94-457: Girnar is an ancient hill in Junagadh , Gujarat , India. It is one of the holiest pilgrimages for Jains , where the 22nd Tirthankar , Lord Neminath attained nirvana along with other five hundred and thirty three enlightened sages. This is well described in ancient texts such as Kalpa Sūtra written by acharya Bhadrabāhu . Mount Girnar is a major igneous plutonic complex which intruded into
188-595: A Seismic Zone III region , which means earthquakes up to magnitude 6.5 on the Richter-scale may be expected. Junagadh has a tropical wet and dry climate (Aw), with two distinct seasons: a dry season from October to May, and a wet season from June to September. The close proximity of the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Cambay affect the climate. In the summer months, temperatures range from 28 to 38 °C (82 to 100 °F). In
282-405: A sex ratio of 955 females per 1,000 males and 9% of the population were under six years old. The effective literacy rate was 88%; male literacy was 92.46% and female literacy was 83.38%. Junagadh has relatively low to medium housing and land costs in comparison to cities like Rajkot . The city is rapidly expanding, and available land inside the city limits is now limited. Total area under slums
376-702: A circumference of seven meters and a height of ten meters, bears inscriptions etched with an iron pen in Brahmi script in a language similar to Pali and date back to 250 BCE, thus marking the beginning of written history of Junagadh. On the same rock there are inscriptions in Sanskrit added around 150 CE by Mahakshatrap Rudradaman I , the Saka (Scythian) ruler of Malwa , a member of the Western Satraps dynasty (see Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman ). The edict also narrates
470-442: A compensation, the king declined to accept it so the funds were used to build the temple. Sahastraphana (thousand hooded) Parshwanatha , the image which was consecrated in 1803 CE (VS 1459) by Vijayajinendra Suri, is currently the central deity in the temple. The temple originally housed the golden image of Mahavira and brass images of Shantinatha and Parshwanatha on its sides. The east facing temple has 52 small shrines surrounding
564-440: A different part of an elephant (trunk, leg, ear, etc.). All the men claimed to understand and explain the true appearance of the elephant, but could only partly succeed, due to their limited perspectives. This principle is more formally stated by observing that objects are infinite in their qualities and modes of existence, so they cannot be completely grasped in all aspects and manifestations by finite human perception. According to
658-504: A good network of street lights. There is a total of 12,545 tube lights and 1523 central sodium street lights . A Solar power project has been approved for Narsinh Mehta Sarovar. Junagadh is connected to Rajkot , Ahmedabad , and Veraval by National Highway 8D (NH8D). The city is connected to Mount Girnar by road, as well as to Bilkha and the Sasan Gir Lion Sanctuary in the south. Junagadh City Bypass on NH8D obviates
752-471: A piece of rock containing a short octagonal stone called Hathi pagla or Gajapada, the elephant foot, a stratum on the top of which is of light granite and the rest of dark the lower part is immersed in water most of the year. As per historical records, Sajjana, the minister of Chaulukya king Siddharaja Jayasimha , built the Neminatha temple using the state treasury. When he collected the funds to return as
846-506: A reason for the existence of omniscience. This concept is a well-known fact which is "we have no valid methods of knowing to deny the existence of omniscience". Hemacandra ( c. 1088 – c. 1173 ) combined Samantabhadra and Akalanka's ideas of sarvajña in his Pramanamimasa to establish the existence of omniscience. In Jain epistemology, there are two kinds of valid methods of knowledge: pratyakṣa or "direct knowledge" and parokṣa or "indirect knowledge". Kevala-jñana
940-509: A short time to Idar and was replaced by Syad Dilerkhan. The last of the faujdar s was Sherkhan Babi, who became independent and assumed the title of Nawab Bahadur Khan. In 1730, Mohammad Sher Khan Babi, who owed allegiance to the Mughal governor of Gujarat Subah , founded the state of Junagadh by declaring independence after the invasion by the Maratha Gaekwad dynasty . Babi founded
1034-511: Is Gujarati . Others are Hindi and Sindhi . A small community of African origin, known as "Siddis", resides in and around the Gir Sanctuary, but some of them have moved to the city. There are around 8816 Siddi in the state and 65% of them reside in Junagadh. Swaminarayan Hinduism is also widely followed in the city. There are two Swaminarayan temples in the city: the old temple is managed by
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#17328511983011128-528: Is 19.5 square kilometres (7.5 sq mi) (14.5% of the total municipal area) and the total slum population accounts for around 25% of the total population. The religions represented in Junagadh includes Hindus , Muslims , Jains , Christians, and Buddhists . Among these Hindus are the majority and Muslims are the largest minority group. Jains and Christians are present in considerable numbers. Sikhs and Parsis are very few in number. There are Tibetan migrants who practice Buddhism. The main language group
