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71-736: Born in Caserta , Campania , Italy , from a family of Savoyard exiles who had migrated there after the cession of Savoy to France he attended the Military Academy of Modena and was commissioned into the artillery of the Italian Army in 1882. Later he attended the Polytechnic Institute in Turin where he studied science and engineering. Assigned to the General Staff, after the beginning of

142-506: A French History professor at Princeton University argues that the French Revolutionary Wars introduced to mainland Europe some of the first concepts of total war, such as mass conscription. He claims that the new republic found itself threatened by a powerful coalition of European nations and used the entire nation's resources in an unprecedented war effort that included levée en masse (mass conscription). By 23 August 1793,

213-453: A Cancello , San Marco Evangelista , San Nicola la Strada , San Prisco , Sant'Agata de' Goti (BN), Santa Maria Capua Vetere , and Valle di Maddaloni . The city of Caserta is located in the largest flat area of Campania and is surrounded by the Apennine mountains. The particular position favours the beneficial influences of the sea which, especially in winter, makes temperatures mild. During

284-491: A chance to see animals and the countryside, often for the first time, and experience rural life. The use of statistical analysis, by a branch of science which has become known as Operational Research to influence military tactics, was a departure from anything previously attempted. It was a very powerful tool but it further dehumanised war particularly when it suggested strategies that were counter-intuitive. Examples, where statistical analysis directly influenced tactics include

355-409: A conflict, the infliction of high costs from aerial bombing can shatter civilian morale. This would unravel the social basis of resistance, and pressure citizens into asking their governments to surrender. The logic of this model is that exposing large portions of civilian populations to the terror of destruction or the shortage of consumer goods would damage civilian morale into submission. By smothering

426-430: A country's "vital centers". Armies became superfluous because aircraft could overfly them and attack these centers of the government, military and industry with impunity, a principle later called " The bomber will always get through ". Targeting was central to this strategy and he believed that air commanders would prove themselves by their choice of targets. These would vary from situation to situation, but Douhet identified

497-537: A few months as the head of aviation in Benito Mussolini 's government in 1922, Douhet spent much of the rest of his life theorizing about the impact of military air power. Douhet died of a heart attack in 1930 in Rome , Italy. In his book Douhet argued that air power was revolutionary because it operated in the third dimension. Aircraft could fly over surface forces, relegating them to secondary importance. The vastness of

568-556: A food crisis in Germany. Almost the whole of Europe and some of the European colonial empires mobilised soldiers. Rationing occurred on the home fronts. Bulgaria went so far as to mobilise a quarter of its population, or 800,000 people, a greater share of its population than any other country during the war. The Second World War was the quintessential total war of modernity. The level of national mobilisation of resources on all sides of

639-443: A massive military build-up, particularly in aircraft. "To gain command of the air," he said, was to render an enemy "harmless". When Italy entered the war in 1915 Douhet was shocked by the army's incompetence and unpreparedness. He proposed a force of 500 bombers that could drop 125 tons of bombs daily to break the bloody stalemate with Austria, but he was ignored. He corresponded with his superiors and government officials, criticising

710-533: A means of diverting resources from the front line. We who strike the enemy where his heart beats have been slandered as 'baby killers' ... Nowadays, there is no such animal as a noncombatant. Modern warfare is total warfare. One of the features of total war in Britain was the use of government propaganda posters to divert all attention to the war on the home front . Posters were used to influence public opinion about what to eat and what occupations to take, and to change

781-414: A separate class of warfare. In a total war, the differentiation between combatants and non-combatants diminishes due to the capacity of opposing sides to consider nearly every human, including non-combatants, as resources that are used in the war effort . Total war is a concept that has been extensively studied by scholars of conflict and war. One of the most notable contributions to this field of research

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852-459: A short time. But eventually, national conscription was introduced in Canada in 1944, as well as dramatically increased taxation, another symbol of the "total war effort". The Soviet Union (USSR) was a command economy which already had an economic and legal system allowing the economy and society to be redirected into fighting a total war. The transportation of factories and whole labour forces east of

923-506: A total war in the nuclear age would consist of delivering the entire nuclear arsenal in a single overwhelming blow, going as far as "killing a nation". Written by academics at Eastern Michigan University , the Cengage Advantage Books: World History textbook claims that while total war "is traditionally associated with the two global wars of the twentieth century... it would seem that instances of total war predate

