokofiev used the low concert C and B ♭ (equivalent to the bassoon's lowest two notes) in many of their compositions and an instrument with the extended range is necessary for works such as Shostakovich's Symphonies Nos. 4 , 6, 7 , 8 , and 11 , and Leoš Janáček 's Sinfonietta . All of these works exploit

8175-413: The instrument sounds an octave lower than the B ♭ soprano clarinet. As with all wind instruments, the upper limit of the range depends on the quality of the instrument and skill of the clarinetist. According to Aber and Lerstad, who give fingerings up to written C 7 (sounding B ♭ 5 ), the highest note commonly encountered in modern solo literature is the E below that (sounding D 5 ,

8284-518: The instrument's dark, powerful lower range. Prokofiev wrote parts for the instrument in his Symphonies Nos. 2–7 and in his ballet Romeo and Juliet . Sergei Rachmaninoff used the instrument to great effect in his Symphonies Nos. 2 and 3 and in his symphonic poem, Isle of The Dead . Igor Stravinsky also wrote complex parts for the instrument throughout his career, most prominently in his ballets The Firebird (1910), Petrushka (1911) and The Rite of Spring (1913). The bass clarinet has

8393-473: The interim provost Dennis Mitchell said was “what appears to have been serious crimes, possibly hate crimes”. One of the students suspected in the attack was initially placed on interim suspension before later being suspended through May 2025. In April 2024, the suspended student sued Columbia, alleging that the school subjected him to "biased misconduct proceedings" and that he had used fart sprays such as " Liquid Ass " rather than harmful chemicals. Following

8502-434: The larger saxophones , the two instruments are fundamentally different. Bass clarinet bodies are most often made of grenadilla (African Blackwood) or (more commonly for student-instruments) plastic resin, while saxophones are typically made of metal. (Metal bass clarinets exist, but are rare.) More significantly, all clarinets have a bore that is basically the same diameter along the body. This cylindrical bore differs from

8611-463: The largest single gifts to higher education. However, this does not apply to international students, transfer students, visiting students, or students in the School of General Studies. In the fall of 2010, admission to Columbia's undergraduate colleges Columbia College and the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science (also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering) began accepting

8720-553: The latter two are also composers. In October 2005, the First World Bass Clarinet Convention was held in Rotterdam , Netherlands, at which Horák was the guest of honor and played in one of the many concerts given by the leading bass clarinetists from around the world (including all the aforementioned performers, as well as many others). In April 2014, 70th birthday of Harry Sparnaay the first Basklarinet Festijn

8829-415: The mid-19th century, becoming more common during the middle and latter part of the 20th century. A bass clarinet is not always called for in orchestra music, but is almost always called for in concert band music. In recent years, the bass clarinet has also seen a growing repertoire of solo literature including compositions for the instrument alone, or accompanied by piano , orchestra, or other ensemble. It

8938-512: The multiversity model that later universities would adopt. Prior to becoming the president of Columbia University, Butler founded Teachers College , as a school to prepare home economists and manual art teachers for the children of the poor, with philanthropist Grace Hoadley Dodge . Teachers College is currently affiliated as the university's Graduate School of Education. In the 1940s, faculty members, including John R. Dunning , I. I. Rabi , Enrico Fermi , and Polykarp Kusch , began what became

9047-523: The new Republic, the legislature stipulated that "the College within the City of New York heretofore called King's College be forever hereafter called and known by the name of Columbia College ", a reference to Columbia , an alternative name for America which in turn comes from the name of Christopher Columbus . The Regents finally became aware of the college's defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed

9156-735: The operas of Der Ring des Nibelungen (1876), and Parsifal (1882). Also around this time, Hungarian pianist and composer Franz Liszt wrote important parts for the instrument in his symphonic poems Ce qu'on entend sur la montagne ( What One Hears on the Mountain ), Tasso , and his Dante Symphony . Giuseppe Verdi followed suit, using it in Ernani, Aida (1870), La forza del destino , Simon Boccanegra , Don Carlo and Falstaff . Following in Verdi's footsteps, Giacomo Puccini , composer of La Bohème , Tosca and Madame Butterfly , used

9265-429: The other for middle E and higher. Newer models typically have an automatic register key mechanism, where a single left thumb key commands the two vent holes. Depending on whether the right hand ring finger (used in fingerings for middle D ♯ and below) is down or up, the lower or upper vent hole will open. Many professional or advanced bass clarinet models extend down to a low C (sounding B ♭ , identical to