1222-567: Is a later inscription in Sanskrit , which was added around 150 CE by Mahakshatrap Rudradaman I , the Saka ( Scythian ) ruler of Malwa , and a member of the Western Kshatrapas dynasty, and which has been described as "the earliest known Sanskrit inscription of any extent". Another inscription dates from about 450 CE and refers to Skandagupta , the last Gupta emperor. Old rock-cut Buddhist caves in this area, dating from well before 500 CE, have stone carvings and floral work. There are also
1316-453: Is a well called the Chadani vav. The paved way begins just beyond this and continues for two-thirds of the ascent. The first resthouse, Chadia Parab, is reached, 480 feet, above the plain; and the second halting-place at Dholi-deri, 1000 feet above the plain. From here the ascent becomes more difficult, winding under the face of the precipice to the third resthouse, 1400 feet up. The path turns to
1410-585: Is about 4 km east of the center of Junagadh. There are temples and other sacred places all along this stretch. The traveller, in order to reach Girnar Taleti from Junagadh city, will pass through the Wagheshwari or Vagheshwari Gate (Girnar Darwaza), which is close to the Uparkot fort area, Easterly. At about 200 metres from the gate, to the right of the road, is the Temple of Wagheshwari (Upale Vagheshwari maa), which
1504-400: Is accounted very sacred. Next is an old shrine of Bhavnath , a form of Shiva , close to Girnar Taleti; Mrigi kund and Sudharshan lake are nearby. Most persons who are not active climbers will probably proceed up the mountain in a swing doli from Taleti. A long ridge runs up from the west, and culminates in a rugged scarped rock, on the top of which are the temples. Close to the old shrine
1598-450: Is considered pratyaksa . Five ways of obtaining knowledge are defined: matijñana acquired through sensory perception; srutajñana acquired through understanding of verbal and written sentences; avadhijñana , manhaparyaya jñana and kevala jñana. Jains contrast all attempts to proclaim absolute truth with Anekantavada , which can be explained through the parable of the " blind men and an elephant ". In this story, each blind man felt
1692-464: Is home to Junagadh Agricultural University . Kevala jnana Kevala jnana ( Sanskrit : केवल ज्ञान ) or Kevala gyana, also known as Kaivalya , means omniscience in Jainism and is roughly translated as complete understanding or supreme wisdom. Kevala jnana is believed to be an intrinsic quality of all souls. This quality is masked by karmic particles that surround the soul. Every soul has
1786-487: Is joined to the road by a causeway about 150 yards long. An ancient Verai Mata mandir and a modern Gayatri Shakti Peeth mandir are nearby. About a furlong beyond this is a stone bridge, and just beyond it on the right are the Ashoka's Major Rock Edicts . The edicts are inscribed high up on a large, domed mass of black granite measuring roughly 20 feet x 30 feet. The inscription is in Brahmi script . On leaving Ashoka's edicts,
1880-663: Is located at 21°31′N 70°28′E / 21.52°N 70.47°E / 21.52; 70.47 at the foot of Mount Girnar , with the Arabian sea to the southwest, Porbandar to the north, and Amreli to the east. It has an average elevation of 107 metres (351 ft). Junagadh city has two rivers, the Sonrakh and the Kalwo, which is polluted from city sewers. The city has several lakes: Narsinh Mehta Sarovar, Damodarji, Sudarshan Lake, etc. Willingdon Dam, Hasnapur Dam, and Anandpur Weir are
1974-534: Is managed by Usha Breco Limited. The project was inaugurated on 24 October 2020 by now Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The ropeway is 2,320 metres (7,610 feet) long, takes passengers 850 metres (2,790 feet) above the hill to the Ambaji temple within 10 minutes of ropeway ride. Girnar hill is one of the most sacred hills for Jains. Neminatha, the 22nd of the 24 Tirthankars practiced intense meditation and attained kaivalya ( omniscience ) on this mountain. The early temple
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#17328511983012068-463: Is said to have had Lord Neminath 's footprints and that it was administered by a naked ascetic , implying that it was originally a Jain temple. The Jain community has contested the ownership and worship rights of this temple in the Gujarat High Court , and the matter remains under judicial consideration. On the trek from Ambika temple to the disputed site, there's a Gorakhnath temple located on
2162-509: Is the backbone of the economy of Junagadh, as more than ten lakh pilgrims who visit the fair generate a revenue of 250 million in only five days. Outside to the north of the Kumarapala's temple, there is the Bhima Kunda, a tank measuring 70 feet by 50 feet. Below it and on the verge of the cliff is a smaller tank of water and near it a small canopy supported by three roughly hewn pillars and
2256-443: Is within the recommended limit, of 400 grams (14 oz) per capita, per day, for domestic waste. The waste is collected by deploying 400 wheel barrows (six containers) as per supreme court guidelines and Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) rule 2000. The municipal council has set up 800 community bins for solid waste collection. It covers 90% of city area. Junagadh's drainage system is 62 kilometres (39 mi) long but it serves only 67% of
