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68-445: Gerakan Tanah Air (GTA, Homeland Movement or Homeland Party ) is an alliance of Malay political parties , founded in August 2022 by former Prime Minister of Malaysia Mahathir Mohamad . Mahathir had announced during the coalition's founding that GTA will contest in the next Malaysian general election against the incumbent ruling coalition Barisan Nasional . On 6 September 2022,

136-451: A coup d'état and asked the public to boycott it. All these events have been heavily criticized by international political figures, most notably by German chancellor Angela Merkel . The legislative elections of 9 December 2012 were seen by the public as an opportunity for change and to oust Băsescu. The Social Liberal Union (USL) received a large majority in the Chamber of Deputies and

204-460: A shock therapy ) as well as a drastic reduction and even total exclusion of former Communist Party (PCR) members from public Romanian political life. Apart from PCR members, the early demands of the Romanian historical democratic parties were also the reduction of the undercover members of the former Securitate (which could have been PCR members as well) from all areas of public life (thereby endorsing

272-547: A 322–108 vote, opened the way for a national referendum on impeachment which failed by a large popular vote, and as such Băsescu was reinstated as President. The November 2008 parliamentary elections were close, with the Social Democrats (PSD) winning 33.9 percent of the vote, President Traian Băsescu's centre-right Liberal Democrats (PDL) taking 32.34 percent, and the ruling National Liberals (PNL) receiving 18.6 percent. The Liberal Democrats and Social Democrats formed

340-467: A President, a Parliament, a Constitutional Court , and a separate court system which includes the High Court of Cassation and Justice . The right to vote is granted to all citizens over 18 years of age. The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Romania as a " flawed democracy " in 2023. The president is elected by popular vote for a maximum of two five-year terms (four-year terms until 2004). The president

408-520: A coalition after the election. Former prime minister Theodor Stolojan withdrew his candidacy for the premiership and President Băsescu nominated Emil Boc , president of the Liberal Democrats, as prime minister. With the onset of the Great Recession , the Romanian political scene saw tensions between the president and the prime minister on the one hand as well as between the general population on

476-568: A few months before the 1992 general elections (following a late 1991 Mineriad ), the FSN split in two. President Iliescu's supporters formed a new political party, namely the Democratic National Salvation Front (FDSN) which will later turn into PDSR and then PSD, while Roman's supporters retained the FSN name (which will later turn into PD and then PDL respectively). The 1992 local, legislative , and presidential elections indicated

544-688: A field of five other candidates, and the FDSN won a plurality/relative majority of seats in both chambers of the Romanian Parliament. With the CDR, the second-largest parliamentary group, reluctant to participate in a national-unity coalition, the FDSN (now the PDSR ) formed a government under prime minister and economist Nicolae Văcăroiu with parliamentary support on behalf of the nationalists Romanian National Unity Party (PUNR) and Greater Romania Party (PRM) as well as

612-590: A major political rift between the urban centres and the countryside. Rural voters, grateful for the restoration of most agricultural land to farmers but fearful of change, strongly favored President Iliescu and the FDSN; the urban electorate favored the CDR (a coalition of several parties – the strongest of which were the PNŢCD and the PNL – and several other civic organizations as well) and quicker reform. Iliescu easily won re-election from

680-504: A parliamentary majority, the coalition government relied on the support of 18 parliamentary seats reserved for ethnic-minority representatives. The government's narrow majority in the Parliament led to calls for early elections. In July 2005, Prime Minister Popescu-Tăriceanu voiced plans to resign, prompting new elections; he then backtracked, noting his and the cabinet's need to focus on relief efforts for summer floods. During its first year,

748-428: A party-list proportional representation electoral system . Beginning in 2008 , members are elected by mixed-member proportional representation . The number of senators and deputies has varied in each legislature, reflecting population changes. In 2008, there were 137 senatorial seats and 334 seats in the Chamber of Deputies; of the 334 deputy seats, 18 were held by ethnic minority representatives which would not meet