9374-428: The participants in the occupation of Hamilton Hall were dropped. In mid-August 2024, three deans and Minouche Shafik , the 20th president of the university, resigned in the wake of the campus protests. In late August, the university's antisemitism task force reported that the university had failed to prevent violence and hate or protect Jews in the university . According to the report, antisemitism has "affected

9483-598: The physics and astronomy departments. Here the first experiments on the fission of uranium were conducted by Enrico Fermi . The uranium atom was split there ten days after the world's first atom-splitting in Copenhagen , Denmark. Other buildings listed include Casa Italiana , the Delta Psi, Alpha Chapter building of St. Anthony Hall , Earl Hall , and the buildings of the affiliated Union Theological Seminary . A statue by sculptor Daniel Chester French called Alma Mater

9592-536: The present campus. Some of these remain accessible to the public, while others have been cordoned off. Butler Library is the largest in the Columbia University Libraries system and one of the largest buildings on the campus. It was completed in 1934 and renamed to Butler Library in 1946. As of 2020 , Columbia's library system includes over 15.0 million volumes, making it the eighth largest library system and fifth largest collegiate library system in

9701-505: The relatively rare bass clarinet pitched in A, but it now finds significant use in concert band and other literature. A significant difference between soprano and bass clarinet key work is a key pad played by the left-hand index finger with a vent that may be uncovered for certain high notes. This allows a form of "half-hole" fingering that allows notes in higher registers to be played on the instrument. In addition, older bass clarinets have two register keys, one for middle D ♯ and below,

9810-574: The right to appropriate private property for public use. On May 20, 2009, the New York State Public Authorities Control Board approved the Manhanttanville expansion plan. NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital is affiliated with the medical schools of both Columbia University and Cornell University . According to U.S. News & World Report ' s "2020–21 Best Hospitals Honor Roll and Medical Specialties Rankings", it

9919-510: The saxophone's conical one and gives the clarinet its characteristic tone, causing it to overblow at the twelfth (octave + fifth) compared with the saxophone's octave. A majority of modern bass clarinets, like other clarinets in the family, have the Boehm system of keys and fingering. However, bass clarinets are also manufactured in Germany with the Oehler system of keywork, which is most often known as

10028-547: The university at large. There was an evening school called University Extension, which taught night classes, for a fee, to anyone willing to attend. In 1947, the program was reorganized as an undergraduate college and designated the School of General Studies in response to the return of GIs after World War II . In 1995, the School of General Studies was again reorganized as a full-fledged liberal arts college for non-traditional students (those who have had an academic break of one year or more, or are pursuing dual-degrees) and

10137-564: The university's environmental footprint. The U.S. Green Building Council selected the university's Manhattanville plan for the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Neighborhood Design pilot program. Columbia has been rated "B+" by the 2011 College Sustainability Report Card for its environmental and sustainability initiatives. According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. potential natural vegetation types, Columbia University would have

10246-409: The university's refusal to accept women. In 1896, university president Seth Low moved the campus from 49th Street to its present location, a more spacious campus in the developing neighborhood of Morningside Heights . Under the leadership of Low's successor, Nicholas Murray Butler , who served for over four decades, Columbia rapidly became the nation's major institution for research, setting

10355-547: The university. Community activist groups in West Harlem fought the expansion for reasons ranging from property protection and fair exchange for land, to residents' rights. Subsequent public hearings drew neighborhood opposition. As of December 2008 , the State of New York's Empire State Development Corporation approved use of eminent domain, which, through declaration of Manhattanville's "blighted" status, gives governmental bodies

10464-467: Was a chalumeau or clarinet in the bass range. Four anonymous bass chalumeaux or clarinets apparently dating from the eighteenth century and having from one to six keys also appear to be among the earliest examples, and one in particular has been suggested to date from before 1750. However, the authenticity of at least one of these instruments has been questioned. In the Munich Stadtmuseum there

10573-474: Was celebrated in 1954. During the 1960s, student activism reached a climax with protests in the spring of 1968 , when hundreds of students occupied buildings on campus. The incident forced the resignation of Columbia's president, Grayson Kirk , and the establishment of the University Senate. Though several schools in the university had admitted women for years, Columbia College first admitted women in

10682-444: Was featured soloist on many Ellington recordings, including 27 titles on bass clarinet. The first jazz album on which the leader solely played bass clarinet was Great Ideas of Western Mann (1957) by Herbie Mann , better known as a flautist. However, avant-garde musician Eric Dolphy (1928–1964) was the first major jazz soloist on the instrument, and established much of the vocabulary and technique used by later performers. He used