2350-616: The Babi Dynasty of Junagadh State. His descendants, the Babi Nawabs of Junagadh—who were Babi or Babai pashtuns from Afghanistan —conquered large territories in southern Saurashtra and ruled for the next two centuries, first as tributaries of Marathas , and later under the suzerainty of the British, who granted the honor of a 13- gun salute . In 1807, Junagadh State became a British protectorate . The East India Company took control of
2444-619: The Chaulukya rulers Mularaja and Jayasimha Siddharaja ; and Saurashtra was briefly governed by Chaulukya governors during this period. These events are recorded in contemporary and later Jain chronicles. In 1350, Junagadh was conquered by Muhammad bin Tughluq with the help and forces of Koli chieftain Jesaji (Jesing) from Ra Khengar. After the end of the rule of the Chaulukyas and their successors,
2538-509: The Government of India to intervene and wrote a letter to Mr. Buch, the regional commissioner of Saurashtra in the government of India to this effect. The government of India rejected the protests of Pakistan and accepted the invitation of the dewan to intervene. A plebiscite was conducted in February 1948, but it was not internationally monitored. Pakistan's claims were based on the logic of
2632-977: The Indian National Congress (INC) and the Bharatiya Janta Party (BJP). Other national parties are the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), the Communist Party of India , and the Nationalist Congress Party . Regional parties active in Junagadh are the Mahagujarat Janta Party, the Samata Party , and the Republic Party of India. Junagadh has 194,196 registered voters, of which 100,050 are male and 94,146 female. Junagadh has one state-assembly constituency. The BJP won this seat in
2726-588: The Indian state of Gujarat . Located at the foot of the Girnar hills , 355 kilometres (221 mi) southwest of Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar (the state capital), it is the seventh largest city in the state. Literally translated, Junagadh means "Old Fort". It was a part of Saurashtra state and later Bombay state. In 1960, in consequence of the Maha Gujarat movement, it became part of the newly formed Gujarat state. As per
2820-561: The Portuguese took over the ports of Diu and Daman in the 16th century, a fifteen-foot cannon, made in Egypt in 1531, was abandoned by a Turkish admiral opposing the Portuguese forces at Diu, which is now at Uparkot Fort. In 1525, Khengar was succeeded by his son Noghan. Tatarkhan Ghori had now become almost independent. In his time Jam Raval conquered Halar and built Navanagar. In 1551, Noghan
2914-592: The Vadtal diocese and the new temple is managed by Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha . The city is divided into the main city, which is centered on Mahatma Gandhi (M.G.) Road and Kalwa Chowk; Gandhigram; Zanzarda Road; Talaw Darwaza; the bus stand; Sakkar Baug; Timbawadi; Joshipara; and Girnar Taleti. The city is administered by the Junagadh Municipal Corporation. The politics of Junagadh city has always been closely contested between
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3008-764: The Vaghela dynasty , in Gujarat, the Chudasamas ruled independently, or as vassals of successor states, the Delhi Sultanate and the Gujarat Sultanate . Mandalika I was the first Chudasama ruler known from inscriptions, and during his reign, Gujarat was invaded by the Khalji dynasty of Delhi. The last king of the dynasty, Mandalika III , was defeated and forcibly converted to Islam in 1472 by Gujarat Sultan Mahmud Begada , who annexed
3102-518: The basalts towards the close of the Deccan Trap period. The rock types identified in this complex are gabbros (tholeiitic and alkalic), diorites , lamprophyres , alkali-syenites and rhyolites . The parent gabbroic magma is shown to have given rise in sequence to diorites, lamprophyres and alkali-syenites. The rhyolite , though earlier considered a product of differentiation, is now believed to be an independent magma without any genetic link with
3196-445: The 2007 election, with 52.36% of the 118,888 votes cast, with the next largest vote being 26.32% for the INC candidate. Election for the state assembly is held every 5 years. The Junagadh Municipal Corporation has 17 wards and total of 51 seats. In the 2009 municipal elections the INC won 26 seats, BJP 21 seats, BSP 3 seats and 1 went to an independent. While the majority of the seats went to
3290-494: The 5th century. The early history of the Chudasama dynasty – which ruled Saurashtra from Junagadh – is almost lost. The bardic legends differ very much in the names, order, and numbers of early rulers, so they are not considered reliable. According to tradition, the dynasty is said to have been founded in the late 9th century by Chudachandra . Subsequent rulers such as Graharipu , Navaghana , and Khengara , were in conflict with
3384-402: The Chudasama ruler Graharipu in 976 CE. The fort was subsequently besieged 16 times over a 1000-year period. One unsuccessful siege lasted twelve years. Within 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) of Uparkot Fort is an inscription with fourteen Edicts of Ashoka on a large boulder . The inscriptions are in Brahmi script in a language similar to Pali and date from 250 BCE. On the same rock there