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816-533: A region's group of countries') parliament(s), and, in a broader scope, to foster the bilateral relations between said countries. Parliamentary friendship groups play an important role in New Zealand's engagement in inter-parliamentary relations, with group members often called upon to participate and host meetings for visiting delegations from the other part, as well as often being invited by the other country's parliament to visit it. Friendship Groups do not speak for

884-404: Is divided into 41 counties ( județe , singular județ ) and the city of Bucharest . Each county is governed by an elected council. Local councils and elected mayors are the public authorities in villages and towns. The county council coordinates the activities of village and town councils. The central government appoints a prefect for each county and Bucharest, who represents the government at

952-453: Is expected to take place this year. On 12 May 2023, Mahathir left GTA. Mahathir reached that decision after realising that GTA could not function properly and failed to attract voters’ support, especially during the 15th general election (GE15) in November 2022. Interim founding leadership of GTA: At its founding, it consists of 3 member parties: As of the 15th General Election, neither of

1020-487: Is head of state (charged with safeguarding the constitution, foreign affairs, and the proper functioning of public authority), supreme commander of the armed forces , and chairperson of the Supreme Council of National Defense . According to the constitution, the president acts as a mediator among the state's power centers and between the state and society. The president nominates the prime minister after consultation with

1088-456: Is sometimes called the parliamentary wing of a party, as distinct from its organizational wing . Equivalent terms are used in different countries, including: Argentina ( bloque and interbloque ), Australia (party room); Austria ( Klub ); Belgium ( fractie / fraction / Fraktion ); Brazil and Portugal ("grupo parlamentar" or, informally, "bancadas"); Germany ( Fraktion ); Italy ( gruppo ), Finland (eduskuntaryhmä/ riksdagsgrupp );

1156-507: Is to support the leadership by enforcing party discipline . In Armenia , political parties often form parliamentary groups before running in elections. Prior to the 2021 Armenian parliamentary elections , four different parliamentary groups were formed. A parliamentary group must pass the 7% electoral threshold in order to gain representation in the National Assembly . Higher electoral thresholds for parliamentary groups discourages

1224-407: Is typically led by a parliamentary group leader or chairperson , though some parliamentary groups have two or more co-leaders . If the parliamentary group is represented in the legislature, the leader is almost always chosen from among the sitting members; if the leader does not yet have a seat in the legislature, a sitting member of the group may be expected to resign to make way for him or her. If

1292-796: The Democratic Party (PD) and the National Liberal Party (PNL) formed an electoral alliance, more specifically the Justice and Truth (DA) Alliance, as a mainstream opposition bloc to the ruling PSD. The DA Alliance agreed, among other measures, to vote as a bloc in the parliament and local councils and run common candidates in national and local elections. In October 2003, the country held a referendum on several constitutional amendments deemed necessary for EU accession. The amendments included provisions to allow foreigners to own land in Romania and to change

1360-517: The Napoleonic Code , is inquisitorial . The judiciary is independent, and judges appointed by the president are not removable. The president and other judges of the Supreme Court are appointed for six-year terms and may serve consecutive terms. Proceedings are public, except in special circumstances provided for by law. Judicial power is vested in a hierarchical system of courts, culminating with

1428-703: The National Liberal Party (PNL) (with 7.06 percent), followed by the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNȚCD) with only 2.50 percent and the Romanian Ecologist Party (with only 1.38 percent) as well other minor centre-right parties (e.g. Liberal Union–Brătianu , National Reconstruction Party of Romania , and the Democratic Group of the Centre ) with less than one percent. After FSN Prime Minister Petre Roman 's dismissal

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1496-496: The Netherlands ( fractie ); Poland ( klub ), Switzerland ( fraction / Fraktion / frazione ); Romania ( grup parlamentar ); and Russia ( фракция/fraktsiya ), Spain ('grupo parlamentario'), and Ukraine ( фракція/fraktsiya ). Generally, parliamentary groups have some independence from the wider party organisations. It is often thought improper for elected MPs to take instructions solely from non-elected party officials or from

1564-486: The Parliamentary Friendship Groups , also called Inter-Parliamentary Friendship Groups , Friendship Parliamentary Groups , or Parliamentary Group of Friendship [and Cooperation] . "Parliamentary Friendship" groups are groups of congresspeople/members of parliament who voluntarily organise themselves to promote parliamentary relations between their own Parliament and another country's (or even

