Problem structuring methods ( PSMs ) are a group of techniques used to model or to map the nature or structure of a situation or state of affairs that some people want to change. PSMs are usually used by a group of people in collaboration (rather than by a solitary individual) to create a consensus about, or at least to facilitate negotiations about, what needs to change. Some widely adopted PSMs include
43-731: [REDACTED] Look up PSM in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. PSM , an acronym, may refer to: Organizations [ edit ] Pakistan School Muscat, a Pakistani co-educational institute in Oman Palestine Solidarity Movement , a student organization in the United States Panhellenic Socialist Movement , a centre-left party in Greece Parti Socialiste Mauricien ,
86-567: A business strategy and information system strategy, planning livestock management in Nepal, regional planning in South Africa, modeling hospital outpatient services, and eliciting knowledge about pesticides. PSMs are a general methodology and are not necessarily dependent on electronic information technology , but PSMs do rely on some kind of shared display of the models that participants are developing. The shared display could be flip charts ,
129-486: A (possible) identified peptide in a protein mass spectrometry identification experiment Phase-shift keying , or Phase Shift Modulation, a digital modulation scheme Phase-shift mask , photomasks that take advantage of interference to improve image resolution in photolithography Phenol-soluble modulin , a family of protein toxins produced by CA-MRSA Phenomenal self model , in consciousness what comprises experiences of ownership, of first person perspective, and of
172-441: A family of approaches that have differing purposes and techniques, and many of them had been developed independently before people began to notice their family resemblance. Several scholars have noted the common and divergent characteristics among PSMs. Eden and Ackermann identified four characteristics that problem structuring methods have in common: Rosenhead provided another list of common characteristics of PSMs, formulated in
215-780: A housing cooperative administering most of the Piątkowo district of Poznań, Poland Providence St. Mel School , a school in Chicago, USA PSM3 , a UK video game magazine specializing in Sony consoles PSM Makassar , a football club that plays in the Liga Indonesia PSM-Nationalist Agreement , a federation of regionalist or progressive-stateless nationalist political parties in the Balearic Islands Public Service Media , media whose primary mission
258-580: A large whiteboard , Post-it notes on the meeting room walls, and/or a personal computer connected to a video projector . After PSMs have been used in a group work session, it is normal for a record of the session's display to be shared with participants and with other relevant people. Software programs for supporting problem structuring include Banxia Decision Explorer and Group Explorer, which implement cognitive mapping for strategic options development and analysis (SODA), and Compendium , which implements IBIS for dialogue mapping and related methods;
301-527: A long-term unity of beliefs and attitudes Phono-semantic matching , a term in linguistics that refers to camouflaged borrowing Plastarch material , or PSM, a biodegradable and thermoplastic resin Platform-specific model , a model of a software or business system that is linked to a specific technological platform Propensity score matching , a statistical method used to provide unbiased estimation of treatment-effects Problem structuring methods ,
344-471: A long-term unity of beliefs and attitudes Phono-semantic matching , a term in linguistics that refers to camouflaged borrowing Plastarch material , or PSM, a biodegradable and thermoplastic resin Platform-specific model , a model of a software or business system that is linked to a specific technological platform Propensity score matching , a statistical method used to provide unbiased estimation of treatment-effects Problem structuring methods ,
387-497: A magazine originally known as PlayStation Magazine or PSM Ponce School of Medicine , a post-graduate medical school located in Ponce, Puerto Rico Power Systems Manufacturing, a subsidiary of Alstom , specializing in aftermarket gas turbine servicing for power generating industry. Poznańska Spółdzielnia Mieszkaniowa , a housing cooperative administering most of the Piątkowo district of Poznań, Poland Providence St. Mel School ,
430-686: A methodological framing of a range of techniques in soft operational research (soft OR) Locations [ edit ] Port St Mary , a port town in the south of the Isle of Man Portsmouth International Airport at Pease , IATA code PSM, a public-use joint civil-military airport El Puerto de Santa María , a city located on the banks of the Guadalete River in the province of Cádiz, Spain Medicine [ edit ] Preventive and social medicine Other uses [ edit ] "Paranoia Survivor Max",
473-534: A methodological framing of a range of techniques in soft operational research (soft OR) Locations [ edit ] Port St Mary , a port town in the south of the Isle of Man Portsmouth International Airport at Pease , IATA code PSM, a public-use joint civil-military airport El Puerto de Santa María , a city located on the banks of the Guadalete River in the province of Cádiz, Spain Medicine [ edit ] Preventive and social medicine Other uses [ edit ] "Paranoia Survivor Max",
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#1732855081446516-492: A more prescriptive style: An early literature review of problem structuring proposed grouping the texts reviewed into "four streams of thought" that describe some major differences between methods: Mingers and Rosenhead have noted that there are similarities and differences between PSMs and large group methods such as Future Search, Open Space Technology , and others. PSMs and large group methods both bring people together to talk about, and to share different perspectives on,
559-533: A not for profit organisation involved in promoting photography, in Chennai PlayStation: The Official Magazine , a magazine originally known as PlayStation Magazine or PSM Ponce School of Medicine , a post-graduate medical school located in Ponce, Puerto Rico Power Systems Manufacturing, a subsidiary of Alstom , specializing in aftermarket gas turbine servicing for power generating industry. Poznańska Spółdzielnia Mieszkaniowa ,
