98-573: Glenelg is a beach-side suburb of the South Australian capital of Adelaide . Located on the shore of Holdfast Bay in Gulf St Vincent , it has become a tourist destination due to its beach and many attractions, home to several hotels and dozens of restaurants. Established in 1836, it is the oldest European settlement on mainland South Australia . It was named after Lord Glenelg , a member of British Cabinet and Secretary of State for War and
196-659: A Learning City . The number of international students studying in Adelaide has increased rapidly in recent years to 30,726 in 2015, of which 1,824 were secondary school students. Foreign institutions have been attracted to set up campuses to increase its attractiveness as an education hub. Adelaide is the birthplace of three Nobel laureates, more than any other Australian city : physicist William Lawrence Bragg and pathologists Howard Florey and Robin Warren , all of whom completed secondary and tertiary education at St Peter's College and
294-457: A "giant dog dropping" in the media; despite this it was very popular with young children and teenagers. As part of the Holdfast Shores development, Magic Mountain was finally demolished in 2004 and replaced with The Beachouse , a 5-storey modern centre with a more conservative design which still incorporates the historic carousel; it opened in mid-2006. Since its opening, The Beachouse has been
392-752: A Mr Stow, Borough Surveyor of Bermondsey , London. He became clerk of works at Yarmouth , later sailing first to Bermuda to construct an iron lighthouse , and then to Canada, where he worked in construction and engineering. After experiencing poor health, he returned to Bermuda and thence to London. On 15 May 1849 Wright emigrated with his brother Edward to the colony of South Australia , and although he first advertised his architectural services in South Australia in The South Australian Register in June 1849, he did not work as an architect until over
490-573: A decade later. The brothers worked as land agents and joined the rush to the Victorian goldfields , but by 1852 he had returned to Adelaide, where he married Agnes Jane Stuckey (née Rippingville). Between 1849 and 1860, Wright worked in a number of roles, including as a clerk for the Mt Remarkable Mining Company . He also worked as a surveyor with the Union Land and Building Society and
588-413: A four-yearly basis, are responsible for local roads and stormwater management, waste collection, planning and development, fire prevention and hazard management, dog and cat management and control, parking control, public health and food inspections, and other services for their local communities. Councils have the power to raise revenue for their activities, which is mostly achieved through "council rates",
686-430: A police shed and a three-story kiosk with tea rooms . The kiosk structure also housed a family. The jetty kiosk was wrecked in a storm in 1943, and the jetty was severely damaged by a freak cyclone in 1948. Most of the structure washed away and the remaining structure was deemed unsafe. Just two weeks later, the local council began drafting plans for a new jetty and construction was completed in 1969. The new structure
784-426: A similar amusement park was constructed on Glenelg's foreshore in 1930. Luna Park Glenelg was placed in voluntary liquidation in 1934, and all the rides (excluding a single carousel ) were disassembled, purchased by the directors, and transported to Sydney , where they were used in the construction of Luna Park Sydney . The park's managers claimed that the reasons for the closure were the inability to make money from
882-676: A tax based on property valuations. Council rates make up about 70% of council revenue, but account for less than 4% of total taxes paid by Australians. As at December 2021 the population of South Australia was 1,806,599. A majority of the state's population lives within Greater Adelaide 's metropolitan area which had an estimated population of 1,333,927 in June 2017. Other significant population centres include Mount Gambier (29,505), Victor Harbor - Goolwa (26,334), Whyalla (21,976), Murray Bridge (18,452), Port Lincoln (16,281), Port Pirie (14,267), and Port Augusta (13,957). At
980-653: A temporary settlement at Kingscote , Kangaroo Island , on 26 July 1836, five months before Adelaide was founded. The guiding principle behind settlement was that of systematic colonisation , a theory espoused by Edward Gibbon Wakefield that was later employed by the New Zealand Company . The goal was to establish the province as a centre of civilisation for free immigrants, promising civil liberties and religious tolerance. Although its history has been marked by periods of economic hardship, South Australia has remained politically innovative and culturally vibrant. Today, it
1078-488: A widely popular attraction of the Glenelg area, appealing to both adults and children. A 25-metre single-arm Ferris wheel was a prominent feature of the area until its closure. South Australia's second largest wastewater treatment plants is located in Glenelg. It was first established in 1933, and was upgraded in 1945, 1962, 1973 and most recently in 2002. A pipeline pumps 2.8 gigalitres of treated wastewater to Adelaide where it
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#17328582248101176-432: Is a state in the southern central part of Australia . With a total land area of 984,321 square kilometres (380,048 sq mi), it is the fourth-largest of Australia's states and territories by area, which includes some of the most arid parts of the continent, and with 1.8 million people it is the fifth-largest of the states and territories by population. This population is the second-most highly centralised in