10791-516: Was fully integrated into Columbia's traditional undergraduate curriculum. The same year, the Division of Special Programs, later called the School of Continuing Education and now the School of Professional Studies , was established to reprise the former role of University Extension. While the School of Professional Studies only offered non-degree programs for lifelong learners and high school students in its earliest stages, it now offers degree programs in

10900-458: Was held in the Netherlands. Initiators and artistic leaders are former students of Sparnaay and active in contemporary composed and improvised music: Fie Schouten and Tobias Klein. At least two professional bass-clarinet quartets exist. Rocco Parisi's Bass Clarinet Quartet is an Italian group whose repertoire includes transcriptions of music by Rossini , Paganini , and Piazzolla . Edmund Welles

11009-667: Was later repeated in an open letter by Columbia faculty that criticized the findings of the university's antisemitism task force. On April 22, 2024 the university moved all in-person classes online, with President Shafik saying that this decision would "deescalate the rancor and give us all a chance to consider next steps". In late April, several participants in the campus encampment occupied Hamilton Hall . While inside, these protestors overturned furniture, broke windows, and erected barricades. On April 30, Columbia University called New York Police Department to clear Hamilton Hall. Around 9 PM that night, NYPD officers in riot gear used

11118-425: Was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a military hospital first by American and then British forces. The legislature agreed to assist the college, and on May 1, 1784, it passed "an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called King's College". The Act created a board of regents to oversee the resuscitation of King's College, and, in an effort to demonstrate its support for

11227-463: Was not until the 1950s that classical performers began to adopt the bass clarinet as their primary instrument. The pioneer was the Czech performer Josef Horák (1931–2005), who is credited as having performed the first ever solo bass clarinet recital on March 23, 1955. This marked a turning point when the instrument first became thought of as a soloist's instrument. Because the repertoire of solo music for

11336-554: Was originally called a Bass-Klarinette , but was not a bass clarinet in the modern sense; since the late eighteenth century this instrument has been called a basset clarinet . Orchestral music for bass clarinet is written using one of four systems: Music is occasionally encountered written for the bass clarinet in A, e.g., in Wagner operas, and Mahler or Rachmaninov symphonies. This music tends to be written in bass clef, although not invariably (e.g. Ravel 's La Valse ). Probably

11445-548: Was performed by the Goldman Band on June 13, 1945. The first performance of Arnold Schoenberg 's Theme and Variations for Full Band, op.43a, was performed by the Goldman Band on June 27, 1946, with Richard Franko Goldman conducting. On June 23, 1947 the band and a chorus of 200 performed the American premiere of Hector Berlioz ’s Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale . The band premiered Robert Russell Bennett 's Rose Variations for cornet and band with James F. Burke (musician) as

11554-454: Was presumably intended to serve as a bassoon replacement in military bands. Desfontenelles of Lisieux built a bass clarinet in 1807 whose shape was similar to that of the later saxophone . It had thirteen keys, at a time when most soprano clarinets had fewer. Additional designs were developed by many other makers, including Dumas of Sommières (who called his instrument a "Basse guerrière" ) in 1807; Nicola Papalini, c. 1810 (an odd design, in

11663-523: Was produced in 1832 by Isaac Dacosta and Auguste Buffet. Finally, Adolphe Sax , a Belgian manufacturer of musical instruments, designed a straight-bodied form of the bass clarinet in 1838. Sax's expertise in acoustics led him to include such features as accurately-placed, large tone holes and a second register hole. His instrument achieved great success and became the basis for all bass clarinet designs since. The instrument on which Anton Stadler first played Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 's clarinet concerto

11772-519: Was renamed Columbia College in 1784 following the American Revolution , and in 1787 was placed under a private board of trustees headed by former students Alexander Hamilton and John Jay . In 1896, the campus was moved to its current location in Morningside Heights and renamed Columbia University. Columbia is organized into twenty schools, including four undergraduate schools and 16 graduate schools. The university's research efforts include

11881-486: Was sole conductor of the band from 1979 until his death in 1988. Gene Young succeeded Cox as director until 1997. He was followed by David Eaton (1997-2000), and the last conductor was Christian Wilhjelm. Over the years a large number of famous composers have written for the band. The Goldman Band gave the first complete performance of Percy Grainger's composition Lincolnshire Posy in the summer of 1937. The first performance of Darius Milhaud ’s Suite française , Op. 248

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