994-525: A very famous English garden . The city has some experience in hosting major international sports events, such as the EuroBasket 1969 . It is home to JuveCaserta Basket , Italy's 1991 basketball champion. Caserta railway station is a hub for regional and national traffic, and represents an important interchange linking Rome and Naples to Bari . The nearest airport is Naples-Capodichino , located approximately 30 kilometres (19 mi) south. Caserta

1065-518: A war in less than a month. Caserta Caserta ( Italian: [kaˈzɛrta] or [kaˈsɛrta] , Neapolitan: [kaˈsertə] ) is the capital of the province of Caserta in the Campania region of Italy . An important agricultural, commercial, and industrial comune and city, Caserta is located 36 kilometres north of Naples on the edge of the Campanian plain at

1136-521: Is the starting point of the A30 motorway to Salerno and is served by two exits of A1 motorway : Caserta Nord ( Caserta North , near Casagiove and Casapulla ) and Caserta Sud ( Caserta South , near Marcianise and San Marco Evangelista ). Caserta is twinned with: Total war Total war is a type of warfare that includes any and all (including civilian -associated) resources and infrastructure as legitimate military targets , mobilises all of

1207-431: Is the work of Stig Förster, who has identified four dimensions of total war: total purposes, total methods, total mobilisation, and total control. Tiziano Peccia has built upon Förster's work by adding a fifth dimension of "total change." Peccia argues that total war not only has a profound impact on the outcome of the conflict but also produces significant changes in the political, cultural, economic, and social realms beyond

1278-623: The Liberal government and Premiership of H. H. Asquith . He formed a new coalition government dominated by Liberals and appointed David Lloyd George as Minister of Munitions . It was a recognition that the whole economy would have to be geared for war if the Allies were to prevail on the Western Front. Carl Schmitt , a supporter of Nazi Germany , wrote that total war meant "total politics"—authoritarian domestic policies that imposed direct control of

1349-753: The Shōwa era , the government of Imperial Japan launched a string of policies to promote a total war effort against China and occidental powers and increase industrial production. Among these were the National Spiritual Mobilization Movement and the Imperial Rule Assistance Association . The State General Mobilization Law had fifty clauses, which provided for government controls over civilian organisations (including labour unions ), nationalisation of strategic industries, price controls and rationing , and nationalised

1420-742: The Urals as the Germans advanced across the USSR in 1941 was an impressive feat of planning. Only those factories which were useful for war production were moved because of the total war commitment of the Soviet government. The Eastern Front of the European Theatre of World War II encompassed the conflict in central and eastern Europe from 22 June 1941, to 9 May 1945. It was the largest theatre of war in history in terms of numbers of soldiers, equipment and casualties and

1491-474: The news media . The laws gave the government the authority to use unlimited budgets to subsidise war production and to compensate manufacturers for losses caused by war-time mobilisation. Eighteen of the fifty articles outlined penalties for violators. To improve its production, Imperial Japan used millions of slave labourers and pressed more than 18 million people in East Asia into forced labour. Before

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1562-460: The " Ideas of 1914 ". As young men left the farms for the front, domestic food production in Britain and Germany fell. In Britain, the response was to import more food, which was done despite the German introduction of unrestricted submarine warfare , and to introduce rationing. The Royal Navy's blockade of German ports prevented Germany from importing food and hastened German capitulation by creating

1633-765: The French and strip them of adequate supplies. In the campaign of 1813, Allied forces in the German theatre alone amounted to nearly one million whilst two years later in the Hundred Days a French decree called for the total mobilisation of some 2.5 million men (though at most a fifth of this was managed by the time of the French defeat at Waterloo ). During the prolonged Peninsular War from 1808 to 1814 some 300,000 French troops were kept permanently occupied by, in addition to several hundred thousand Spanish, Portuguese and British regulars, an enormous and sustained guerrilla insurgency—ultimately French deaths would amount to 300,000 in

1704-550: The French front line forces grew to some 800,000 with a total of 1.5 million in all services—the first time an army in excess of a million had been mobilised in Western history: From this moment until such time as its enemies shall have been driven from the soil of the Republic all Frenchmen are in permanent requisition for the services of the armies. The young men shall fight; the married men shall forge arms and transport provisions ;

