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59-963: The GAC preceded the Corded Ware culture in its central area. Somewhat to the south and west, it was bordered by the Baden culture . To the northeast was the Narva culture . It occupied much of the same area as the earlier Funnelbeaker culture . The name was coined by Gustaf Kossinna because of the characteristic pottery, globular-shaped pots with two to four handles. Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European The Globular Amphora culture

118-568: A 2015 study published in Nature , the remains of six individuals from Motala ascribed to the Kongemose culture were successfully analyzed. With regards to Y-DNA , two individuals were ascribed to haplogroup I2a1b , one individual was ascribed to haplogroup I2a1 , and one individual was ascribed to haplogroup I2c. The I-P37.2+ (also known as I2a1a ) (ISOGG 2019). The subclade divergence for I-P37.2 occurred 10.7±4.8 kya. The age of YSTR variation for

177-766: A broad archaeological horizon of Europe between c.  3000 BC  – 2350 BC, thus from the late Neolithic , through the Copper Age , and ending in the early Bronze Age . Corded Ware culture encompassed a vast area, from the contact zone between the Yamnaya culture and the Corded Ware culture in south Central Europe, to the Rhine in the west and the Volga in the east, occupying parts of Northern Europe , Central Europe and Eastern Europe . Autosomal genetic studies suggest that

236-587: A crouched position with various artifacts. Battle Axe culture , or Boat Axe culture, is named from its characteristic male grave offering, a stone boat-shaped battle axe . Corded Ware encompassed most of continental northern Europe from the Rhine in the west to the Volga in the east, including most of modern-day Germany , the Netherlands , Denmark , Poland , Lithuania , Latvia , Estonia , Belarus , Czech Republic , Austria , Hungary , Slovakia , Switzerland , northwestern Romania , northern Ukraine , and

295-490: A formative influence on the Abashevo culture , which in turn contributed to the proto-Indo-Iranian Sintashta culture . Its wide area of distribution indicates rapid expansion at the assumed time of the dispersal of the core (excluding Anatolian and Tocharian) Indo-European languages . In a number of regions Corded Ware appears to herald a new culture and physical type. On most of the immense, continental expanse that it covered,

354-734: A peak in Germany and another in the northeast of Sweden, but also appears in Romania / Moldova , Russia, Greece, Italy and around the Black Sea. Haplogroup I-M223 has been found in over 4% of the population only in Germany , the Netherlands , Belgium , Denmark , Scotland , and England (excluding Cornwall ) – also the southern tips of Sweden and Norway in Northwest Europe; the provinces of Normandy , Maine , Anjou , and Perche in northwestern France ;

413-657: A point of origin east of Ireland. Continentals. Mother Haplogroup for group I-Z161 (Continental 1 and 2) and I-L701 group (Continental 3). Around 10.000 years old. Haplogroup I2a1b1a2b (ISOGG 2019). Z161+ defines the I2 Continental clade 1 and 2. Its age is estimated around 7,000 years old. It is mainly found in North Europe, especially in Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, and England. In Northwest Sicily it can also be found; this

472-591: A rapid expansion from Southeastern Poland , is mainly related to the Slavs and their medieval migration, and the "largest demographic explosion occurred in the Balkans". According to a 2023 archaeogenetic study, I2a-L621 is absent in the antiquity and appears only since the Early Middle Ages "always associated with Eastern European related ancestry in the autosomal genome, which supports that these lineages were introduced in

531-599: A scenario of linguistic continuity of local non-mobile herders in the Lower Dnieper region and their genetic persistence after their integration into the successive and expansive Yamnaya horizon". In 2023, Kristiansen et al. argued that the lack of Yamnaya-related haplogroups in Corded Ware populations indicates that they cannot have been direct male-line descendants of the Yamnaya, as the Corded Ware culture samples were primarily from haplogroup R1a . These authors proposed that

590-509: Is a human DNA Y-chromosome haplogroup , a subclade of haplogroup I-M170 . Haplogroup I-M438 originated some time around 26,000–31,000 BCE. It originated in Europe and developed into several main subgroups: I2-M438*, I2a-L460, I2b-L415 and I2c-L596. The haplogroup can be found all over Europe and reaches its maximum frequency in the Dinaric Alps ( Balkans ) via founder effect , related to