602-611: A political party in Mauritius, founded by Harish Boodhoo Parti Sosialis Malaysia , a socialist political party in Malaysia Sepaktakraw Association of Malaysia (Malay: Persatuan Sepaktakraw Malaysia ; PSM), a national governing body in Malaysia Photographic Society of Madras , a not for profit organisation involved in promoting photography, in Chennai PlayStation: The Official Magazine ,
645-500: A postgraduate academic degree program established by the Council of Graduate Schools The Protocols of the Elders of Zion , acronym for Protokoly sionskix mudrecov or The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a tract alleging a Judeo-Masonic plot for world domination Science [ edit ] Paraspinal musculature, the muscles adjacent to the vertebral column Peptide spectrum match,
688-442: A school in Chicago, USA PSM3 , a UK video game magazine specializing in Sony consoles PSM Makassar , a football club that plays in the Liga Indonesia PSM-Nationalist Agreement , a federation of regionalist or progressive-stateless nationalist political parties in the Balearic Islands Public Service Media , media whose primary mission is public service Scholarship [ edit ] Professional Science Master's ,
731-576: A self-defense firearm for law enforcement and military officers of the USSR Public Service Medal (Australia) , a civil decoration awarded to personnel of all levels of the Australian Public Service for outstanding service See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Search for "psm" on Misplaced Pages. All pages with titles beginning with PSM All pages with titles containing PSM Topics referred to by
774-440: A self-defense firearm for law enforcement and military officers of the USSR Public Service Medal (Australia) , a civil decoration awarded to personnel of all levels of the Australian Public Service for outstanding service See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Search for "psm" on Misplaced Pages. All pages with titles beginning with PSM All pages with titles containing PSM Topics referred to by
817-548: A short-lived rank in the British Army of Warrant Officer Class III PlayStation Mobile , the software framework PlayStation Move , the motion controller for PlayStation 3 Policy Simulation Model , a static microsimulation model which encapsulates the tax and benefits system, and population, of Great Britain Portia Simpson-Miller , former Prime Minister of Jamaica Post-stall maneuver Poste sanitaire mobile,
860-433: A short-lived rank in the British Army of Warrant Officer Class III PlayStation Mobile , the software framework PlayStation Move , the motion controller for PlayStation 3 Policy Simulation Model , a static microsimulation model which encapsulates the tax and benefits system, and population, of Great Britain Portia Simpson-Miller , former Prime Minister of Jamaica Post-stall maneuver Poste sanitaire mobile,
903-488: A similar program is called Wisdom. Such software can serve a variety of functions, such as simple technical assistance to the group facilitator during a single event, or more long-term online group decision support systems . Some practitioners prefer not to use computers during group work sessions because of the effect they have on group dynamics , but such use of computers is standard in some PSMs such as SODA and dialogue mapping, in which computer display of models or maps
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#1732855081446946-543: A situation or state of affairs that some people want to change. However, PSMs always focus on creating a sufficiently rigorous conceptual model or cognitive map of the situation, whereas large group methods do not necessarily emphasize modeling, and PSMs are not necessarily used with large groups of people. There is significant overlap or shared characteristics between PSMs and some of the techniques used in participatory rural appraisal (PRA). Mingers and Rosenhead pointed out that in situations where people have low literacy,
989-484: A song by 290 from the music video game Dance Dance Revolution Extreme Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Permanent staff member, e.g., for a congressional committee Persistent Stored Modules , an ISO standard mainly defining an extension of SQL Plant (or Potato) Starch Material, generic label for compostable plant-based materials used as alternatives to plastics for items such as disposable cutlery, broader meaning than Plastarch Platoon Sergeant Major ,
1032-484: A song by 290 from the music video game Dance Dance Revolution Extreme Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Permanent staff member, e.g., for a congressional committee Persistent Stored Modules , an ISO standard mainly defining an extension of SQL Plant (or Potato) Starch Material, generic label for compostable plant-based materials used as alternatives to plastics for items such as disposable cutlery, broader meaning than Plastarch Platoon Sergeant Major ,
1075-439: A student organization in the United States Panhellenic Socialist Movement , a centre-left party in Greece Parti Socialiste Mauricien , a political party in Mauritius, founded by Harish Boodhoo Parti Sosialis Malaysia , a socialist political party in Malaysia Sepaktakraw Association of Malaysia (Malay: Persatuan Sepaktakraw Malaysia ; PSM), a national governing body in Malaysia Photographic Society of Madras ,
1118-458: A type of French Field hospitals (France) Van Westendorp's Price Sensitivity Meter , a market technique for determining consumer price preferences Pro Stock Motorcycle , a drag racing class of motorcycle that is the two-wheeled equivalent of Pro Stock Process safety management , a practice intended to prevent major accidents in the process industries Process Safety Management (OSHA regulation) , implementing process safety management in
1161-458: A type of French Field hospitals (France) Van Westendorp's Price Sensitivity Meter , a market technique for determining consumer price preferences Pro Stock Motorcycle , a drag racing class of motorcycle that is the two-wheeled equivalent of Pro Stock Process safety management , a practice intended to prevent major accidents in the process industries Process Safety Management (OSHA regulation) , implementing process safety management in