1274-472: Is also the world's fourth-largest remaining copper deposit, and the world's fifth largest gold deposit. There was a proposal to vastly expand the operations of the mine, making it the largest open-cut mine in the world, but in 2012 the BHP Billiton board decided not to go ahead with it at that time due to then lower commodity prices. The remote town of Coober Pedy produces more opal than anywhere else in
1372-806: Is an annual celebration of the Epiphany for the Orthodox faithful of Adelaide , accompanied by the Greek festival of the Theophany . A shark museum owned and operated by conservationist and shark attack survivor Rodney Fox once operated in Glenelg. Many of its former exhibits were leased to the South Australian Whale Centre, Victor Harbor , in 2008. Glenelg is home to a team in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL),
1470-582: Is flanked by the Southern Ocean , but official international consensus defines the Southern Ocean as extending north from the pole only to 60°S or 55°S, at least 17 degrees of latitude further south than the most southern point of South Australia. Thus the south coast is officially adjacent to the south-most portion of the Indian Ocean. See Southern Ocean: Existence and definitions . The southern part of
1568-524: Is known for its fine wine and numerous cultural festivals. The state's economy is dominated by the agricultural, manufacturing and mining industries. Evidence of human activity in South Australia dates back as far as 20,000 years, with flint mining activity and rock art in the Koonalda Cave on the Nullarbor Plain . In addition wooden spears and tools were made in an area now covered in peat bog in
1666-588: Is remembered by a commemorative plaque in the Jubilee 150 Walkway along North Terrace in the city. Sculptor John Dowie dubbed Wright "the Christopher Wren of Adelaide". Biographer P. A. Howell suggests that Wright does not deserve the reputation that he has been accorded since 1971, suggesting that "most of Wright's partners were gifted professionals who merited a large share of the honour accorded him". The Edmund Wright Heritage Awards were administered by
1764-503: Is skewed upwards more so than that of the Australian population. 26.4% of persons were 65 years or older in 2001, compared to the Australian average of 12.6%. 20.4% of persons were younger than 25 years, compared to the Australian average of 34.5%. The suburb is bordered by Anzac Highway , (the road link to the Adelaide city centre ), to the north, Brighton Road to the west and Pier Street to
1862-547: Is the Mount Lofty - Flinders Ranges system, which extends north about 800 kilometres (500 mi) from Cape Jervis to the northern end of Lake Torrens . The highest point in the state is not in those ranges; Mount Woodroffe (1,435 metres (4,708 ft)) is in the Musgrave Ranges in the extreme northwest of the state. The south-western portion of the state consists of the sparsely inhabited Nullarbor Plain , fronted by
1960-462: Is used to irrigate green spaces, such as parks and ovals. The facility also conducts tours for school groups and visitors to learn about water supply and treatment. The plant also returns treated wastewater to the ocean. The most significant pollutants discharged to the sea (by mass) in 2018/19 were: nitrogen (180 tonnes), phosphorus (78 tonnes), chlorine (32 tonnes), ammonia (14 tonnes), fluoride (14 tonnes) and zinc (1 tonne). Atlantic Tower
2058-556: The Adelaide Entertainment Centre . The route dates back to 1873. The wide beach is popular with visitors and locals alike, and tourists to Adelaide often visit Glenelg. To the north is the mouth of the Patawalonga River , which has been dammed to create an artificial lake which is used as a boat harbour, with a lock down to the sea. This is a popular spot for recreational boating . A replica of HMS Buffalo
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#17328582248102156-710: The Adelaide Hills . Tomatoes , capsicums , cucumbers , brassicas , lettuce and carrots are grown on the Northern Adelaide Plains at Virginia . Almonds , citrus and stone fruit are grown in the Riverland . Potatoes , onions and carrots are grown in the Murray Mallee region. Potatoes are grown on Kangaroo Island . South Australia produces more than half of all Australian wine, including almost 80% of Australia's premium wines. South Australia has
2254-477: The Adelaide Town Hall , Adelaide GPO (General Post Office) , and Brougham Place Congregational Church , some in collaboration with Woods or other architects. The town hall was opened in 1866 after substantial modifications demanded by the councillors, to make it suitable for more purposes. Wright was paid to superintend the work. The post office also had to undergo major alterations to its design before it
2352-767: The Dutch ship the Gulden Zeepaert , captained by François Thijssen , examined and mapped a section of the coastline as far east as the Nuyts Archipelago . Thijssen named the whole of the country eastward of the Leeuwin "Nuyts Land", after a distinguished passenger on board; the Hon. Pieter Nuyts , one of the Councillors of India . The coastline of South Australia was first mapped by Matthew Flinders and Nicolas Baudin in 1802, excepting
