49-492: The Glasgow Royal Infirmary ( GRI ) is a large teaching hospital . With a capacity of around 1,000 beds, the hospital campus covers an area of around 8 hectares (20 acres), and straddles the Townhead and Dennistoun districts on the north-eastern fringe of the city centre of Glasgow , Scotland. It is managed by NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde . It was originally opened in 1794, with the present main building dating from 1914, with
98-507: A residency program to educate qualified physicians, podiatrists , dentists , and pharmacists who are receiving training after attaining the degree of MD , DO , DPM , DDS , DMD, PharmD , BDS , BDent , MBBS, MBChB, or BMed . Those that attend a teaching hospital or clinic would practice medicine under the direct or indirect supervision of a senior medical clinician registered in that specialty, such as an attending physician or consultant . The purpose of these residency programs
147-666: A counterfeit oil terminus at Dover as part of the Operation Fortitude deception plan for the Normandy landings. Spence subsequently took part in the D-Day landings in 1944. He was demobilised in September 1945, having reached the rank of major and been mentioned in despatches twice. Spence returned to Rowand Anderson & Paul & Partners briefly, before setting up his own practice, Basil Spence & Partners, with Bruce Robertson. He
196-515: A full surgeon in 1877. While at the Infirmary he introduced the practice of doctors wearing sterilisable white coats and pioneered operations on the brain for tumours, abscesses and trauma. In 1896, John Macintyre , Medical Electrician at the Infirmary, opened one of the first radiological departments in the world. In 1908, one of MacEwen's students James Pringle , developed the Pringle manoeuvre which
245-528: A maintenance scholarship on the strength of the "unusual brilliance" of his work. He won several prizes at the college, and meanwhile carried out paid work drawing architectural perspectives for practising architects including Leslie Grahame-Thomson, Reginald Fairlie and Frank Mears . In 1929–1930, he spent a year as an assistant, along with William Kininmonth , in the London office of Sir Edwin Lutyens , whose work
294-593: A major extension completed in 1982. A Royal Charter was obtained in 1791 granting the Crown-owned land to the hospital. The infirmary was built beside Glasgow Cathedral on land that held the ruins of the Bishop's Castle , which dated from at least the 13th century but had been allowed to fall into disrepair. George Jardine, Professor of Logic, was appointed the first manager in January 1793. Designed by Robert and James Adam ,
343-628: A modernist Regency style, with assistance from Perry Duncan, an American architect hired by the Colvilles when Spence was too busy with exhibition work to progress the project. In 1939, Spence was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the Camouflage Training and Development Centre of the British Army . He was initially based at Farnham in Surrey. His work included, prior to D-Day, the design of
392-578: A room within the office of Rowand Anderson & Paul (at that time having Arthur Forman Balfour Paul as sole partner), in Rutland Square, Edinburgh. The practice was founded on two residential commissions which Kininmonth had obtained that year. Spence also received commissions to illustrate other architects' work, including the Southside Garage, on Causewayside, Edinburgh, in an Art Deco style (although credited to Spence his name appears nowhere on
441-563: A second course was given which consisted of Medicine, Surgery and Practical Nursing. The prospective nurse was then able to enter the Hospital with this theoretical knowledge. Strong retired in 1907. Over the course of her career at the GRI she fought to improve the conditions for nurses and elevated nursing to the status of a profession. In 1956 an experimental nurse training programme was introduced at Glasgow Royal Infirmary. The motivation for this course
490-584: A teaching hospital in the 1990s, and offers a 6-year MBBS degree. Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital is a teaching hospital affiliated with the University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, and is the third-largest hospital in the world. Another academic hospital, University of Cape Town 's Groote Schuur Hospital , was the site of the first human-to-human heart transplant . Aga Khan University Hospital (Aga Khan Hospital and Medical College)
539-533: A teaching hospital to be affiliated with a medical school, but plans fell through until 1928, when Royal Prince Alfred Hospital became Australia's first teaching hospital, to educate students of the University of Sydney . Basil Spence Sir Basil Urwin Spence , OM OBE RA (13 August 1907 – 19 November 1976) was a Scottish architect, most notably associated with Coventry Cathedral in England and
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#1732859274582588-497: A year into World War II . In 1944, Sir Giles Gilbert Scott submitted a design proposal to rebuild the cathedral but this was rejected by the Royal Fine Arts Commission . In 1950, a competition was launched to find the most suitable design from a Commonwealth of Nations architect. Over 200 entries were received, and Spence's radical design was chosen. Work began in 1956 and the structure was completed in 1962. Spence