649-482: Is found in Central Europe, mainly Germany and Poland, and refers to the characteristic pottery of the era: twisted cord was impressed into the wet clay to create various decorative patterns and motifs. It is known mostly from its burials, and both sexes received the characteristic cord-decorated pottery. Whether made of flax or hemp, they had rope . Single Grave term refers to a series of late Neolithic communities of

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708-579: Is found in those of predominately Irish descent, with Gaelic surnames, it may suggest an ancestor who arrived in Ireland during prehistory, from Celtic Britain. For example, I-M284 includes many males with the surnames McGuinness and McCartan, who have a single, historically recorded male ancestor in the 6th century; thus it is unlikely to be the result of subsequent migration from Britain to Ireland. Some subclades of I-M284 that are atypical of Ireland are relatively common in continental Europe, which also supports

767-449: Is now considered as outdated, as already Battaglia et al. (2009) observed highest variance of the haplogroup in Ukraine , and Zupan et al. (2013) noted that it suggests it arrived with Slavic migration from the homeland which was in present-day Ukraine. O.M. Utevska (2017), in her PhD thesis, despite being a part of research team who came to a different conclusion in 2015, proposed that

826-405: Is shared by Leo Klejn , who maintains that "the Yamnaya cannot be the source of the Corded Ware cultures", as the Corded Ware paternal haplogroups are unrelated to those found in Yamnaya specimens. Similarly, Guus Kroonen et al. (2022), had argued that the Corded Ware populations may have originated from a Yamnaya-related population, rather than the Yamnaya themself, stating that "this may support

885-622: Is very rare, but has been found in two persons from Germany and one from Poland. The age of YSTR variation for the M423 subclade is 8.8±3.6 kya. I2a1a2b-L621 is typical of the Slavic populations, being highest in Southeastern European regions of Bosnia-Herzegovina and South Croatia (>45%), in Croats (37.7-69.8%), Bosniaks (43.53-52.17%), and Serbs (36.6-42%)—often called "Dinaric". It has

944-463: The Indo-European Urheimat problem , and there is a stark division between archaeologists regarding the origins of Corded Ware. The Corded Ware culture has long been regarded as Indo-European, with archaeologists seeing an influence from nomadic pastoral societies of the steppes. Alternatively, some archaeologists believed it developed independently in central Europe. The Corded Ware culture

1003-511: The Indo-European languages in Europe and Asia. The term Corded Ware culture ( German : Schnurkeramik-Kultur ) was first introduced by the German archaeologist Friedrich Klopfleisch in 1883. He named it after cord-like impressions or ornamentation characteristic of its pottery . The term Single Grave culture comes from its burial custom, which consisted of inhumation under tumuli in

1062-528: The Koszyce mass grave in southern Poland , which is ascribed to the Globular Amphora culture. The individuals were all shown to be members of an extended family, and to have been buried with great care by someone who knew them very well. Most of them were female and children. All had been executed by a violent blow to the head, perhaps by invading Corded Ware groups. The older males of the family are missing from

1121-582: The Lüneburg Heath and then further to the North European Plain, Rhineland, Switzerland, Scandinavia, the Baltic region and Russia to Moscow, where the culture met with the pastoralists considered indigenous to the steppes. The Middle Dnieper culture is a formative early expression of the Corded Ware culture. It has very scant remains, but occupies the easiest route into Central and Northern Europe from

1180-833: The Pyrenees (9.5% in Bortzerriak, Navarra; 9.7% in Chazetania, Aragon; 8% in Val d'Aran, Catalunya; 2.9% in Alt Urgell, Catalunya; and 8.1% in Baixa Cerdanya, Catalunya) and Iberia , and it has been found in 1.6% of a sample of Albanians living in the Republic of North Macedonia and 1.2% (3/257) of a sample of Czechs . The age of YSTR variation for the M26 subclade has been calculated as 8.0±4.0 kya. I-L178