2450-656: The Glenelg Tigers , and the Glenelg Seahorses in the South Australian Grade Cricket League In late 2020, The Nature Conservancy used a large barge to scatter several hundred tonnes of stone across the sea floor about 1 km (0.62 mi) offshore, to create 2 ha (4.9 acres) of substrate for a new oyster reef for the native angasi oyster , which had been nearly eliminated in Australian waters by over-harvesting and dredging during
2548-656: The Governor of South Australia as his representative. It is a state of the Commonwealth of Australia . The bicameral Parliament of South Australia consists of the lower house known as the House of Assembly and the upper house known as the Legislative Council . General elections are held every four years, the last being the 2022 election . Initially, the Governor of South Australia held almost total power, derived from
2646-569: The Hornsdale Wind Farm in South Australia's Mid-North region. At the time of construction in late 2017, it was billed as the largest lithium-ion battery in the world. The Olympic Dam mine near Roxby Downs in northern South Australia is the largest deposit of uranium in the world, possessing more than a third of the world's low-cost recoverable reserves and 70% of Australia's. The mine, owned and operated by BHP , presently accounts for 9% of global uranium production. The Olympic Dam mine
2744-699: The Riverland and the Adelaide Hills . See South Australian wine . South Australia has boundaries with every other Australian mainland state and territory except the Australian Capital Territory and the Jervis Bay Territory . The Western Australia border has a history involving the South Australian government astronomer, G.F. Dodwell, and the Western Australian Government Astronomer , H.B. Curlewis , marking
2842-473: The South Australia Act 1834 ( Foundation Act ), which empowered His Majesty to erect and establish a province or provinces in southern Australia. The act stated that the land between 132° and 141° east longitude and from 26° south latitude to the southern ocean would be allotted to the intended colony, and it would be convict-free. In contrast to the rest of Australia, terra nullius did not apply to
2940-667: The South Australian House of Assembly . It was previously in the seat of Glenelg . The current sitting member is Stephen Patterson of the Liberal Party of Australia , who has held the seat since 2018. Federally, Glenelg is in the Division of Boothby and has been held by Louise Miller-Frost of the Australian Labor Party since the 2022 election. South Australia South Australia (commonly abbreviated as SA )
3038-511: The University of Adelaide . Adelaide is home to research institutes, including the Royal Institution of Australia , established in 2009 as a counterpart to the two-hundred-year-old Royal Institution of Great Britain. Most of the research organisations are clustered in the Adelaide metropolitan area: South Australia is a constitutional monarchy with King Charles III as sovereign, and
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3136-465: The 19th and early 20th centuries. Oyster reefs and seagrass beds help to protect coastlines from the effects of storm events and climate change , as well as offering the benefits of greater biodiversity , which helps to protect fish stocks, and protection from extremes of temperatures, which can threaten vulnerable species . Since 1985 Glenelg has been located in the Electoral district of Morphett for
3234-534: The 2016 census, 78.2% of the population spoke only English at home. The other languages most commonly spoken at home were Italian (1.7%), Standard Mandarin (1.7%), Greek (1.4%), Vietnamese (1.1%), and Cantonese (0.6%). At the 2016 census , overall 53.9% of responses identified some variant of Christianity . 9% of respondents chose not to state a religion. The most commonly nominated responses were 'No Religion' (35.4%), Catholicism (18%), Anglicanism (10%) and Uniting Church (7.1%). South Australia
3332-417: The 2016 census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were: 28.9% of the population was born overseas at the 2016 census. The five largest groups of overseas-born were from England (5.8%), India (1.6%), China (1.5%), Italy (1.1%) and Vietnam (0.9%). 2% of the population, or 34,184 people, identified as Indigenous Australians ( Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders ) in 2016. At
3430-572: The 2020–21 financial year. This was the first time since the Australian Bureau of Statistics began collecting data in 1990 that South Australia had outperformed the other states. The recovery was driven in part by growth in the agricultural sector, which increased its production by almost 24% thanks to the end of a drought. Wheat , barley , oats , rye , peas , beans , chickpeas , lentils and canola are grown in South Australia. Apples , pears , cherries and strawberries are grown in
3528-640: The Alliance Assurance Company, and as City Surveyor for the Corporation of Adelaide, and as an insurance agent for the Imperial Fire Insurance Company. He was appointed to the boards of several mining companies. Wright gave talks in which he proposed adopting elements of some Italian styles of architecture, such as flat rather than steeply-pitched roofs , and suggested that that large rooms were cooler in hot summers. He preferred
3626-591: The City of Adelaide is currently located. The first immigrants arrived at Holdfast Bay (near the present day Glenelg ) in November 1836. The commencement of colonial government was proclaimed on 28 December 1836, now known as Proclamation Day . South Australia is the only Australian state to have never received British convicts. Another free settlement, Swan River colony was established in 1829 but Western Australia later sought convict labour, and in 1849 Western Australia