1775-595: The Italian aviation battalion at Turin and wrote a set of Rules for the Use of Airplanes in War ( Regole per l'uso degli aeroplani in guerra ) — one of the first doctrine manuals of its kind. However, Douhet's preaching on air power marked him as a radical. After an incident in which he ordered construction of Caproni bombers without authorization, he was exiled to the infantry. When World War I began, Douhet began to call for Italy to launch

1846-665: The Peninsular War alone. The Franco-Prussian War was fought in breach of the recently signed Geneva Convention of 1864 , when "European opinion increasingly expected that civilians and soldiers should be treated humanely in war". The Sullivan Expedition of 1779 was an example of total warfare. As Native American and Loyalist forces massacred American farmers, killed livestock and burned buildings in remote frontier areas, General George Washington sent General John Sullivan with 4,000 troops to seek "the total destruction and devastation of their settlements" in upstate New York. There

1917-570: The Union was "not only fighting hostile armies, but a hostile people, and must make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war, as well as their organized armies," defending Sherman's March to the Sea , the operation that inflicted widespread destruction of infrastructure in Georgia. United States Air Force General Curtis LeMay updated the concept for the nuclear age . In 1949, he first proposed that

1988-463: The air it would capitulate rather than face the terrors of air attack. In other words, the enemy air force was the primary target. A decisive victory here would hasten the end of the war. Though the initial response to The Command of the Air was muted, the second edition generated virulent attacks from his military peers, particularly those in the navy and army. Douhet's was an apocalyptic vision that gripped

2059-657: The air was adopted as a strategy for the first time in World War I, and a leading advocate of this strategy was Peter Strasser "Leader of Airships" ( Führer der Luftschiffe ; F.d.L. ). Strasser, who was chief commander of German Imperial Navy Zeppelins during World War I, the main force operating German strategic bombing across Europe and the UK, saw bombing of civilians as well as military targets as an essential element of total war. He argued that causing civilian casualties and damaging domestic infrastructure served both as propaganda and as

2130-682: The attitude of support towards the war effort. Even music halls were used as propaganda, with propaganda songs aimed at recruitment. After the failure of the Battle of Neuve Chapelle , the large British offensive in March 1915, the British Commander-in-Chief Field Marshal John French blamed the lack of progress on insufficient and poor-quality artillery shells . This led to the Shell Crisis of 1915 which brought down both

2201-434: The battlefield but solely on the home front . Therefore, Germany started the war under the concept which was later named blitzkrieg . Officially, it did not accept that it was in a total war until Joseph Goebbels ' Sportpalast speech of 18 February 1943—in which the crowd was told " Totaler Krieg – Kürzester Krieg " ("Total War – Shortest War”.) Goebbels and Hitler had spoken in March 1942 about Goebbels' idea to put

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2272-465: The cabinet minister responsible for implementing conscription during the First World War , and advocated for conscription again. Prime Minister W.L. Mackenzie King argued that Canada could still be said to have a "total war effort" without conscription, and delivered nationally broadcast speeches to this effect 1942. Meighen failed to win his seat in by-election in 1942, and the issue subsided for

2343-547: The concept back as far as classic work of Carl von Clausewitz , On War , as "absoluter Krieg" ( absolute war ), even though he did not use the term; others interpret Clausewitz differently. Total war also describes the French "guerre à outrance" during the Franco-Prussian War . In his 24 December 1864 letter to his chief of staff during the American Civil War , Union general William Tecumseh Sherman wrote

2414-414: The conduct of the war and advocating an air power solution. Douhet was court-martialed and was imprisoned for one year for criticizing Italian military leaders in a memorandum to the cabinet. Douhet continued to write about air power from his cell, finishing a novel on air power and proposing a massive Allied fleet of aircraft in communications to ministers. He was released and returned to duty shortly after

2485-484: The conflict of parties not traditionally involved, such as women and children or individuals who are not part of the armed bodies. 4) Total control: Multisectoral centralisation of the powers and orchestration of the activities of the countries in a small circle of dictators or oligarchs, with cross-functional control over education and culture, media/propaganda, economic, and political activities. Peccia's contribution of "total change" adds to this framework by emphasising