3478-610: The INC, the BJP candidates received more votes: 134,739, or 45.62% of the total, the INC receiving 120,533, 40.81%. The Mayor, Deputy Mayor has terms of 2 and a half years. Junagadh's population of 452000 requires 30 million litres (6,600,000 imp gal; 7,900,000 US gal) of water per day, which is supplied through 25,000 tap connections to three major surface water sources, namely Aanandpur Weir, Hasanapur Dam, and Wellingdon Dam, as well as to 32 wells. Junagadh has more than 1000 hand pumps and 200 stand posts situated throughout
3572-502: The Jains, only the Kevalis —omniscient beings—can comprehend objects in all aspects and manifestations; others are only capable of partial knowledge. Consequently, no single, specific, human view can claim to represent absolute truth . According to Jain texts, there are fourteen stages ( gunasthana ) of spiritual development. The soul can gradually free itself, firstly from the worst, then from
3666-657: The Kashmir annexation, and not on the plebiscite, which went almost unanimously in favour of accession to India. Junagadh became a part of the Indian state of Saurashtra until 1 November 1956, when Saurashtra became part of Bombay state . In 1960, Bombay state was split into the linguistic states of Maharashtra and Gujarat , in which Junagadh was located. In 2020, Pakistan's government has maintained and revived its territorial claim on Junagadh, along with Manavadar and Sir Creek in Gujarat, on its official political map. Junagadh city
3760-588: The Khapra Kodia Caves north of the fort, and the Bava Pyara Caves south of the fort. The Bava Pyara caves contain artworks of both Buddhism and Jainism . The Maitraka dynasty ruled Gujarat from 475 to 767 CE. The founder of the dynasty, General Bhatarka, military governor of Saurashtra peninsula under the Gupta Empire , established himself as the independent ruler of Gujarat around the last quarter of
3854-683: The Svetambara school, elaborates the concept as all-knowing and provides details of his other qualities. Another text, the Kalpa Sūtra , gives details of Mahavira's omniscience When the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira had become a Jina and Arhat ( Arihant ), he was a Kevali, omniscient and comprehending all objects; he knew and saw all conditions of the world, of gods, men, and demons: whence they come, whither they go, whether they are born as men or animals or become gods or hell-beings ( upapada ),
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3948-470: The authority to define human moral values since they were "beginningless, authorless and of self-sufficient validity". In response, the Jain monk Haribhadra ( c. 8th century CE ) wrote that humans already had knowledge of everything knowable. It only had to be illuminated or uncovered. Omniscience was, according to Haribhadra, inherent to living beings. Samantabhadra was the first philosopher-monk in
4042-436: The central temple. It has an open portico with ceilings with fine carvings. In the bhamti or cloisters surrounding the court, there are also some remarkable designs in carved ceilings. The roof of the rangamandapa has fine carvings. The shrine proper must have been removed and replaced with new one at the end of the sixteenth century or the start of the seventeenth century. It is known that Karmachandra Bachchhavat, minister of
4136-434: The city drawing from groundwater sources. In January 2004, Junagadh city increased its area from 13.47 square kilometres (5.20 sq mi) to 57 square kilometres (22 sq mi) by annexing eight grampanchayats and one municipality. The newly acquired area has its own groundwater supply system of bore wells . The city generates approximately 150 tonnes (150 long tons; 170 short tons) of solid waste daily, which
4230-593: The confusion afterwards increased by the escape of Sultan Muzaffar in 1583 and subsequent partisan warfare. During these disturbances Amin Khan Ghori and his son Daulat Khan Ghori espoused the cause of Muzafar, as did the Jam and Loma Khuman of Kherdi. The exact date of Amin Khan Ghori's death is not known but it was about 1589–90. Raizada Khengar also warmly espoused Mnzafar's side. After the siege and capture of Junagadh in 1591–92 by Naurang Khan, Syad Kasim, and Gnjar Khan; Khengar
4324-606: The defeat and death of Muhammad Husain Mirzah and Ikhtiyar ul Mulk, he gave orders that Sorath should be conquered from Aminkhan Ghori. Vazir Khan attempted it but was unequal to the task. Great confusion existed now in Sorath. The Moghal conquest of Gujarat, the collapse of the power of the Gujarat Sultans, the encroachments of the Jam, and the assumption of independence by the Ghori all augmented
4418-431: The establishment of agro-biotech industries in the district. Junagadh boasts of some of the best tourist destinations in the state, so tourism is considered to be a progressing sector. The state government has sanctioned the development of a Circuit Tourism project at Junagadh. Junagadh is an education hub where people from nearby towns and villages come to study. Schools in Junagadh are either municipal schools run by