3724-595: The Colonies . Through Lord Glenelg the name derives from Glenelg, Highland , Scotland . Prior to the 1836 British colonisation of South Australia , Glenelg and the rest of the Adelaide Plains was home to the Kaurna group of Aboriginal Australians . They knew the area as "Pattawilya" and the local river as "Pattawilyangga", now named the Patawalonga River . Evidence has shown that at least two smallpox epidemics had killed
3822-771: The German Lutheran church to this day. South Australia was the location of the first Muslim mosque in Australia. Edmund William Wright Edmund William Wright (4 April 1824 – 5 August 1888) was a London -born architect in the colony of South Australia . He was mayor of Adelaide for 10 months in 1859. He designed many civic, commercial, ecclesiastical, and residential buildings in Adelaide city centre and its suburbs, in styles influenced by French and Italian Renaissance , as well as Neoclassical architecture . He collaborated with other notable architects E. J. Woods , Isidor Beaver , and Edward Hamilton in designing some of
3920-406: The Glenelg jetty to Kangaroo Island by steamer. Various additions to the jetty were made, none of which stand today. A lighthouse was built in 1872 at the jetty's end, but a year later it caught fire and was cast into the sea to save the rest of the structure. A replacement lighthouse was built in 1874, and was 12.1 metres (40 ft) tall. Other additions included public baths , an aquarium ,
4018-689: The Heritage Place (Non Residential) category, for their upgrade of the Torrens Parade Ground building. In 2005, Chapman Herbert Architects won the award in two categories: Heritage Places (Non-Residential) and Minister's Award for Outstanding Contribution, for their "City Hall & Cave Garden II Redevelopment" in Mt Gambier . In the same year, Artlab Australia commendation in the Heritage Trades and Products category for their restoration of
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4116-574: The Imperial Parliament enacted the Australian Colonies Government Act , which allowed for the election of representatives to each of the colonial legislatures and the drafting of a constitution to properly create representative and responsible government in South Australia. Later that year, propertied male colonists were allowed to vote for 16 members on a new 24 seat Legislative Council. Eight members continued to be appointed by
4214-616: The Platinum Apartment building scaled down from fifteen stories to nine, and the cinema complex cancelled. The 2016 Census by the Australian Bureau of Statistics counted 3,349 persons in Glenelg on the night of the census. The majority of residents are of Northern European descent, and almost two-thirds of residents are at least second generation Australian. Glenelg is a predominantly Christian community, with common affiliations, in descending order, Catholic , Anglican , no religion and Uniting . The age distribution of Glenelg residents
4312-764: The South Australian Department for Environment and Heritage from 2003 to 2005. The inaugural Edmund Wright Heritage Award for Heritage Places in 2003 was won by Peter Moeck for the new auditorium of the Anglican St John's Church in Salisbury (originally designed by Daniel Garlick , gutted by fire in 1989 ), project by Brown Falconer. In 2004, the Danvers Studio won Edmund Wright Heritage Awards in two categories: Outstanding Contribution, and Adaptive Re-use (Non-Residential). Grieve Gillett Architects won in
4410-462: The South East. Kangaroo Island was inhabited long before the island was cut off by rising sea levels . According to mitochondrial DNA research, Aboriginal people reached Eyre Peninsula 49,000-45,000 years ago from both the east (clockwise, along the coast, from northern Australia) and the west (anti-clockwise). The first recorded European sighting of the South Australian coast was in 1627 when
4508-761: The St Leonard's Inn. A telegraph office was opened in September 1859 and the two offices amalgamated in 1868. The present post office building on Moseley Square was built in 1912. The sale of the surveyed lots that constitute the Town of Glenelg was remarkable: the right to purchase, at £1 per " town acre ", was allocated by means of a ballot held in February 1839. The "winner" was a syndicate of six led by William Finke , with Osmond Gilles , his nephew John Jackson Oakden and H. R. Wigley (father of W. R. Wigley ) notable members. Among
4606-557: The beach. The Holdfast Bay city council acquired the hall in 1887. Today it houses a museum, tourist information centre and restaurants. Construction of Glenelg's first jetty commenced in August 1857. It was opened on 25 April 1859. The structure was 381 metres (1,250 ft) long and cost over £ 31,000 to build. It served fishermen and maritime traders, including a mail service operated by P&O , until Port Adelaide replaced it as Adelaide's main port. Passengers were also able travel from
4704-501: The border on the ground in the 1920s. In 1863, that part of New South Wales to the north of South Australia was annexed to South Australia, by letters patent, as the "Northern Territory of South Australia", which became shortened to the Northern Territory on 6 July 1863 . The Northern Territory was handed to the federal government in 1911 and became a separate territory. According to Australian maps, South Australia's south coast