637-441: Is a 721-bed teaching hospital that trains doctors and hospital administrators with support from American and Canadian universities. The hospital also coordinates a network of over 100 health care units primarily in rural or remote areas. In France, the teaching hospitals are called "CHU" ( Centre hospitalier universitaire ). They are regional hospitals with an agreement within a university, or possibly several universities. A part of
686-570: Is divided into small groups of hospitals and universities which are commonly called CHU as if they were separate CHU: There are 32 teaching hospitals in France. Amongst these are 30 University hospitals and only two Regional teaching hospitals. The first teaching hospital in the United States was founded at the College of Philadelphia (now the University of Pennsylvania ) in 1765, when medical students at
735-523: Is regarded as one of the earliest pioneers of nurse education. In 1879 she was appointed Matron at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary. There was no organised teaching for nurses anywhere until 1893, when Strong opened a Preliminary Training School for Nurses at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary. With the support of Glasgow surgeon Sir William Macewen , Strong initiated the ‘block apprenticeship’ training programme. This consisted of short periods of instruction in
784-564: Is to create an environment where new doctors can learn to practice medicine in a safe setting which is supervised by physicians that provide both oversight and education. The first teaching hospital where students were authorized to methodically practice on patients under the supervision of physicians was reportedly the Academy of Gundishapur in the Persian Empire during the Sassanid era. Some of
833-632: Is used to control bleeding during liver surgery. In the 1950s Professor Ian Donald , working in the field of obstetrics and gynaecology, was one of the pioneers of diagnostic ultrasound . Barbara Quaile , OBE, was the Matron from 1946 to 1955. Teaching hospital A teaching hospital is a hospital or medical center that provides medical education and training to future and current health professionals . Teaching hospitals are almost always affiliated with one or more universities and are often co-located with medical schools . Teaching hospitals use
882-1057: The Beehive in New Zealand, but also responsible for numerous other buildings in the Modernist / Brutalist style. Spence was born in Bombay , Bombay Presidency , British India , the son of Urwin Archibald Spence, an assayer with the Royal Mint . He was educated at the John Connon School, operated by the Bombay Scottish Education Society, and was then sent back to Scotland to attend George Watson's College in Edinburgh from 1919 to 1925. He enrolled at Edinburgh College of Art (ECA) in 1925, studying architecture, where he secured
931-506: The 1938 Empire Exhibition in Glasgow , and country houses. The first two of these, Broughton Place at Broughton near Biggar , and Quothquan in Lanarkshire , were executed in traditional Scottish styles at the client's request. The third was entirely modern. Gribloch was designed for John Colville, grandson of the founder of Colville's Iron Works, and his American wife. It was designed in
980-436: The Infirmary and a professor of surgery in 1860. Running the new surgery block, Lister noted that about half of his patients died from sepsis . Lister experimented to find ways to prevent sepsis. This experimentation lead to using carbolic acid to clean instruments; he is now considered the "father of modern surgery". In 1875, a student of Lister, William Macewen joined the Infirmary surgery as an assistant surgeon, becoming
1029-691: The United States beginning the early 1900s and they largely resembled those established by Johns Hopkins University , the University of Pennsylvania and the Lakeside Hospital in Cleveland. The hospitals that followed the example of these universities were all very large, technologically sophisticated and aimed to have a global impact through both patient care and scientific research. Additionally, these hospitals had large patient bases, abundant financial resources, and renowned physicians, advisors and staff. Many of
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#17328592745821078-568: The amalgamation of the old St. Mungo's College of Medicine into the University of Glasgow Medical School in 1947, the old College buildings on Castle Street officially became part of the hospital campus. In 1948 the hospital became part of NHS Scotland . Visions of a brand new hospital on the site had been part of the Bruce Report as early as the late 1940s, but by 1974, the Greater Glasgow Health Board had formally begun plans for
1127-672: The bequest of Spence's drawings and office papers, the Sir Basil Spence Archive project was begun by the RCAHMS (now part of HES). A centennial exhibition Basil Spence Back to the Future was organised in Edinburgh, Coventry and London in 2007-8. In 2006, he was the subject of a BBC Scotland documentary, Rebuilding Basil Spence , which revised his place in 20th-century British architecture and asked why he had been for so long overlooked. In 2012,
1176-510: The book Basil Spence Buildings and Projects was published by the RIBA as the culmination of the RCAHMS archive project and the work of the AHRC research project led by Louise Campbell of Warwick University . In 1993 Spence's Hutchesontown C complex was listed by the international conservation organisation DoCoMoMo as one of Scotland's sixty key monuments of the post-war years, in the same year as it