4512-488: The fire on the hill is an object of inference for a distant person but is perceived directly by the one who is in its proximity. The one who perceives directly the objects of knowledge that are minute, past, and distant is the Omniscient ( sarvajña ); this way the existence of the Omniscient is truly and firmly established. Akalanka ( c. 720 –760 CE) put forward the concept of suniscita-asambhavad-badhaka-pramana as
4606-422: The first mahant (religious and administrative head of a temple), who served in this role and preached there for over 40 years. During the period just before the independence and partition of India and Pakistan in 1947, the 562 princely states that had existed outside British India , but under British suzerainty , were given the choice of acceding to either India or Pakistan, or to remaining apart. Although
4700-444: The fundamental truth. According to both traditions, the last kevalin was a disciple of one of the eleven chief disciples of the last tirthankara , Mahāvīra ; his name is recorded as Jambuswami . It is also believed that no one after Jambuswami will have the ability to obtain kevala jnana. The claim of existence of omniscience by Jains, who deny the existence of a creator god, is a unique phenomenon. The Sutrakritanga text of
4794-428: The gabbro and its variants. Fourteen of Ashoka 's Major Rock Edicts , dating to circa 250 BCE, are inscribed on a large boulder that is housed in a small building located outside the town of Junagadh on Saurashtra peninsula in the state of Gujarat , India . It is located on Girnar Taleti road, at about 2 km (1.2 mi) far from Uperkot Fort easterly, some 2 km before Girnar Taleti. An uneven rock, with
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#17328511983014888-1066: The gate of the enclosure known as the Deva Kota, or Ra Khengar's Palace, is reached. Jain festivals like Mahavir Jayanti , Paryushana , and birth and nirvana kalyanakas of Lord Neminath are celebrated by Jains . The main event for Hindus is the Maha Shivaratri fair held every year on the 14th day of the Hindu calendar month of Magha . At least 1 million pilgrims visit the fair to participate in pooja and parikrama of Girnar hill. The procession begins at Bhavnath Mahadev Temple at Bhavnath . It then proceeds onwards to various akharas of various sects of sadhus , which are in Girnar hill from ancient times. The procession of sadhus and pilgrims ends again at Bhavnath temple after visiting Madhi, Malavela and Bor Devi temple. The fair begins with hoisting of fifty-two Gaja long flags at Bhavnath Mahadev temple. This fair
4982-416: The history of Indian philosophy who tried to use inference as a method to establish the existence of omniscience In his famous work, Aptamimamsa , Samantabhadra asserts: Objects that are minute (like atoms), past (like Lord Rama), and distant (like Mount Meru), being the objects of inference ( anumeya – and, therefore, also objects of knowledge – prameya ), must be perceivable directly by someone; like
5076-511: The ideas, the thoughts of their minds, the food, doings, desires, the open and secret deeds of all the living beings in the whole world; he the Arhat (Arihant), for whom there is no secret, knew and saw all conditions of all living beings in the world.: Immediately after the death of Mahavira, his disciple Indrabhuti Gautama became a kevalin . As per the tradition, the teachings of the tirthankara were memorized and preserved over many centuries. In
5170-657: The imperial domain. Sardarkhan also distinguished himself as faujdar of Sorath, both by the firmness of his rule and by his construction (1681, AH 1092) of the Sardar Baug (palace) and excavation of the Sardar Talav (main gate). He built a mausoleum for himself in the Sardar Baug, but he died at Thatta , in Sindh, and is said to have been buried there and not at Junagadh. He was faujdar from about 1666 to 1686, but in 1670 he went for
5264-404: The intermediate peak. Further up there's a lower peak which is not easily accessible where a shrine of goddess Mahakali is located which is also known as Mahakali Khappar by locals. On the second trail to descent the mountain, there are two temples called Bharat-van and Sita-van which are located in the forests named after Sita and Bharata . The base of the mountain, known as Girnar Taleti,
5358-500: The king of Bikaner , had sent a funds to renovate temple in Shatrunjaya and Girnar under Jinachandrasuri IV of Kharatara Gaccha during the reign of Akbar . There is a shrine housing replica of Ashtapada hill in the south, shrine with Shatrunjayavatar in west, behind the main temple, and Samet Shikhar (or Nandishwar Dwipa) in north. Junagadh Junagadh ( જૂનાગઢ ) is the city and headquarters of Junagadh district in
5452-550: The legend, the founder of the Ror Dynasty Raja Dhaj, Ror Kumar, also known as Rai Dyach , ruled over the principality of Jhunagarh in the fifth century BC. An early structure, Uparkot Fort , is located on a plateau in the middle of town. It was originally built in 319 BCE during the Mauryan dynasty by Chandragupta . The fort remained in use until the 6th century, when it was abandoned for about 300 years, then rediscovered by
5546-452: The less bad and finally from all kinds of karma, and manifests the innate qualities of knowledge, belief, and conduct in a more and more perfect form. The first four gunasthana are related to belief or rationality in perception. If and when the soul acquires rationality in perception, it moves on to the 4th gunasthana . Stages 5 to 14 relate to conduct. The purity in conduct determines the gunasthana from 5th stage onwards. Those who have taken