4802-560: The building is "arguably South Australia's most spectacular heritage building". Wright was elected as an alderman on the City of Adelaide Council in July 1857. In January 1859, he became mayor but resigned in November of the same year. Wright was an inaugural member of the Society of Architects, Engineers, and Surveyors in 1858. In 1859 he read a paper to the society outlining his architectural philosophy for South Australia. In September 1885, he
4900-604: The cliffs of the Great Australian Bight . Features of the coast include Spencer Gulf and the Eyre and Yorke Peninsulas that surround it. The Temperate Grassland of South Australia is situated to the east of Gulf St Vincent . The principal industries and exports of South Australia are wheat, wine and wool. More than half of Australia's wines are produced in the South Australian wine regions which principally include Barossa Valley , Clare Valley , McLaren Vale , Coonawarra ,
4998-469: The colony of New South Wales . Although the new colony included almost two-thirds of the continent, early settlements were all on the eastern coast and only a few intrepid explorers ventured this far west. It took more than forty years before any serious proposal to establish settlements in the south-western portion of New South Wales were put forward. On 15 August 1834, the British Parliament passed
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#17328582248105096-581: The community and enforce government regulations. Their principal role was to run the first temporary gaol, a two-room hut. The current flag of South Australia was adopted on 13 January 1904, and is a British blue ensign defaced with the state badge. The badge is described as a piping shrike with wings outstretched on a yellow disc. The state badge is believed to have been designed by Robert Craig of Adelaide's School of Design . The terrain consists largely of arid and semi-arid rangelands, with several low mountain ranges . The most important (but not tallest)
5194-464: The construction of St Peter's Cathedral at North Adelaide. In 1879 James Henry Reed went into partnership with Wright, forming Wright & Reed Architects. In March 1886 Isidor George Beaver joined the partnership, which was renamed Wright, Reed & Beaver (for only two years, as Wright died in 1888). Wright was senior partner in his later years. Wright won several architectural competitions to design notable buildings in Adelaide, including
5292-561: The couple had a further four children, of whom only three survived to adulthood. Wright bought and extended the cottage formerly rented by Stuckey 26 Palmer Place, North Adelaide (later the site of "the Walkley house", designed prominent Australian architect Robin Boyd in 1955). Wright died of bowel obstruction on 5 August 1888 and was buried in North Road Cemetery , Nailsworth . He
5390-433: The establishment of their whale and seal fisheries, the South Australian Company sought, and obtained, the Commissioners' permission to send Company ships to South Australia, in advance of the surveys and ahead of the Commissioners' colonists. The company's settlement of seven vessels and 636 people was temporarily made at Kingscote on Kangaroo Island, until the official site of the capital was selected by William Light, where
5488-451: The extensive reefs were decimated after colonisation; it is estimated that in South Australia alone, at least 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) of coastal reefs were destroyed by the 21st century. Oyster fishing was practised by the early settlers, and much of the damage was caused by using dredging to collect the oysters, which led to the reefs being damaged. The first British settlers set sail for South Australia in 1836. Several locations for
5586-424: The first in the world to allow women to stand for election. In 1897 Catherine Helen Spence was the first woman in Australia to be a candidate for political office when she was nominated to be one of South Australia's delegates to the conventions that drafted the constitution. South Australia became an original state of the Commonwealth of Australia on 1 January 1901. Although the lower house had universal suffrage,
5684-449: The government is the party or coalition that exerts a majority in the House of Assembly. The Legislative Council remained a predominantly conservative chamber elected by property owners. Women's suffrage in Australia took a leap forward – enacted in 1895 and taking effect from the 1896 colonial election , South Australia was the first government in Australia and only the second in the world after New Zealand to allow women to vote, and
5782-416: The governor. The main responsibility of this body was to draft a constitution for South Australia. The body drafted the most democratic constitution ever seen in the British Empire and provided for universal manhood suffrage . It created the bicameral Parliament of South Australia . For the first time in the colony, the executive was elected by the people, and the colony used the Westminster system , where
5880-477: The inaugural the Adelaide Chamber Singers ' inaugural concert, many recitals, and Adelaide Fringe shows, while the offices were once occupied by the SA Government's Arts Department. The building became vacant around 2014 or 2015, and was sold to a private Sydney -based buyer by the Marshall government in 2019. In 2024, journalist David Washington compared its fate to Chelsea Town Hall in London, which had recently undergone extensive refurbishment, suggesting that