1204-455: Is a well known example of such types. The following table lists similar (but not exactly equivalent) distinctions made by a number of thinkers between two types of "problem" situations, which can be seen as a continuum between a left and right extreme: Tame problems (or puzzles or technical challenges) have relatively precise, straightforward formulations that are often amenable to solution with some predetermined technical fix or algorithm. It
1247-409: Is clear when these situations have changed in such a way that the problem can be called solved. Wicked problems (or messes or adaptive challenges) have multiple interacting issues with multiple stakeholders and uncertainties and no definitive formulation. These situations are complex and have no stopping rule and no ultimate test of a solution. PSMs were developed for situations that tend toward
1290-408: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages PSM [REDACTED] Look up PSM in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. PSM , an acronym, may refer to: Organizations [ edit ] Pakistan School Muscat, a Pakistani co-educational institute in Oman Palestine Solidarity Movement ,
1333-399: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Problem structuring methods Unlike some problem solving methods that assume that all the relevant issues and constraints and goals that constitute the problem are defined in advance or are uncontroversial, PSMs assume that there is no single uncontested representation of what constitutes
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1376-487: Is intended to guide conversation in the most efficient way. In some situations additional software that is not used only for PSMs may be incorporated into the problem structuring process; examples include spreadsheet modeling, system dynamics software or geographic information systems . Some practitioners, who have focused on building system dynamics simulation models with groups of people, have called their work group model building (GMB) and have concluded "that GMB
1419-419: Is public service Scholarship [ edit ] Professional Science Master's , a postgraduate academic degree program established by the Council of Graduate Schools The Protocols of the Elders of Zion , acronym for Protokoly sionskix mudrecov or The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a tract alleging a Judeo-Masonic plot for world domination Science [ edit ] Paraspinal musculature,
1462-719: The United States Professional Scrum Master, a recognized certification for Scrum Master role in Scrum (software development) Professional Securities Market, an equity market of the London Stock Exchange Protocol/Service Multiplexer, a port number in Bluetooth L2CAP ProTracker Studio format, a module file format that was used in many games published by Epic Games in the early 1990s PSM pistol ,
1505-423: The United States Professional Scrum Master, a recognized certification for Scrum Master role in Scrum (software development) Professional Securities Market, an equity market of the London Stock Exchange Protocol/Service Multiplexer, a port number in Bluetooth L2CAP ProTracker Studio format, a module file format that was used in many games published by Epic Games in the early 1990s PSM pistol ,
1548-461: The methods that came to be called PSMs had been in use since the 1960s. Thinkers who later came to be recognized as significant early contributors to the theory and practice of PSMs include: In discussions of problem structuring methods, it is common to distinguish between two different types of situations that could be considered to be problems. Rittel and Webber's distinction between tame problems and wicked problems ( Rittel & Webber 1973 )
1591-558: The muscles adjacent to the vertebral column Peptide spectrum match, a (possible) identified peptide in a protein mass spectrometry identification experiment Phase-shift keying , or Phase Shift Modulation, a digital modulation scheme Phase-shift mask , photomasks that take advantage of interference to improve image resolution in photolithography Phenol-soluble modulin , a family of protein toxins produced by CA-MRSA Phenomenal self model , in consciousness what comprises experiences of ownership, of first person perspective, and of
1634-494: The nonliterate (oral and visual) techniques developed in PRA would be a necessary complement to PSMs, and the approaches to modeling in PSMs could be (and have been) used by practitioners of PRA. In 2004, Mingers and Rosenhead published a literature review of papers that had been published in scholarly journals and that reported practical applications of PSMs. Their literature survey covered
1677-493: The period up to 1998, which was "relatively early in the development of interest in PSMs", and categorized 51 reported applications under the following application areas: general organizational applications; information systems; technology, resources, planning; health services; and general research. Examples of applications reported included: designing a parliamentary briefing system, modeling the San Francisco Zoo , developing
1720-450: The problem. PSMs are mostly used with groups of people, but PSMs have also influenced the coaching and counseling of individuals. The term "problem structuring methods" as a label for these techniques began to be used in the 1980s in the field of operations research , especially after the publication of the book Rational Analysis for a Problematic World: Problem Structuring Methods for Complexity, Uncertainty and Conflict . Some of
1763-464: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title PSM . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PSM&oldid=1256278930 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing Malay (macrolanguage)-language text Short description
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1806-464: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title PSM . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PSM&oldid=1256278930 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing Malay (macrolanguage)-language text Short description
1849-420: The wicked or "soft" side, when methods are needed that assist argumentation about, or that generate mutual understanding of multiple perspectives on, a complex situation. Other problem solving methods are better suited to situations toward the tame or "hard" side where a reliable and optimal solution is needed to a problem that can be clearly and uncontroversially defined. Problem structuring methods constitute
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