1632-614: The Proclamation of Timișoara and the lustration law against the former Romanian secret police). In the 1990 presidential and legislative elections , the FSN and its presidential candidate, Ion Iliescu , won with a large majority of the votes (67.02 and 85.07 percent, respectively). The strongest opposition parties in the Senate were the Hungarian minority-oriented Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR/RMDSZ) (with 7.20 percent) and

1700-504: The United Kingdom Parliament there exist associations of MPs called "all-party parliamentary groups", which bring together members of different parliamentary groups who wish to involve themselves with a particular subject. This term is in a sense the opposite of the term 'parliamentary group', which designates a group that includes only members of the same party or electoral fusion. One special kind of parliamentary groups are

1768-502: The head of government (i.e. Prime Minister ). Romania has a democratic, multi-party system , with legislative power vested in the government and the two chambers of the Parliament , more specifically the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate . The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. From 1948 until 1989, the communist rule political structure took place in

1836-428: The 18 ethnic-minority parties which have one representative each) as follows: ( Romanian : Alianța pentru Unirea Românilor ) The main four non-parliamentary parties (the first two around the five-percent threshold) with local representatives are as follows: Christian democracy Unlike other former Soviet-bloc countries (such as, most notably, neighbouring Republic of Moldova ), no political party claiming to be

1904-690: The 1990 elections but subsequently retracted their initial position and opted to participate in the 1990 Romanian general election , having the full support of state-owned media and an overwhelming majority of the voters during the electoral campaign, thereby eventually securing a landslide win. Prior to the 1990 Romanian general election, over 200 new political parties sprang up just after 1989, most of them gravitating towards their leaders rather than revolving around political programs or full-fledged geopolitical agendas. Nevertheless, all major political parties espoused democracy and free market reforms to varying degrees or extents. The largest political party by far,

1972-546: The Government of their own country, or even for the whole of the Parliament/Congress to which they belong, as they are usually self-regulating and self-fulfilling. Parliamentary Friendship Groups are active in the national congresses/parliaments of countries such as Armenia, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Germany, Israel, Laos, New Zealand, Pakistan, Peru, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, South Korea, Switzerland, and

2040-624: The PNL broke away from the USL and entered opposition. Along with the PDL, the PNL formed the Christian Liberal Alliance (ACL) to support the candidature of Klaus Iohannis as President of Romania and later agreed on a future merger that would retain the name of the National Liberal Party (PNL). Iohannis won a surprise victory in front of the incumbent PM Victor Ponta in the second round of

2108-513: The Parliament, the PSD government (like its predecessor) relied on the support of the UDMR/RMDSZ , which did not join the cabinet but negotiated annual packages of legislation and other measures favoring Romania's ethnic Hungarians (essentially through a confidence and supply agreement ). Năstase, in his four years as prime minister, continued the previous government's pro-Western foreign policy. The period

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2176-713: The Parti Perikatan India Muslim Nasional (Iman). On 23 September 2022, Gerakan Tanah Air's (GTA) application to register as an official political party coalition has received preliminary approval from the Registrar of Society (RoS). On 2 November 2022, Gerakan Tanah Air's (GTA) announced the 121 Parliamentary candidates who will compete to represent the movement in the 15th General Election (GE-15). However, GTA failed to win all 121 Parliamentary chair. On 14 January 2023, PEJUANG left GTA. PEJUANG President Mukhriz Mahathir said PEJUANG need focus on strengthening

2244-717: The Romanian secret police (i.e. Securitatea ). Since membership in the party was a requirement for advancement before 1989, many people joined to get ahead rather than because of ideological conviction; however, the communist past of some Romanian politicians remains highly controversial to the current day. The Romanian Communist Party (PCR) officially ceased to exist after the December 1989 Romanian Revolution. An ad interim / acting government swiftly took office starting in late December 1989 which consisted of National Salvation Front (FSN) members and would eventually govern Romania well up until 1992. The FSN had initially not decided to run in