5978-401: The inlet later named the Port Adelaide River which was first discovered in 1831 by Captain Collet Barker and later accurately charted in 1836–37 by Colonel William Light , leader of the South Australian Colonization Commissioners' 'First Expedition' and first Surveyor-General of South Australia. The land which now forms the state of South Australia was claimed for Britain in 1788 as part of
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#17328582248106076-413: The late 1990s, included the construction of the Marina Pier apartment building with its own private marina in Glenelg North , and the Pier Hotel, founded 2001, and unrelated to the historic Pier Hotel on Moseley Square. The development was met with strong opposition, from both local residents and the City of Holdfast Bay, fearing overdevelopment would ruin the area. Parts of the plan were scaled back, with
6174-403: The lead over other Australian states for its commercialisation and commitment to renewable energy . It is now the leading producer of wind power in Australia. Renewable energy is a growing source of electricity in South Australia, and there is potential for growth from this particular industry of the state's economy. The Hornsdale Power Reserve is a bank of grid-connected batteries adjacent to
6272-406: The least amount of federal funding for its local road network of all states on a per capita and a per kilometre basis. During 2019-20: South Australia's gross state product (GSP) fell 1.4% in chain volume (real) terms (nationally, gross domestic product (GDP) fell 0.3%). South Australia came out of the COVID-19 recession better than the other Australian states, with the economy growing by 3.9% in
6370-467: The letters patent of the imperial government to create the colony. He was accountable only to the British Colonial Office , and thus democracy did not exist in the colony. A new body was created to advise the governor on the administration of South Australia in 1843 called the Legislative Council. It consisted of three representatives of the British Government and four colonists appointed by the governor. The governor retained total executive power. In 1851,
6468-413: The majority of the Kaurna population prior to 1836. The disease appeared to have come down the Murray River from New South Wales . Prior to European settlement there were huge oyster reefs of Australian flat oysters ( Ostrea angasi , also known as the Southern mud oyster) off Glenelg. Oysters were of huge importance as a food source for Indigenous Australians at many locations around Australia, but
6566-439: The most notable buildings. Edmund William Wright born on 4 April 1824 in Fulham , London . He was the son of Stephen Amand Wright, who was Master of Ordnance at the Tower of London , and Lucy Elizabeth, née Tomkins. Wright spent holidays in France, as there were French relatives, and it is thought that memories of these influenced his later designs. He trained as architect, surveyor, and engineer, graduating when articled to
6664-425: The nation after Western Australia , with more than 77% of South Australians living in the capital Adelaide or its environs. Other population centres in the state are relatively small; Mount Gambier , the second-largest centre, has a population of 26,878. South Australia shares borders with all the other mainland states. It is bordered to the west by Western Australia , to the north by the Northern Territory , to
6762-494: The new province. The Letters Patent , which used the enabling provisions of the South Australia Act 1834 to fix the boundaries of the Province of South Australia, provided that "nothing in those our Letters Patent shall affect or be construed to affect the rights of any Aboriginal Natives of the said Province to the actual occupation and enjoyment in their own Persons or in the Persons of their Descendants of any Lands therein now actually occupied or enjoyed by such Natives." Although
6860-408: The north-east by Queensland , to the east by New South Wales , to the south-east by Victoria , and to the south by the Great Australian Bight . The state comprises less than 8% of the Australian population and ranks fifth in population among the six states and two territories. The majority of its people reside in greater Metropolitan Adelaide. Most of the remainder are settled in fertile areas along
6958-434: The park as it was, and opposition to changes from Council and residents, who were afraid that "undesirables" would be attracted to the area. Built near the former Luna Park site was Magic Mountain , which first opened in 1982. It featured water slides, mini-golf, bumper boats, dodgem cars and many other amusements and was popular with many Adelaide residents. It was also extensively criticised, called an eyesore and likened to
7056-586: The patent guaranteed land rights under force of law for the indigenous inhabitants, it was ignored by the South Australian Company authorities and squatters. Despite strong reference to the rights of the native population in the initial proclamation by the Governor, there were many conflicts and deaths in the Australian Frontier Wars in South Australia. Survey was required before settlement of
7154-532: The practice of Adelaide architect Henry Stuckey (1821 – 31 May 1851). In that year, he won a competition to design a bridge over the Torrens River to be known as the City Bridge, but after delaying until 1854, government architect William Bennett Hays and his department designed an iron bridge to be ordered from England. In 1860, Wright and E. J. Woods formed a partnership. In 1858 Wright had submitted