1225-711: The closure of Canniesburn Hospital , the Jubilee Building was opened, adding purpose-built Accident & Emergency facilities and a plastic surgery unit, in November 2002. Following the transfer of the Golden Jubilee Hospital (formerly the HCI Hospital) in Clydebank to public ownership, much of the cardiology specialism was moved from GRI to the newer facility. In 1856, Joseph Lister became an assistant surgeon at
1274-533: The college began taking bedside instruction at the Pennsylvania Hospital (an institution that predated the medical school by several years). Following that were King's College of New York in 1768, Harvard University in 1783, Dartmouth College in 1798, and Yale University in 1810 to begin the history of notable university-affiliated teaching hospitals in America. Teaching hospitals rose to prevalence in
1323-733: The earliest teaching hospitals were the Islamic Bimaristans , which included the Al-Adudi Hospital founded in Baghdad in 981 and the Al-Fustat Hospital in Cairo founded in 872. The following definitions are commonly used in connection with teaching hospitals: Many teaching hospitals and medical centers are known for the medical research that is performed in their hospitals. Close association with medical colleges and universities enhances
1372-488: The hospital school followed by periods of practice on the wards. This was a great improvement on previous nurse instruction whereby nurses were expected to attend lectures and study while still working long hours on the wards. Two courses were arranged in conjunction with the Professors of St. Mungo's College - a three months' course focused on elementary Anatomy, Physiology and Hygiene. On passing examinations in these subjects
1421-525: The medical schools that ensued the prospect of being associated to a nearby hospital tended to be private institutions that received philanthropic support. While some funding comes from Medicaid for the GME process, teaching hospitals must consider paying residents and fellows within their budgets. These additional costs vary between hospitals based on funding by Medicaid and their general salary for residents and fellows. Despite these costs, they are often offset by
1470-708: The medical staff are both medical practitioners and teachers under the two institutions agreement, and receive dual compensation. There are at least one per French administrative region. In the city of Paris and its suburbs, the Greater Paris , it is the local public hospital system called the Greater Paris University Hospitals (in French: Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris , AP-HP) which has an agreement with 5 major universities in Paris. However, it
1519-467: The official warrant drawings and only appears as a signature on the artist's perspective). In 1934 Spence married, and the Kininmonth & Spence practice merged with Rowand Anderson & Paul. Balfour Paul died in 1938, leaving Kininmonth and Spence in charge of the renamed Rowand Anderson & Paul & Partners. Spence's work was now concentrated on exhibition design, including three pavilions for
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1568-493: The original Royal Infirmary building was opened in December 1794. The original Adams building had five floors (one underground) holding eight wards (giving the hospital just over a hundred beds) and a circular operating room on the fourth floor with a glazed dome ceiling. After a number of additional buildings were added, the first in 1816, a specialist fever block in 1829 and a surgical block in 1860. St Mungo's College Medical School
1617-655: The prices of procedures which are elevated in comparison to most non-teaching hospitals. Teaching hospitals often justify this additional cost factor by boasting that their quality of care rises above non-teaching hospitals, or ensuring the patient that they are improving medicine of the future by having their procedure done with medical trainees present. According to the Medical Journal of Australia , Australian teaching hospitals typically receive less funding for research than they do in similarly situated countries. The late 1800s and early 1900s saw several attempts at instituting
1666-450: The replacement of the 1914 Miller buildings with a brand new building. This would be located on the north of the hospital site overlooking Alexandra Parade and the M8 motorway . The new building was designed by Sir Basil Spence in a "modular" fashion, where new blocks could be easily added in phases as funding allowed. In the end, only the first phase of Spence's original design was implemented and
1715-399: The research programs at teaching hospitals. Some of the more notable teaching hospitals include: The Algerian Ministry of Health, Population and Hospital Reform maintains 15 public university teaching hospital centres (French: Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire or CHU ) with 13,755 beds and one public university hospital (EHU) with 773 beds. Edward Francis Small Teaching Hospital became
1764-546: The same angled fin concept as found at Coventry Cathedral). He also designed Trawsfynydd nuclear power station, which was unveiled in Snowdonia , north Wales , in 1968. Also in 1964, with support from the Nuffield Foundation, the University of Southampton built a theatre on its campus. Spence worked closely with Sir Richard Southern as consultant for the interior design and layout of the theatre. The Spence practice
1813-543: The second phase, which was finished in 1959. A third phase was completed in 1966 and included a museum to showcase Lord Kelvin 's old experimental apparatus. Some of this is still on display in the Kelvin Building today, with other items having been moved to form part of an exhibit at the Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery . On 14 November 1940, Coventry's Anglican Cathedral was extensively damaged by German bombing,