1239-420: The Rhine to Volga seem to have regionally specific subsistence strategies and economies. There are differences in the material culture and in settlements and society. At the same time, they had several shared elements that are characteristic of all Corded Ware groups, such as their burial practices, pottery with "cord" decoration and unique stone-axes. The contemporary Bell Beaker culture overlapped with

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1298-521: The "Balkan cluster" is represented by a single SNP, I-PH908, known as I2a1a2b1a1a1c in ISOGG phylogenetic tree (2019), and according to YFull YTree it formed and had TMRCA approximately 1,850-1,700 YBP (2nd-3rd century AD). It is considered that I-L621 could have been present in the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture, but until now was mainly found G2a and non-I2-L621 clades, and another clade I2a1a1-CTS595

1357-509: The 3rd millennium BC living in southern Scandinavia , Northern Germany , and the Low Countries that share the practice of single burial, the deceased usually being accompanied by a battle-axe, amber beads, and pottery vessels. The term Single Grave culture was first introduced by the Danish archaeologist Andreas Peter Madsen in the late 1800s. He found Single Graves to be quite different from

1416-532: The Balkans by Eastern European migrants during the Early Medieval period." Some of the earliest archeogenetic samples until now is Sungir 6 (~900 YBP) near Vladimir, Russia which belonged to the I-S17250 > I-Y5596 > I-Z16971 > I-Y5595 > I-A16681 subclade, as well I-CTS10228 and I-Y3120 subclades found in two Vikings from Sweden (VK53) and Ukraine (VK542) with predominantly Slavic ancestry of which

1475-442: The Corded Ware culture evolved in parallel with (although under significant influence from) the Yamnaya, with direct male-line descent between them. However, Papac et al. (2023) revealed the presence of the most commonly sampled Corded Ware haplogroup in the Yamnaya, and Lazaridis et al. (2024) showed the presence of the most commonly sampled Yamnaya haplogroup in the Corded Ware. Archaeologists Furholt and Heyd continue to emphasize

1534-406: The Corded Ware culture originated from male Yamnaya pastoralists who migrated northward and mated with women from farming communities. However, Barry Cunliffe has criticized the theory that the Corded Ware populations were descended from a mass migration of Yamnaya males, noting that the available Corded Ware samples do not carry paternal haplogroups observed in Yamnaya male specimens. This view

1593-406: The Corded Ware culture originated from the westward migration of Yamnaya-related people from the steppe-forest zone into the territory of late Neolithic European cultures, evolving in parallel with (although under significant influence from) the Yamnaya, with no evidence of direct male-line descent between them. The Corded Ware culture is considered to be a likely vector for the spread of many of

1652-531: The European part of Russia , as well as coastal Norway and the southern portions of Sweden and Finland . In the Late Eneolithic/Early Bronze Age, it encompassed the territory of nearly the entire Balkan Peninsula, where Corded Ware mixed with other steppe elements. Archaeologists note that Corded Ware was not a "unified culture," as Corded Ware groups inhabiting a vast geographical area from

1711-592: The GAC might have made use of cattle-drawn wagons or carts. The GAC is primarily known from its burials. Inhumation was in a pit or cist . A variety of grave offerings were left, including animal parts (such as a pig's jaw) or even whole animals, e.g., oxen. Grave gifts include the typical globular amphorae and stone axes. There are also cattle-burials, often in pairs, accompanied by grave gifts. There are also secondary burials in Megalithic graves. The inclusion of animals in

1770-1094: The Globular Amphora culture was patriarchal and kinship-oriented, which appears to have been the norm for Late Neolithic communities in Central Europe . Papac et al. (2021) examined 3 Globular Amphora individuals from Vlineves in the Czech Republic . They were found to harbour mainly EEF ancestry and about 25-30% WHG ancestry. The 3 Globular Amphora culture males in the study belonged to Y-haplogroup R1b-V88. [REDACTED] Media related to Globular amphora culture at Wikimedia Commons Corded Ware culture Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European The Corded Ware culture comprises