7252-429: The project had become an embarrassment and an "eye sore" without providing a safe harbour as originally intended. Today, the structures are heavily eroded and are colonised with marine life. The site is an artificial reef known to divers and snorkelers as "The Blocks" or "The Glenelg Blocks". Glenelg has been a popular spot for recreation and leisure for much of its history. Following the success of Luna Park, Melbourne ,
7350-501: The protection of yachts and the local fishing fleet. Parliamentary approval was granted in 1905. In 1909 and 1910, work was dogged by losses of machinery to rough seas and concrete piles that shattered when driven. Pile-driving for seabed study had some success in 1913. By mid-1916 the project remained incomplete and its future was uncertain. In 1918, the contractors took legal action against the Government seeking damages of £80,000. By 1919,
7448-470: The province, and the Colonization Commissioners for South Australia appointed William Light as the leader of its 'First Expedition', tasked with examining 1500 miles of the South Australian coastline and selecting the best site for the capital, and with then planning and surveying the site of the city into one-acre Town Sections and its surrounds into 134-acre Country Sections. Eager to commence
7546-464: The settlement were considered, including Kangaroo Island , Port Lincoln and Encounter Bay . The Adelaide plains were chosen by Colonel William Light , and Governor John Hindmarsh proclaimed the province of South Australia at the site of The Old Gum Tree in Glenelg North on 28 December 1836. The first post office in Glenelg opened on 5 December 1849; the first postmaster was John McDonald of
7644-528: The south-eastern coast and River Murray . The state's colonial origins are unique in Australia as a freely settled, planned British province , rather than as a convict settlement. Colonial government commenced on 28 December 1836, when the members of the council were sworn in near the Old Gum Tree . As with the rest of the continent, the region has a long history of human occupation by numerous tribes and languages. The South Australian Company established
7742-476: The south. Jetty Road is the main shopping strip in the suburb, and runs down the middle. Adelaide Metro operates several bus services from Glenelg to various destinations including the central business district and Adelaide Airport . The local council operates a free loop bus service in the area. Glenelg is the terminus of the Glenelg tram line , which runs from Moseley Square , along Jetty Road though Glenelg, to
7840-491: The state has a Mediterranean climate , while the rest of the state has either an arid or semi-arid climate . South Australia's main temperature range is 29 °C (84 °F) in January and 15 °C (59 °F) in July. The highest maximum temperature ever recorded was 50.7 °C (123.3 °F) at Oodnadatta on 2 January 1960, which is the highest official temperature recorded in Australia. The lowest minimum temperature
7938-578: The state's upper house with the balance of power controlled by a variety of minor parties and independents. Local government in South Australia is established by the Constitution Act 1934 (SA), the Local Government Act 1999 (SA), and the Local Government (Elections) Act 1999 (SA). South Australia contains 68 councils and 6 Aboriginal and outback communities . Local councils, elected on
8036-533: The style of "Gothic-Italian" architecture seen in northern Italy over Gothic architecture . His building designs were influenced by French , Italian Renaissance architecture , with his best works showing more Neoclassical elements. His style has been dubbed "Victorian Free Classical" style. His designs for Parliament House were in Victorian Academic Classical style, while his bank designs were Renaissance style. In June 1851 Wright took over
8134-533: The town's earliest public buildings were the Independent (Congregational) church, opened 7 March 1848, St Peter's (Anglican) church, opened 28 March 1852 and the Pier Hotel, opened Christmas Day 1856, all the work of Henry J. Moseley , for whom Moseley Street and Moseley Square were named. No trace of the original structures remains. The Corporate Town of Glenelg was proclaimed in 1855, separating local governance of
8232-759: The township of Glenelg from that of the West Torrens and Brighton district councils. Construction of the Glenelg Institute, which is now the Glenelg Town Hall, started in December 1875. The institute opened in 1877, with lecture rooms, a concert hall and a library. The classical structure was designed by Edmund Wright , whose works include the Adelaide Town Hall and Adelaide General Post Office on King William Street . The hall sits on Moseley Square, just off
8330-582: The upper house, the Legislative Council, remained the exclusive domain of property owners until the Labor government of Don Dunstan managed to achieve reform of the chamber in 1973. Property qualifications were removed and the Council became a body elected via proportional representation by a single state-wide electorate. Since the following 1975 South Australian state election , no one party has had control of
8428-458: The winning design for a competition for Adelaide Town Hall , but he was mayor at that time, so declined the prize. A second competition was held on 20 January 1863, in which Wright & Woods' plans won. From 1866 the partnership included E. A. Hamilton in the architectural firm of Wright, Woods & Hamilton. Wright and Woods got on well, but Woods left the partnership in 1869 because Bishop Augustus Short requested that he devote himself to