1862-627: Was knighted in 1960 for his work at Coventry, while the cathedral was still being built. On 23 February 2012 the Royal Mail released a stamp featuring Coventry Cathedral as part of its "Britons of Distinction" series. In 1959, Spence secured two important commissions, for the British Embassy in Rome (completed 1971), and for the Hyde Park Cavalry Barracks in London (completed 1970). He
1911-513: Was also responsible for designing the high-rise Hutchesontown C housing in Glasgow. These were intended to replace the notorious slum tenements in the Gorbals area of the city. A combination of social deprivation and exclusion in the relevant areas, coupled to poor execution of his designs meant that the developments created as many problems as they solved, and led to their demolition in 1993. Spence
1960-636: Was also responsible for modernist buildings on The Canongate in Edinburgh, opposite the new Scottish Parliament and in view of Holyrood Palace . This area is named Brown's Close and was listed in 2008. Other work in the 1960s included the concept design for the executive wing of the New Zealand Parliament Buildings in Wellington , nicknamed "The Beehive", and Abbotsinch Airport (now Glasgow Airport). In 1960, Spence designed Mortonhall Crematorium in Edinburgh's Braid Hills area (based on
2009-492: Was awarded an OBE in 1948 for his work in exhibition design, work which he continued with the Sea and Ships Pavilion for the 1951 Festival of Britain . That year he opened a London office, moving there permanently from 1953. A second office was opened in 1956 at Canonbury, which became the creative hub of the practice. Spence was External Professor of Architecture at the University of Leeds from 1955 to 1957 and from 1958 to 1960 he
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2058-532: Was finally completed around 1982. It also incorporated new accommodation for the hospital's teaching departments, thus replacing the old St. Mungo's College buildings. The new complex was linked to the Surgical Block of the original Royal Infirmary building at basement level via a link corridor, with a further pedestrian entrance at lower basement level on Wishart Street (adjacent to the Necropolis ). The new facility
2107-459: Was for an unexecuted cultural centre for Bahrain , which he worked on during illness in 1976. Some of his final commissions were built after his death; for example, his design for the new Glasgow Royal Infirmary was completed in 1981. Spence died in November 1976 at his home at Yaxley, Suffolk and was buried at nearby Thornham Parva . His practice, Spence, Ferguson and Glover, continued until 1992 before being disbanded. In 2004, following
2156-732: Was officially named the "Queen Elizabeth Building" by the Queen on a visit in July 1986. Since 1982 the pre-1915 buildings of the Infirmary have been protected as a category B listed building . After the closure of the Rutherglen Maternity Hospital and the old Glasgow Royal Maternity Hospital at Rottenrow , a new maternity block was added to the New Building; the Princess Royal Maternity Hospital opened in 2001. Following
2205-602: Was rearranged in 1964, with the Canonbury office being renamed Sir Basil Spence OM RA, and the second London office Spence Bonnington & Collins. The Edinburgh office was also renamed for its partners, Spence Glover & Ferguson. From 1961 to 1968, Spence was Professor of Architecture at the Royal Academy . Through the 1970s, Spence continued to work on public and private commissions, universities and offices including Aston University Library and Management Centre. His last work
2254-479: Was set up in 1876 by the medical teachers of the Glasgow Royal Infirmary, after the university had migrated westwards and set up the new Western Infirmary for clinical teaching. At first their students could not take the university examinations. St Mungo's College also had a non-university law school, which prepared accountants and law agents but not advocates. In 1947 it was absorbed into the University of Glasgow's Faculty of Medicine. Rebecca Strong OBE (1843-1944)
2303-593: Was the President of the Royal Institute of British Architects . Basil Spence & Partners were responsible for the redevelopment and extension of the University of Glasgow 's Kelvin Building, which houses its School of Physics and Astronomy. The project was carried out in three phases. The first, 1947–1952, added a new lecture theatre and housed a synchrotron. Teaching laboratories and another lecture theatre were added in
2352-407: Was to address issues around attracting students to nursing, reducing student attrition rates, improving patient care and increasing the number of trained staff. The original Adams building was replaced with a new building designed by James Miller and opened by King George V in July 1914. In 1926, the surgical block in which Joseph Lister had worked was also torn down for replacement. Following
2401-507: Was to have a profound influence on Spence's style, where he worked on designs for the Viceroy's House in New Delhi , India. While in London he attended evening classes at the Bartlett School of Architecture under A. E. Richardson . Returning to ECA in 1930 for his final year of studies, he was appointed a junior lecturer, despite the fact that he was still a student. He continued to teach at ECA until 1939. After graduating in 1931, Kininmonth and Spence set up in practice together, based in
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