5640-411: The main water sources for the city. Groundwater supply is widely available in the city, with wells throughout. Junagadh's soil is similar to that of the rest of Junagadh district. It is deep- to medium-black coastal alluvium, due to its proximity to the sea, long shoreline, and nearby mountain ridge. Because of many fault lines in the vicinity, Junagadh is in a seismically active zone . Junagadh lies in
5734-412: The mineral-based cement industry, agriculture-based industries, and the power sector. The presence of large reserves of limestone makes the cement industry a thriving industrial sector. Major crops produced in the district are wheat, oil seeds, cotton, mangoes, bananas, onions, and brinjal (eggplant). The total production of oilseeds in Junagadh in 2006–07 was 464,400 metric tons, which was the highest in
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#17328511983015828-612: The municipal council or private schools run by trusts or individuals, which in some cases receive financial aid from the government. The schools are affiliated either with the Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board , the Central Board of Secondary Education , or the International General Certificate of Secondary Education . English and Gujarati are the predominant languages of instruction. The city
5922-421: The nawab's accession to Pakistan. The Indian government pointed out that the state was 96% Hindu, and called for a plebiscite to decide the question of accession. India cut off supplies of fuel and coal to Junagadh, severed air and postal links, sent troops to the frontier, and occupied the principalities of Mangrol and Babariawad, which had acceded to India. Pakistan agreed to discuss a plebiscite, subject to
6016-650: The need for through-traffic to enter the city. Ferguson Bridge connects the parts of the city on either side of the Kalwo River. Another bridge spans the Sonrakh River in the northern outskirts of the city. Rickshaws are the generally preferred mode of transportation. The Girnar ropeway is a aerial tramway located in Bhavnath locality of Junagadh city. Due to its mountainous geography and forest reserves, Junagadh lacks major industries or plants. The main economic sectors are
6110-539: The place of initiation, Kevala jnana , and Moksha of the 22nd Tirthankara Neminatha. Sixth century BCE Jain text Uttaradhyayana Sutra which is believed to be the direct words of Mahavira , mentions that Neminatha ascended Mount Raivataka to become an ascetic in the 22nd chapter. Girnar ropeway is Asia's longest ropeway. First proposed in 1983, the construction started only in September 2018 due to government approval delays and litigation. The construction and operation
6204-456: The potential to obtain omniscience by shedding off these karmic particles. Jain scriptures speak of twelve stages through which the soul achieves this goal. A soul who has attained kevala jnana is called a kevalin ( केवलिन् ). According to the Jains, only kevalins can comprehend objects in all aspects and manifestations; others are only capable of partial knowledge. The views of two sects of Jainism, Digambara and Śvētāmbara Jains differ on
6298-475: The region), Agro Marine Exports, Creative Castings Ltd., and Austin Engineering. With an investment of INR 4,000 crore (US$ 975.6million), JSW Power Co. had proposed to set up a coal-based power plant at Simar Village, in Junagadh, but due to difficulties in establishing a port there, it has been shifted to the port of Dahej . Under the new government policy of encouraging biotechnology, Junagadh has been identified as an agriculture biotechnology zone. This will boost
6392-493: The right along the edge of a precipice, which is very narrow, so that the doli almost grazes the scarp, which rises perpendicularly 200 feet above the traveller. On the right is seen the lofty mountain of Datar, covered with low jungle. At about 1500 feet there is a stone dharmsala, and from this there is a fine view of the rock called the Bhairav-Thampa, "the terrific leap," because devotees used to cast themselves from its top, falling 1000 feet or more. At 2370 feet above Junagadh
6486-470: The road, there is a large stone standing which looks like exact replica of Ashoka's inscription. Jain texts record Girnar mountain as an ancient pilgrimage site from where crores ( koda-kodi ) of monks have attained liberation. Neminath , the 22nd Tirthankara attained Moksha from this hill. Śvetāmbara tradition also considers Girnar to be an eternally Jain pilgrimage. 3rd century BCE text Kalpa Sūtra by Acharya Bhadrabāhusuri mentions Girnar hill to be
6580-446: The route crosses the handsome bridge over the Sona-rekha, which here forms a fine sheet of water over golden sand, then passes a number of temples, at first on the left bank of the river and then on the right, to the largest of the temples. This is dedicated to Damodar, a name of Krishna , from Dam, a rope, because by tradition his mother in vain attempted to confine him with a rope when a child. The reservoir, Damodar Kund , at this place