2556-401: The conflict, the battlespace being contested, the scale of the armies , navies , and air forces raised through conscription , the active targeting of non-combatants (and non-combatant property), the general disregard for collateral damage , and the unrestricted aims of the belligerents marked total war on an unprecedented and unsurpassed, multicontinental scale. During the first part of

2627-491: The country was committing enough to mobilising its resources, rather than whether or not to target civilians of the enemy countries. During the early days of the Second World War, whether or not Canada was committed to a "total war effort" was point of partisan political debate between the governing Liberals and the opposition Conservatives . The Conservatives elected as their national leader Arthur Meighen , who had been

2698-401: The countryside for compulsory billeting in households. In the long term this was one of the most profound and longer-lasting social consequences of the whole war for Britain. This is because it mixed up children with adults of other classes. Not only did the middle and upper classes become familiar with the urban squalor suffered by working class children from the slums , but the children got

2769-478: The disastrous Battle of Caporetto in 1917. Douhet was recalled to service in 1918 to serve as head of the Italian Central Aeronautic Bureau. He was exonerated in 1920 and promoted to general officer in 1921. The same year, he completed a hugely-influential treatise on strategic bombing , The Command of the Air ( Il dominio dell'aria ), and retired from military service soon after. Except for

2840-478: The doctrine of the short war was a continuing handicap for the Germans; neither plans nor state of mind were adjusted to the idea of a long war until the failure of the Operation Barbarossa . A major strategic defeat in the Battle of Moscow forced Speer as armaments minister to nationalise German war production and eliminate the worst inefficiencies. In Canada early use of the term concerned whether or not

2911-577: The effort, with Goebbels and Speer as advisors; Goebbels had expected to be one of the triumvirate. Hitler remained aloof from the project, and it was Goebbels and Hermann Göring who gave the "total war" radio address from the Sportspalast the next month, on the 10th anniversary of the Nazi's "seizure of power" . I ask you: Do you want total war? If necessary, do you want a war more total and radical than anything that we can even imagine today? The commitment to

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2982-442: The end of the conflict. As Peccia puts it, "total war is an earthquake that has the world as its epicenter." The four dimensions of total war identified by Förster are: 1) Total purposes: The aim of continuous growth of the power of the parties involved and hegemonic visions. 2) Total methods: Similar and common methodologies among countries that intend to increase their spheres of influence. 3) Total mobilisation: Inclusion in

3053-404: The enemy's civilian centers with bombs, Douhet argued the war would become so terrible that the common people would rise against their government, overthrow it with revolution, then sue for peace. This emphasis on the strategic offensive would blind Douhet to the possibilities of air defense or tactical support of armies. In his second edition of The Command of the Air he maintained such aviation

3124-638: The entire home front on a war footing. Hitler appeared to accept the concept, but took no action. Goebbels had the support of minister of armaments Albert Speer , economics minister Walther Funk and Robert Ley , head of the German Labour Front , and they pressed Hitler in October 1942 to take action, but Hitler, while outwardly agreeing, continued to dither. Finally, after the holidays in 1942, Hitler sent his powerful personal secretary, Martin Bormann , to discuss

3195-463: The five basic target types as: industry, transport infrastructure, communications, government and "the will of the people". The last category was particularly important to Douhet, who believed in the principle of total war . The chief strategy laid out in his writings, the Douhet model, is pivotal in debates regarding the use of air power and bombing campaigns. The Douhet model rests on the belief that in

3266-566: The foot of the Campanian Subapennine mountain range. The city is best known for the 18th-century Bourbon Royal Palace of Caserta . Anciently inhabited by Osco - Samnite tribes, modern Caserta was established around the defensive tower built in Lombard times by Pando , Prince of Capua . Pando destroyed the original city around 863. The tower is now part of the Palazzo della Prefettura that

3337-523: The land to King Charles VII of Naples . The royal family then selected Caserta for the construction of their new palace which, being inland, was seen as more defensible than the previous palace fronting the Bay of Naples. At the end of World War II , the royal palace served as the seat of the Supreme Allied Commander . The first Allied war trial took place there in 1945; German general Anton Dostler

3408-400: The long-term effects of total war on society. 5) Total change: This includes changes in social attitudes, cultural norms, and political structures, as well as economic and technological developments. In Peccia's view, total war not only transforms the military and political landscape but also has far-reaching and long-time implications for society as a whole. Actions that may characterise