1829-510: The P37.2 subclade is 8.0±4.0 kya. It is the predominant version of I2 in Eastern Europe. The I2a is further made up by subgroups I-M26, I-M423, I-L1286, I-L880. Haplogroup I-M26 (or M26 ) I2a1a1a (ISOGG 2019). Haplogroup I-L158 (L158, L159.1/S169.1, M26) accounts for approximately 40% of all patrilines among Sardinians . It is also found at low to moderate frequency among populations of

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1888-740: The Western Balkan is probably because of a founder effect . Utevska calculated that the STR cluster divergence and its secondary expansion from the middle reaches of the Dnieper river or from Eastern Carpathians towards the Balkan peninsula happened approximately 2,860 ± 730 years ago, relating it to the times before Slavs, but much after the decline of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture . However, STR-based calculations give overestimated dates, and more specifically,

1947-447: The already known dolmens, long barrows and passage graves. In 1898, archaeologist Sophus Müller was first to present a migration-hypothesis stating that previously known dolmens, long barrows, passage graves and newly discovered single graves may represent two completely different groups of people, stating "Single graves are traces of new, from the south coming tribes". The cultural emphasis on drinking equipment already characteristic of

2006-404: The area that is now Poland than in western and southern Central Europe. The earliest radiocarbon dates for Corded Ware indeed come from Kujawy and Lesser Poland in central and southern Poland and point to the period around 3000 BC. However, subsequent review has challenged this perspective, instead pointing out that the wide variation in dating of the Corded Ware, especially the dating of

2065-497: The culture was clearly intrusive, and therefore represents one of the most impressive and revolutionary cultural changes attested by archaeology. Early Corded Ware metallurgy is thought to have developed from the earlier copper metallurgy of the East-Carpathian Cucuteni-Trypillia culture with some additional Eastern Mediterranean influences. In favour of the view that the culture developed independently

2124-516: The culture's beginning, is based on individual outlier graves, is not particularly in line with other archaeological data and runs afoul of plateaus in the radiocarbon calibration curve ; in the one case where the dating can be clarified with dendrochronology, in Switzerland, Corded Ware is found for only a short period from 2750 BC to 2400 BC. Furthermore, because the short period in Switzerland seems to represent examples of artifacts from all

2183-537: The differences both between and within the material cultures of these two groups, as well as emphasizing the problems of oversimplifying these long-term social processes. The Middle Dnieper culture forms a bridge between the Yamnaya culture and the Corded Ware culture. From the Middle Dnieper culture the Corded Ware culture spread both west and east. The eastward migration gave rise to the Fatyanova culture which had

2242-639: The early indigenous Funnelbeaker culture , synthesized with newly arrived Corded Ware traditions. Especially in the west (Scandinavia and northern Germany), the drinking vessels have a protruding foot and define the Protruding-Foot Beaker culture (PFB) as a subset of the Single Grave culture. The Beaker culture has been proposed to derive from this specific branch of the Corded Ware culture. Haplogroup I-M438 I2a1b: Bosnia and Herzegovina , Haplogroup I-M438 , also known as I2 (ISOGG 2019),

2301-685: The east. The authors of the study suggested that the Globulara Amphora culture was non-Indo-European-speaking, but with cultural influences from Yamnaya. Mathieson et al. (2018) included a genetic analysis of eight males of the Globular Amphora culture. Three of them carried haplogroup I2a2a1b and a subclade of it; two carried I2a2 ; one carried I2 ; one carried BT and one carried CT . According to admixture analysis they also had approximately 70% EEF ancestry and 30% WHG ancestry, some of them with negligible Eastern Hunter-Gatherer and Yamnaya traces. Schroeder et al. (2019) examined 15 skeletons from

2360-495: The grave is seen as an intrusive cultural element by Marija Gimbutas . The practice of suttee , hypothesized by Gimbutas is also seen as a highly intrusive cultural element. The supporters of the Kurgan hypothesis point to these distinctive burial practices and state this may represent one of the earliest migrations of Indo-Europeans into Central Europe. In this context and given its area of occupation, this culture has been claimed as