6674-414: The rulers of Junagadh. The wall of the structure had collapsed in 2014. A much smaller replica of these Girnar edicts has been positioned outside the entrance of the National Museum in Delhi . Similarly, inside the Parliament Museum at New Delhi, an exhibit replicates the act of artists sculpting inscriptions of Girnar edict on a rock. A little further from Ashoka's inscription, on the right side of
6768-584: The second Upanga Agama , the Rājapraśnīya , there is a dialogue between Kesi, a disciple of Pārśva , and Payasi , a materialist king. In this dialogue, Kesi proves the existence of jiva and its ability to obtain kevala jñana to the king. The Jains have a long debate with Hindus and Buddhists regarding omniscience. Bhikkhu Dharmakirti criticized the Jain notion of omniscience in his Pramanavartika . The Hindu philosopher Kumarila argued that only Veda had
6862-434: The south-western end of Gujarat , had no common border with Pakistan – chose to accede to Pakistan, ignoring Mountbatten's views and arguing that Junagadh could access Pakistan by sea. The rulers of two states that were subject to the suzerainty of Junagadh — Mangrol and Babariawad — reacted by declaring their independence from Junagadh and acceding to India. In response, the nawab's forces militarily occupied
6956-586: The state by 1818, but the Saurashtra area was never directly administered by the British, who instead divided the territory into more than one hundred princely states , which remained in existence until 1947. The present old-town, developed during the 19th and 20th centuries, constituted one of those princely states. The Shri Swaminarayan Mandir temple in Junagadh was constructed on land presented by Jinabhai (Hemantsingh) Darbar of Panchala, and dedicated on 1 May 1828. Swaminarayan appointed Gunatitanand Swami as
7050-417: The state. The Uparkot Fort of Junagadh was occupied by the Chudasamas during the reign of Graharipu . It is said to have been later rebuilt by Navaghana , who had transferred his capital from Vamanasthali to Junagadh. He is also credited with construction of the stepwells Navghan Kuvo and Adi Kadi Vav in the fort. His descendant Khengara is attributed with building a stepwell, Ra Khengar Vav , on
7144-412: The state. Junagadh is the largest producer of groundnut and garlic in the state, contributing 26% and 34%, respectively, of total production. Junagadh has Asia's largest ground-nut research laboratory. Mangoes and onions are grown in large quantities in the district. Some of the large-scale industry present in Junagadh are Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt Ltd (popularly known as Junagadh Dairy in
7238-435: The states were theoretically free to choose, Earl Mountbatten stated that "geographic compulsions" meant that most of them would choose India. Mountbatten took the position that only states that shared a common border with Pakistan should choose to accede to it, but he had no power to impose this point of view on the states. On 15 September 1947, Nawab Mohammad Mahabat Khanji III of Junagadh – which, although located at
7332-411: The story of Sudarshan Lake which was built or renovated by Rudradaman I, and the heavy rain and storm due to which it had broken. Another inscription dates from about 450 CE and refers to Skandagupta , one the last Gupta emperors . The protective building around the edicts was built in 1900 by Nawab Rasool Khan of Junagadh State at a cost of Rs 8,662. It was repaired and restored in 1939 and 1941 by
7426-420: The subject of kevalins . According to Digambaras, a kevalin does not experience hunger or thirst, whereas according to Svetambaras, a kevalin has normal human needs and he travels and preaches too. Digambara Jains believe that they do not act in the normal sense of the word, that they sit motionless in padmasana , and that their bodies emit Divyadhvani, a sacred sound which is interpreted by their followers as
7520-444: The temple construction, renovation and reconstruction history extends from the mid-8th century to the 15th century. As per archaeologist James Burgess 's works on Gujarat's history, Ambika temple was not a Hindu shrine and that Jains had built it and Hindus had occupied it later. At the highest peak of Girnar there is a temple currently managed by devotees of Dattatreya. This temple, in renowned archaeologist James Burgess 's works,
7614-603: The temple had Ambika as a Jain yakshika deity. The Girnar patta from Samvat 1507 in Ranakpur Jain temple also depicts Ambika in the similar manner. The temple is built according to the Jain tradition and the mandapa ceiling match with the Girnar Jain temples . Ambaji is holy place for Hindu & Jain. The present temple is built around the 15th century. Temple was historically a Jain style Temple, due to Same Faith & Symbol of Jain-Hindu Ekta pilgrimages in Girnar. So
7708-478: The temple. Jinharshasuri mentions that Vastupala and his brother Tejapala visited as well as built the large mandapa of the temple and parikara of Ambika. A praśast i eulogy given at the end in a golden lettered copy of Kalpasutra dated Vikram Samvat 1524 (1468 CE) mentions that a Shreshthi (merchant) named Samal Sah restored and renovated the Ambika temple on Girnar. As mentioned in Jain pilgrimage travelogues,