2312-642: The Senate (60.07 and 58.61 percent of the vote, respectively) and a record 395 seats. The new prime minister, Victor Ponta , quickly formed a government but the failure to adopt reforms quickly triggered a wave of protests against a government seen as not fulfilling the promises of the 2012 electoral campaign. Two other projects of national interest (shale drilling and the Roșia Montană mining project) unleashed more protests . The demonstrations, initially ecological in focus, became anti-government protests. In early 2014,

2380-569: The UDMR/RMDSZ (representing the Hungarian minority) to join the government. Although over the next four years, Romania had three prime ministers (and despite internal frictions), the governing parties preserved their coalition and initiated a series of much-needed reforms. Constantinescu stated in 2000 that he is no longer running for a second term, claiming that the system had defeated him. The CDR-led coalition with its new candidate Mugur Isărescu lost

2448-587: The United States, among many others. Politics of Romania Romania's political framework is a semi-presidential representative democratic republic where the Prime Minister is the head of government while the President , according to the constitution, has a more symbolic role, is responsible for the foreign policy , signs certain decrees, approves laws promulgated by the parliament, and nominates

2516-455: The United States, signing an agreement in December 2005 which would allow American troops to train and serve at several Romanian military facilities. Băsescu and Popescu-Tăriceanu pledged to combat high-level corruption and implement broader reforms to modernize sectors such as the judicial system and healthcare. On 19 April 2007, the Romanian Parliament suspended President Băsescu on charges of unconstitutional conduct. The suspension, passed by

2584-641: The Văcăroiu government in August of the same year. The following month, the incumbent Justice Minister also joined the PUNR. Nevertheless, subsequently, the PRM and the PSM left the coalition in October and December 1995, respectively. The 1996 local elections indicated a major shift in the political orientation of the Romanian electorate, with opposition parties sweeping Bucharest and most of

2652-603: The budget, this is now limited to a review of expenditures to determine their constitutionality. Romania has made considerable progress in institutionalizing democratic principles , civil liberties , and respect for human rights since the Romanian Revolution in December 1989 . Nevertheless, many present-day Romanian politicians are former members of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) and have also had ties with

2720-471: The coalition submitted registration documents to the Registrar of Societies (RoS) to apply for registration. The coalition failed to win any parliament seat in the 2022 General Election. On 4 August 2022, PEJUANG Chairman Mahathir Mohamad announced launch of Gerakan Tanah Air (GTA) coalition which aims to keep the country safe and stable by reducing the current gap between races. He said, it does not mean that

2788-541: The compliance of laws (or other state regulations) with the Romanian Constitution . The court, outside the judicial branch, follows the tradition of the French Constitutional Council with nine judges serving nine-year, non-renewable terms. Since the 2003 revision of the constitution, its decisions cannot be overturned by a parliamentary majority. For territorial and administrative purposes, Romania

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2856-477: The extreme left-wing Socialist Party of Labour (PSM) led by former PCR Prime Minister Ilie Verdeț . The future coalition would be labeled by the press as the " Red Quadrilateral " (originally known in Romanian as Patrulaterul Roșu ). In January 1994, the governing coalition's stability became problematic when the PUNR threatened to withdraw its support unless it received cabinet portfolios. After intense negotiations, two PUNR members received cabinet portfolios in

2924-583: The first round of presidential elections held in November 2000 as a result of popular dissatisfaction with infighting among the constituent parties during the preceding four years and the economic hardship brought about by structural reforms. In the second round, Ion Iliescu, running again as the Social Democratic Party (PSD) candidate, won by a wide margin over extreme nationalist Greater Romania Party (PRM) candidate Corneliu Vadim Tudor . Iliescu subsequently appointed Adrian Năstase Prime Minister. In

2992-515: The five-percent electoral threshold required for other parties and organizations. Romania has a multiparty political system, which makes a majority government virtually impossible (unless a very high score is achieved in the legislative election by one particular political party). Smaller parliamentary parties have sometimes merged with larger ones during previous legislatures before 2020 (or created/were part of several electoral alliances). Currently, there are five main parliamentary parties (excluding