8526-447: The world. Opal was first discovered near the town in 1915, and the town became the site of an opal rush, enticing immigrants from southern and eastern Europe in the aftermath of World War II . Higher education and research in Adelaide forms an important part of South Australia's economy. The South Australian Government and educational institutions have attempted to position Adelaide as Australia's education hub and have marketed it as
8624-461: Was built in the late 1970s and was Adelaide's tallest residential building at the time. The fourteen-story tower featured a revolving restaurant on its top floor, and was part of a larger development plan that never eventuated. Many other high-rise buildings exist in Glenelg, including the fifteen-story Stamford Grand hotel on Moseley Square , built in 1990, and the twelve-story Liberty Towers, built in 2004. The Holdfast Shores development, starting in
8722-509: Was built. The headquarters for the old Bank of South Australia (which became defunct in 1892 ) was designed by Wright in collaboration with Melbourne -based architect Lloyd Tayler. The building style is influenced by classical and Renaissance architecture , while the richly-decorated interiors are in Rococo Revival style. Subsequent to the demise of the Bank of South Australia, the building
8820-458: Was constructed in 1980 on the shore of the Patawalonga, with the appearance of being moored in the artificial lake , with a restaurant operating on it. It was demolished in 2019, after its popularity declined and it was no longer viable as a business. Jetty Road is a long ribbon of shops, entertainment facilities and other commercial activities and is the main shopping precinct in Glenelg. There
8918-547: Was elected president of the South Australian Architects' Association . Woods was patron, while Beaver, Edward Davies , and W. A. Reid were elected as vice-presidents. Wright was elected vice-president of the South Australian Institute of Architects after its foundation in 1886. Wright married Agnes, the widow of Henry Stuckey (c. 1820 – 31 May 1851), on 26 October 1852. She had a daughter, and
9016-543: Was formally constituted as a penal colony. Although South Australia was constituted such that convicts could never be transported to the Province, some emancipated or escaped convicts or expirees made their own way there, both prior to 1836, or later, and may have constituted 1–2% of the early population. The plan for the province was that it would be an experiment in reform, addressing the problems perceived in British society. There
9114-400: Was just 215 metres (705 ft) long, less than two-thirds of the length of the original jetty. The second jetty continues to stand today, at the end of Jetty Road . On 1 January 2016, two boys were drowned after falling into the water from rocks to north of the jetty. An ill-fated breakwater construction project was conceived in the early 1900s, intended to create an artificial harbour for
9212-471: Was occupied by three major banks in succession, before being sold to a commercial developer, who planned to demolish it in 1971. A public campaign that raised A$ 250,000 saved the building, and it was bought by the Dunstan government and renamed Edmund Wright House. The campaign also led to the passing of the first SA heritage laws in 1978. The banking chamber was used for various types of performances, including
9310-461: Was the first Australian colony not to have an official state religion, and the colony became attractive to people who had experienced religious discrimination, including Methodists and Unitarians . South Australia also had thousands of Prussian Old Lutheran immigrants, some of whom established their own form of Lutheranism. As a result, the Lutheran Church of Australia remains separate from
9408-470: Was to be religious freedom and no established religion. Sales of land to colonists created an Emigration Fund to pay the costs of transferring a poor young labouring population to South Australia. In early 1838 the colonists became concerned after it was reported that convicts who had escaped from the eastern states may make their way to South Australia. The South Australia Police was formed in April 1838 to protect
9506-507: Was upgraded to AAA by Standard & Poor's in September 2004 and to AAA by Moody's in November 2004, the highest credit ratings achievable by any company or sovereign. The state had previously lost these ratings in the State Bank collapse. However, in 2012 Standard & Poor's downgraded the state's credit rating to AA+ due to declining revenues, new spending initiatives and a weaker than expected budgetary outlook. South Australia receives
9604-769: Was −8.2 °C (17.2 °F) at Yongala on 20 July 1976. The region's overall dry weather is owed to the Australian High on the Great Australian Bight. As of 2016, South Australia had 746,105 people employed out of a total workforce of 806,593, giving an unemployment rate of 7.5%. South Australia's largest employment sector is health care and social assistance, making up 14.8% of the state's total employment, followed by retail (10.7%), education and training (8.6%), manufacturing (8%), and construction (7.6%). South Australia's economy relies on exports more than any other state in Australia. South Australia's credit rating
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