7802-475: The total area and 60% of the population. The Paschim Gujarat Vij Company Ltd. (P.G.V.C.L.), a state-run electricity company, provides electric power. Telecom service is provided mainly by Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (B.S.N.L.); other service providers include Reliance and Tata . Cell-phone coverage is extensive and the main service providers are Vodafone , B.S.N.L., Airtel , Idea , and Tata Docomo . B.S.N.L. also provides broadband service. The city has
7896-551: The two states. Rulers of other neighbouring states reacted angrily, sent troops to the Junagadh frontier, and appealed to the government of India for assistance. A group of Junagadhis, led by Samaldas Gandhi , formed a government-in-exile, the Aarzi Hukumat ("temporary government"). India asserted that Junagadh was not contiguous to Pakistan and, believing that if Junagadh was permitted to accede to Pakistan communal tension already simmering in Gujarat would worsen, refused to accept
7990-462: The way to Vanthali from Junagadh. Sultan Mahmud Begada changed the name of Junagadh to Mustafabad and built the fortifications around the town and the mosque in Uparkot Fort. Under the Gujarat Sultanate , Junagadh was governed by an official, styled thanadar (commander), appointed directly by Ahmedabad. This official collected the tribute and revenue of the crown domain. The first thanadar
8084-403: The winter, they range from 10 to 25 °C (50 to 77 °F). From June to September the city is drained by the southwest monsoon. Rainfall averages 800 to 1,200 millimetres (31 to 47 in) annually. The greatest rainfall in a calendar year—2,800 millimetres (110 in)—was recorded in 1983. As of the 2011 census , Junagadh municipality had a population of 319,462. The municipality had
8178-400: The withdrawal of Indian troops, a condition India rejected. On 26 October, the nawab and his family fled to Pakistan following clashes between Junagadhi and Indian troops. On 7 November, Junagadh's court, facing collapse, invited the government of India to take over the state's administration. The Dewan of Junagadh, Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto , the father of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto , decided to invite
8272-466: Was Tatar Khan, an adopted son of the Sultan and after him Mirza Khalil, the eldest son of the Sultan who afterwards succeeded him under the title of Sultan Muzaffar. Prince Khalil during his tenure of office founded the village called Khalilpur. The Sultan also installed Bhupatsingh, the son of the last Chudasama king, Mandalika III, in Junagadh as a jagirdar (feudal lord). The jagir allotted to Bhupatsingh
8366-418: Was appointed viceroy of Gujarat. On this occasion he left his son Inayat Ullah as faujdar at Junagadh while he himself conducted the government of Gujarat from its capital, Ahmedabad. In Mirzah Isa Tarkhan's time the fortifications of Junagadh were entirely repaired. Kutb ud din was another faujdar , and his tenure of office lasted from about 1653 to 1666. In about 1664, he conquered Navanagar and annexed it to
8460-417: Was built before 784 CE (probably in middle of the 8th century) because Digambara Acharya Jinasen's Harivamsapurana ( Saka Samvat 705, 783 CE) mentions the temple. An inscription dated Vikram Samvat 1249 (1192 CE) mentions Vaghela minister Vastupala 's pilgrimage to Ambika temple on Raivataka (Girnar) hill. Narendraprabhsuri mentions that Vastupala had installed idols of himself and his brother Tejapala in
8554-638: Was dismissed to his estate of Sil Bagasra, and the Raizada ceased to rule at Junagadh. Daulat Khan Ghori died of his wounds during the siege, and henceforth Junagadh became the seat of the imperial faujdar s (garrison commanders) of Sorath in subordination to the imperial viceroy at Ahmedabad. The first faujdar of Junagad was Naurang Khan and, next, Syad Kasim. The most famous were (1) Mirzah Isa Tarkhan (2) Kutb ud din Kheshgi, and (3) Sardarkhan. Of these Mirzah Isa Tarkhan ruled Sorath from about 1633–34 to 1642, when he
8648-549: Was left at Junagadh by Malik Eiaz who himself resided at Diu. After the disgrace and death of Malik Eiaz, Tatarkhan Ghori became independent at Junagadh; and after the death of Sultan Bahadur, the Ghori family reigned independently at Junagadh, though still owing a nominal allegiance to the successive Sultans at Ahmadabad. This state of affairs continued until the first conquest of Gujarat by the Mughal emperor Akbar , when Aminkhan Ghori had succeeded his father Tatarkhan at Junagadh. When
8742-443: Was succeeded by his son Shrisingh, who lived till 1586. During this time, Tatarkhan Ghori died and was succeeded by his son Aminkhan Ghori. In his time, Akbar conquered Gujarat, although Sorath remained independent under the Ghori rule. The exact date of Tatarkhan Ghori's death is not known; but from the mention of Aminkhan as his successor, it must have been from about 1570 to 1575. On the return of Emperor Akbar to Agra in 1573, after
8836-485: Was the Sil Bagasra Chovisi; and his descendants were known as Raizada . They continued to rule there. Bhupatsingh was succeeded by his son Khengar. After the accession of Sultan Muzafar, and indeed during the latter part of Sultan Mahmud's reign, the seat of government was moved from Junagadh to Diu owing to the importance of that island as a naval station and to check the ravages of the Portuguese. Tatarkhan Ghori
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