3060-544: The formation of parliamentary groups like Centre-right coalition and Centre-left coalition . In the Swiss Federal Assembly , at least five members are required to form a parliamentary group. The most important task is to delegate members to the commissions. The parliamentary groups are decisive in Swiss Federal Assembly and not the political parties, which are not mentioned in the parliamentary law. In

3128-532: The formation of parliamentary groups running in elections. The parliamentary groups of the European Parliament must consist of no less than 25 MEPs from seven different EU member states . No party discipline is required. Parliamentary groups gain financial support and can join committees. Hungarian mixed-member majoritarian representation rewards the formation of parliamentary groups, like United for Hungary . Italian parallel voting system rewards

3196-486: The framework of a one-party socialist republic governed by the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) as its only legal party. Romania's 1991 constitution (amended in 2003) proclaims it a democratic and social republic, deriving its sovereignty from the people. According to the constitution, "Human dignity, civic rights and freedoms, the unhindered development of human personality, justice, and political pluralism are supreme and guaranteed values." The constitution provides for

3264-485: The governing National Salvation Front (FSN), proposed slow, cautious economic reforms, and an artificial, weak social safety net (mostly for the working class of the still operating factories of the heavy industries ). In stark contrast, the main opposition parties, more specifically the National Liberal Party (PNL) and the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNŢCD), favored rapid, sweeping economic reforms, immediate privatization (which would have caused

3332-593: The government was also tested by a successfully resolved hostage crisis involving three Romanian journalists kidnapped in Iraq and avian influenza in several parts of the country, transmitted by wild birds migrating from Asia. The government's overriding objective was the accession of Romania to the European Union (EU), and on 1 January 2007 Romania became the 26th member of the EU. The government also maintained good relations with

3400-519: The larger cities in Transylvania , Banat , Bukovina , and Dobruja . The trend continued in that year's legislative and presidential elections when the opposition dominated the cities and made strong inroads into rural areas previously dominated by President Iliescu and the PDSR (which lost many voters in their traditional stronghold constituencies outside Transylvania). The opposition campaign emphasized

3468-573: The local level and directs the ministries and other central agencies at the county level. A prefect may block the action of a local authority if he deems it unlawful or unconstitutional, with the matter then adjudicated by an administrative court. Under legislation enacted in January 1999, local councils control the spending of their allocations from the central government budget and have the authority to raise additional revenue locally. Although centrally-appointed prefects formerly had significant authority over

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3536-419: The merger with the PDL in 2014 but not only. The latest legislative election was held on 6 December 2020. The two tables below are represented the results for both the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies: The latest general local election was held on 27 September 2020. (with the 2020 USR-PLUS Alliance ) (with the 2020 USR-PLUS Alliance ) (with PNL ) (with PNL ) The Romanian legal system, based on

3604-569: The movement is racist but rather it is to focus against a Malay party that has gone astray at the moment. The basis of the establishment of the Homeland Movement was not to seize the property of the non-Malay community or prevent them from trying to get wealth, but rather it sought to correct the economy of the Malay community. GTA comprises four parties – PEJUANG, Parti Bumiputera Perkasa Malaysia (Putra), Barisan Jemaah Islamiah Se-Malaysia (Berjasa) and

3672-407: The need to squelch corruption and introduce economic reform favoring liberalization and the free market. This message resonated with voters, resulting in a historical victory for the CDR coalition and the election of Emil Constantinescu as president (partly due to Corneliu Coposu 's death as well). To secure its electoral majority, the CDR invited Petre Roman's Democratic Party (the former FSN) and

3740-465: The other hand. Tensions escalated with a 2012 political crisis and another attempt to impeach President Băsescu. In the referendum , more than 7.4 million people (nearly 90 percent) supported Băsescu's removal from office. However, the Constitutional Court invalidated the referendum because the majority of the population did not vote (the voter turnout was 46%); Băsescu had called the referendum

3808-424: The parliamentary and organisational leadership will be held by the same person or people, whether ex officio or not; other parties maintain a sharp distinction between the two offices. Nevertheless, in almost all cases, the parliamentary leader is the public face of the party, and wields considerable influence within the organisational wing, whether or not they hold any official position there. A parliamentary group