3479-507: The most visited monuments in Italy, the palace has more than 1200 rooms, decorated in various styles. It has been the set for several famous movies such as Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace , Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones , Angels & Demons , and Mission: Impossible III . The park is 2 miles (3.2 km) long and contains many waterfalls, lakes, and gardens, including

3550-441: The new century, Douhet published lectures on military mechanization. With the arrival of dirigibles and then fixed-wing aircraft in Italy, he quickly recognized the military potential of the new technology. Douhet saw the pitfalls of allowing air power to be fettered by ground commanders and began to advocate the creation of a separate air arm commanded by airmen. He teamed up with the young aircraft engineer Gianni Caproni to extol

3621-460: The onset of the Second World War, Great Britain drew on its First World War experience to prepare legislation that would allow immediate mobilisation of the economy for war, should future hostilities break out. Rationing of most goods and services was introduced, not only for consumers but also for manufacturers. This meant that factories manufacturing products that were irrelevant to the war effort had more appropriate tasks imposed. All artificial light

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3692-451: The popular imagination. his theories were unproven and unchallengeable for another 20 years. In many cases, he had hugely exaggerated the effects of bombing. His calculations for the amount of bombs and poison gas required to destroy a city were ludicrously optimistic. In " Rivista Aeronautica " in July 1928, he wrote that he believed that 300 tons of bombs over the most important cities would end

3763-427: The post-19th century concept of total war include: The phrase "total war" seemingly originated amongst French writers during World War I and French writer Léon Daudet published a collection of essays called La Guerre Totale ("The total war") in 1918. The phrase was popularised by the 1935 publication of German general Erich Ludendorff 's World War I memoir, Der totale Krieg ("The total war"). Some authors extend

3834-421: The press and economy. In Schmitt's view the total state, which directs fully the mobilisation of all social and economic resources to war, is antecedent to total war. Scholars consider that the seeds of this total state concept already existed in the German state of World War I, which exercised full control of the press and other aspects economic and social life as espoused in the statement of state ideology known as

3905-533: The question with Goebbels and Hans Lammers , the head of the Reich Chancellery . As a result, Bormann told Goebbels to go ahead and draw up a draft of the necessary decree, to be signed in January 1943. Hitler signed the decree on 13 January, almost a year after Goebbels first discussed the concept with him. The decree set up a steering committee consisting of Bormann, Lammers, and General Wilhelm Keitel to oversee

3976-408: The resources of society to fight the war, and gives priority to warfare over non-combatant needs. The term has been defined as "A war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, especially one in which the laws of war are disregarded." In the mid-19th century, scholars identified what later became known as total war as

4047-475: The same courage." Not only were men conscripted into the armed forces from the beginning of the war (something which had not happened until the middle of World War I), but women were also conscripted as Land Girls to aid farmers and the Bevin Boys were conscripted to work down the coal mines. Enormous casualties were expected in bombing raids, so children were evacuated from London and other cities en masse to

4118-407: The sky made defense almost impossible, so the essence of air power was the offensive. The only defense was a good offense. The air force that could achieve command of the air by bombing the enemy air arm into extinction would doom its enemy to perpetual bombardment. Command of the air meant victory. Douhet believed in the morale effects of bombing. Air power could break a people's will by destroying

4189-422: The summer season, this area is one of the hottest in the region, with maximum temperatures sometimes exceeding 30 degrees. The inland areas extend to the surrounding mountains, often affected by the cold currents of the north-east with fairly low temperatures and snow in winter. The Matese is the coldest and snowiest in the whole area. The city of Caserta distinguished itself during the Second World War; in fact, it

4260-590: The target, incendiaries to ignite the damaged structures, and poison gas to keep firefighters and rescue crews away. The entire population was in the front line of an air war and they could be terrorized with urban bombing. In his book The War of 19-- he described a fictional war between Germany and a Franco-Belgian alliance in which the Germans launched massive terror bombing raids on the populace, reducing their cities to ashes before their armies could mobilize. Because bombing would be so terrible, Douhet believed that wars would be short. As soon as one side lost command of