2419-417: The grave, suggesting that they were away or had fled. Of the eight samples of Y-DNA extracted, all were found to belong to I2a-L801 . The fifteen mtDNA samples consisted of various subclades of T , H , J , K , HV . The skeletons showed about 70% EEF ancestry and 30% WHG ancestry, meaning they had no Indo-European WSH-ancestry. The archaeological and genetic evidence collected from the grave indicated that

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2478-512: The haplogroup STR haplotypes have the highest diversity in Ukraine, with ancestral STR marker result "DYS448=20" comprising " Dnieper - Carpathian " cluster, while younger derived result "DYS448=19" comprising the "Balkan cluster" which is predominant among the South Slavs. According to her, this "Balkan cluster" also has the highest variance in Ukraine, which indicates that the very high frequency in

2537-507: The high frequency of this subclade in the South Slavic -speaking populations to be the result of "pre-Slavic" paleolithic settlement in the region. Peričić et al. (2005) for instance placed its expansion to have occurred "not earlier than the YD to Holocene transition and not later than the early Neolithic ". However, the prehistoric autochthonous origin of the haplogroup I2 in the Balkans

2596-606: The highest variance and concentration in Eastern Europe (i.e., Ukraine , Southeastern Poland , Belarus ). According to YFull YTree it formed 11,400 YBP and had TMRCA 6,500 YBP , while its main subclades lineage is I-CTS10936 (6,500-5,600 YBP) > I-S19848 (5,600 YBP) > I-CTS4002 (5,600-5,100 YBP) > I-CTS10228 (5,100-3,400 YBP) > I-Y3120 (3,400-2,100 YBP) > I-Y18331 (2,100 YBP) / I-Z17855 (2,100-1650 YBP) / I-Y4460 (2,100 YBP) / I-S17250 (2,100-1,850 YBP) > I-PH908 (1,850-1,700 YBP). Older research considered that

2655-758: The linguistic borrowings identified in the Indo-Uralic thesis . However, according to Häkkinen, the Uralic–Indo-European contacts only start in the Corded Ware period and the Uralic expansion into the Upper Volga region postdates it. Häkkinen accepts Fatyanovo-Balanovo as an early Indo-European culture, but maintains that their substratum (identified with the Volosovo culture) was neither Uralic nor Indo-European. The prototypal Corded Ware culture, German Schnurkeramikkultur ,

2714-472: The major sub-periods of the Corded Ware culture elsewhere, some researchers conclude that Corded Ware appeared more or less simultaneously throughout North Central Europe approximately in the early 29th century BC (around 2900 BC), in a number of "centers" which subsequently formed their own local networks. Carbon-14 dating of the remaining central European regions shows that Corded Ware appeared after 2880 BC. According to this theory, it spread to

2773-699: The migrations of the Early Slavs to the Balkan peninsula. The oldest example so far found is that of Hohle Fels (49) from Germany , being at least 14,200 years old. Haplogroup I2a was the most frequent Y-DNA among Mesolithic Western European hunter-gatherers (WHG) belonging to Villabruna Cluster. A 2015 study found haplogroup I2a in 13,500 year old remains from the Azilian culture (from Grotte du Bichon , modern Switzerland ). Subclades of I2a1 (I-P37.2), namely I-M423 and I-M26, have been found in remains of WHGs dating from 10,000 to 8,000 years before present . In

2832-524: The origins and spread of the Indo-European languages. Autosomal genetic studies suggest that the people of the Corded Ware culture share significant levels of ancestry with Yamnaya as a consequence of a "massive migration" from the Pontic-Caspian steppe, and the people of both cultures may be directly descended from a genetically similar pre-Yamnaya population. Kristiansen et al. (2017) theorise that

2891-528: The populations of the United Kingdom and Ireland suggesting that it may have arisen amongst the Ancient Britons , with a most recent common ancestor (MRCA) who lived about 3,100 years BP . The presence of this subclade "provides some tentative evidence of ancient flow with eastern areas that could support the idea that the [late Celtic] La Tene culture was accompanied by some migration." Where it