3876-499: The parties has elected representatives in the parliament . Political coalition Parliamentary groups may elect a parliamentary leader ; such leaders are often important political players. Parliamentary groups in some cases use party discipline to control the votes of their members. Parliamentary groups correspond to " caucuses " in the United States Congress and the Parliament of Canada . A parliamentary group

3944-477: The party before adding value to any coalition. The decision was made after taking into account the views of the representatives in the second PEJUANG General Assembly, following the party's heavy defeat in the past 15th General Election (GE15). However, Mukhriz said PEJUANG took the stance of remaining open to hold any negotiations with any existing political coalition in the run-up to the State Election (PRN) which

4012-465: The party holding an absolute majority in Parliament or, if there is no such majority, with all the parties in Parliament. Ambiguity in the Constitution of Romania (Article 85 (1), Article 103 (1)) may lead to situations where a coalition of parties obtaining an absolute majority in Parliament, or a party holding a relative majority in Parliament, would be unable to nominate a prime minister because

4080-415: The party is not represented in the legislature for the time being, the leader will often be put forward at a general election as the party's candidate for their most winnable seat. In some parties, the leader is elected solely by the members of the parliamentary group; in others, some or all members of the wider party participate in the election. Parliamentary groups often have one or more whips , whose role

4148-523: The president would refuse the nomination (with no party holding an absolute majority in Parliament). According to Article 103 (1), "unless no such majority exists", is interpreted by the president as "unless no such party exists" (although an absolute majority may be formed by one party, a coalition of parties, or an alliance). In the 2008 parliamentary elections, the Alliance PSD+PC won 33.09 percent of

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4216-618: The president's term from four to five years. In 2004, Traian Băsescu , the then-leader of the Democratic Party (PD), won the presidential election by a narrow margin. Băsescu subsequently appointed former national liberal leader Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu as prime minister. Popescu-Tăriceanu headed a government composed of the PNL , PD , UDMR/RMDSZ , and PC (formerly known as the Romanian Humanist Party or PUR). In order to secure

4284-466: The seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 34.16 percent of the seats in the Senate. The PNL won 18.57 percent of the seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 18.74 percent of the seats in the Senate, giving both parties a majority in the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. However, the president nominated a member of the PDL (which won less than 32.36 percent of the seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 33.54 percent of

4352-461: The seats in the Senate. The nominated prime minister chooses the other members of the government, and the government and its program must be confirmed by a vote of confidence from Parliament. The national legislature is a bicameral parliament ( Romanian : Parlament ), consisting of the Chamber of Deputies ( Romanian : Camera Deputaților ) and the Senate ( Romanian : Senat ). Members are elected to four-year terms by universal suffrage in

4420-449: The small subset of the electorate represented by party members. In any case, the exigencies of government, the need to cooperate with other members of the legislature and the desire to retain the support of the electorate as a whole often preclude strict adherence to the wider party's wishes. The exact relationship between the parliamentary party and the party varies between countries, and also from party to party. For example, in some parties,

4488-579: The successor of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) has been or is currently a significant player on the political scene, although the main continuator of FSN, more specifically PSD, has many times raised suspicions and accusations from electoral contenders regarding the past political careers of many of its current and former members who were first tier, high-ranking members of the PCR before the 1989 Romanian Revolution. The PNL also has many former Securitate members, former PCR members, or their relatives, in part through

4556-575: The supreme court: Înalta Curte de Justiție și Casație ( High Court of Cassation and Justice ), whose judges are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Superior Council of Magistrates. The Ministry of Justice represents the general interests of society and defends the rule of law and citizens' rights and freedoms. The ministry exercises its power through independent, impartial public prosecutors. The (Constitutional Court) judges issues of constitutionality invoked in any court and judges

4624-402: Was characterized by political stability unprecedented in post-communist Romania and consistent economic growth. Romania joined NATO in the spring of 2004 and signed an accession treaty to join the EU in 2007. However, the PSD government was plagued by allegations of corruption which would be significant factors in its eventual defeat in local and national elections in 2004 . In September 2003,

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