4331-462: The twentieth century." They write: As an aggressor nation, the ancient Mongols, no less than the modern Nazis , practiced total war against an enemy by organizing all available resources, including military personnel , non-combatant workers, intelligence , transport , money , and provisions . In his book, The First Total War: Napoleon's Europe and the Birth of Warfare as We Know it , David A Bell,

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4402-489: The virtues of air power in the years ahead. In 1911, Italy went to war against the Ottoman Empire for control of Libya . During the war, aircraft operated for the first time in reconnaissance, transport, artillery spotting and even limited bombing roles. Douhet wrote a report on the aviation lessons learned in which he suggested high altitude bombing should be the primary role of aircraft. In 1912, Douhet assumed command of

4473-521: The women shall make tents and clothes and shall serve in the hospitals; the children shall turn old lint into linen; the old men shall betake themselves to the public squares in order to arouse the courage of the warriors and preach hatred of kings and the unity of the Republic. During the Russian campaign of 1812 the Russians retreated while destroying infrastructure and agriculture in order to effectively hamper

4544-581: The work done by Patrick Blackett 's team on the optimum size and speed of convoys and the introduction of bomber streams , by the Royal Air Force to counter the night fighter defences of the Kammhuber Line . In 1935 General Ludendorff in the book Der Totale Krieg gave life to the term "Total War" in the German lexicon. However, being followers of the stab-in-the-back myth , military and Nazi leadership believed that Germany hadn't lost World War I on

4615-402: Was "useless, superfluous and harmful". He proposed an independent air force composed primarily of long-range load-carrying bombers. He believed interception of these bombers was unlikely, but allowed for a force of escort aircraft to ward off interceptors. Attacks would not require great accuracy. On a tactical level he advocated using three types of bombs in quick succession; explosives to destroy

4686-478: Was decorated with the gold medal for civil valor and the bronze medal for military valour for the heroic actions and losses suffered during the war. The city was fiercely bombed and suffered a violent reprisal, but it managed to resist and, with the return of peace, all the people collaborated in the reconstruction of Caserta. Carlo Marino, mayor of Caserta, was elected mayor of Caserta in June 2016 with 62.74%. As one of

4757-685: Was notorious for its unprecedented ferocity, destruction, and immense loss of life (see World War II casualties ). The fighting involved millions of German , Hungarian, Romanian and Soviet troops along a broad front hundreds of kilometres long. It was by far the deadliest single theatre of World War II. Scholars now believe that at most 27 million Soviet citizens died during the war, including at least 8.7 million soldiers who fell in battle against Hitler 's armies or died in POW camps. Millions of civilians died from starvation , exposure, atrocities, and massacres. The Axis lost over 5 million soldiers in

4828-544: Was once the seat of the counts of Caserta, as well as a royal residence. The original population moved from Casertavecchia (former bishopric seat) to the current site in the sixteenth century. Casertavecchia was built on the Roman town of Casa Irta , meaning "home village located above" and later contracted as "Caserta". The city and its vicinity were the property of the Acquaviva family , who, being pressed by huge debts, sold all

4899-647: Was only one small battle as the expedition devastated "14 towns and most flourishing crops of corn." The Native Americans escaped to Canada where the British fed them; they remained there after the war. Sherman's March to the Sea in the American Civil War —from 15 November 1864, through 21 December 1864—is sometimes considered to be an example of total war, for which Sherman used the term hard war . Some historians challenge this designation, as Sherman's campaign assaulted primarily military targets and Sherman ordered his men to spare civilian homes. Bombing civilians from

4970-652: Was sentenced to death and executed nearby, in Aversa . Pope Francis visited Caserta on Monday, 28 June 2014, together with a friend named Giovanni Traettino, the pastor of an evangelical, charismatic-Pentecostal Protestant church. The Pope apologized for the complicity of some Catholics in the persecution of Protestant Pentecostals during the fascist regime in Italy. Caserta is located 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of Naples . Its municipality borders with Capua , Casagiove , Casapulla , Castel Morrone , Curti , Limatola ( BN ), Maddaloni , Marcianise , Recale , San Felice

5041-437: Was subject to legal blackouts . ..There is another more obvious difference from 1914. The whole of the warring nations are engaged, not only soldiers, but the entire population, men, women and children. The fronts are everywhere to be seen. The trenches are dug in the towns and streets. Every village is fortified. Every road is barred. The front line runs through the factories. The workmen are soldiers with different weapons but

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