2950-603: The province of Provence in southeastern France; the regions of Tuscany , Umbria , and Latium in Italy ; Moldavia and the area around Russia's Ryazan Oblast and Mordovia in Eastern Europe. Of historical note, both haplogroups I-M253 and I-M223 appear at a low frequency in the historical regions of Bithynia and Galatia in Turkey . Haplogroup I-M223 also occurs among approximately 1% of Sardinians . Haplogroup I2a1b1a1a (ISOGG 2019) or I-M284, has been found almost exclusively amongst

3009-643: The second belongs to Gleb Svyatoslavich (11th century). It was also found in the skeletal remains of Hungarian conquerors of the Carpathian Basin from the 9th century, part of Western Eurasian-Slavic component of the Hungarians. Haplogroup I-M223 aka I2a1b1 (ISOGG 2019), formerly I2a2a (ISOGG 2014). The age of YSTR variation for the I-M223 subclade has been variously estimated as 13.2±2.7 kya, 12.3±3.1 kya., 14.6 kya and 14.6±3.8 kya (Rootsi 2004). I-M223 has

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3068-548: The steppe. The Middle Dnieper culture and the Eastern Baltic Corded Ware culture gave rise to the Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture on the upper Volga, which in turn contributed to the Abashevo culture , a predecessor of the proto-Indo-Iranian Sintashta culture . The Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture may have been a culture with an Indo-European superstratum over a Uralic substratum , and may account for some of

3127-431: The underlying culture of a Germanic - Baltic - Slavic continuum. Tassi et al. (2017) extracted fifteen samples of mtDNA . The majority of the samples belonged to subclades of U and Haplogroup H (mtDNA) , along with J , W and K . The remains were found to be closely related to Early European Farmers and Western Hunter-Gatherers , with little genetic relation to the Yamnaya culture of Western Steppe Herders in

3186-426: The western extremity of this culture, west of the Elbe , and may have contributed to the pan-European spread of that culture. Although a similar social organization and settlement pattern to the Beaker were adopted, the Corded Ware group lacked the new refinements made possible through trade and communication by sea and rivers. The origins and dispersal of Corded Ware culture is one of the pivotal unresolved issues of

3245-441: Was based on raising a variety of livestock, pigs particularly in its earlier phase, in distinction to the Funnelbeaker culture's preference for cattle. Settlements are sparse, and these normally just contain small clusters pits. No convincing house-plans have yet been excavated. It is suggested that some of these settlements were not year-round, or indeed may have been temporary. Some evidence, such as paired oxen burials, suggests that

3304-433: Was located in an area defined by the Elbe catchment on the west and that of the Vistula on the east, extending southwards to the middle Dniester and eastwards to reach the Dnieper . West of the Elbe, some globular amphorae are found in megalithic graves. The GAC finds in the steppe area are normally attributed to a rather late expansion between 2950 and 2350 cal. BC from a centre in Wolhynia and Podolia . The economy

3363-417: Was once presumed to be the Urheimat of the Proto-Indo-Europeans based on their possession of the horse and wheeled vehicles, apparent warlike propensities, wide area of distribution and rapid intrusive expansion at the assumed time of the dispersal of Indo-European languages . Today this specific idea has lost currency, as the steppe hypothesis is currently the most widely accepted proposal to explain

3422-492: Was present in the Baden culture of the Chalcolithic Carpathian Basin. Although it is dominant among the modern Slavic peoples on the territory of the former Balkan provinces of the Roman Empire , until now it was not found among the samples from the Roman period and is almost absent in contemporary population of Italy . According to Pamjav et al. (2019) and Fóthi et al. (2020), the distribution of ancestral subclades like of I-CTS10228 among contemporary carriers indicates

3481-515: Was the fact that Corded Ware coincides considerably with the earlier north-central European Funnelbeaker culture (TRB). According to Gimbutas, the Corded Ware culture was preceded by the Globular Amphora culture (3400–2800 BC), which she regarded to be an Indo-European culture. The Globular Amphora culture stretched from central Europe to the Baltic sea, and emerged from the Funnelbeaker culture. According to controversial radiocarbon dates, Corded Ware ceramic forms in single graves develop earlier in

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