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72-647: In 1912 Brusilov led a maritime expedition which was intended to explore and map a route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific via a northeast passage, also called the Northern Sea Route . His expedition disappeared almost without a trace, and despite searches its ultimate fate was unknown until 2010. During 1910–1911, Georgy Brusilov participated in the Arctic Ocean Hydrographic Expedition of

144-671: A 2019 paper holds BKS ice decline responsible for 44% of the 1995–2014 central Eurasian cooling trend, far more than indicated by the models, while another study from that year suggests that the decline in BKS ice reduces snow cover in the North Eurasia but increases it in central Europe. There are also potential links to summer precipitation: a connection has been proposed between the reduced BKS ice extent in November–December and greater June rainfall over South China . One paper even identified

216-509: A connection between Kara Sea ice extent and the ice cover of Lake Qinghai on the Tibetan Plateau . The Barents Sea was formerly known to Russians as Murmanskoye More , or the "Sea of Murmans" (i.e., their term for Norwegians). It appears with this name in sixteenth-century maps, including Gerard Mercator 's Map of the Arctic published in his 1595 atlas. Its eastern corner, in the region of

288-462: A digital space that will provide various services to cargo carriers, shipowners, captains, insurers, and other participants in the logistics market on the NSR. In particular, it involves issuing permits for the passage of vessels, monitoring, dispatching, and managing the work of the fleet. The single digital platform will collect information from all the available sources, for example, hydrometeorological data,

360-508: A front called the Polar Front is formed. In the western parts of the sea (close to Bear Island ), this front is determined by the bottom topography and is therefore relatively sharp and stable from year to year, while in the east (towards Novaya Zemlya ), it can be quite diffuse and its position can vary markedly between years. The lands of Novaya Zemlya attained most of their early Holocene coastal deglaciation approximately 10,000 years before

432-685: A general who had been a hero in the Russo-Japanese War . By mid-September, Captain Brusilov's expedition reached the Kara Sea through the Yugorsky Shar Strait , but soon became icebound near the western shores of the Yamal Peninsula and was drifting helplessly towards the north. Brusilov wintered in the hope of seeing his ship freed in the next year's thaw. However, the summer of 1913 came and

504-463: A succession of dry holes, wells containing only gas (which was cheap at the time), and the prohibitive costs of developing wells in such a remote area. Interest in the area was reignited in the late 2000s after the Snovhit field was finally brought into production and two new large discoveries were made. The Russians began exploration in their territory around the same time, encouraged by their success in

576-472: A year-round arctic shipping route. Rosatom is a state corporation that organizes the navigation of vessels in the waters of the NSR in accordance with the Merchant Shipping Code, manages a fleet of powerful nuclear icebreakers, ensures the safety and uninterrupted operation of navigation, provides port services for gas tankers in case of unfavorable weather conditions. Rosatom , a legacy member of

648-995: Is a shipping route about 5,600 kilometres (3,500 mi) long. The Northern Sea Route (NSR) is the shortest shipping route between the western part of Eurasia and the Asia-Pacific region. Administratively, the Northern Sea Route begins at the boundary between the Barents and Kara Seas (the Kara Strait) and ends in the Bering Strait ( Cape Dezhnev ). The NSR straddles the seas of the Arctic Ocean ( Kara , Laptev , East Siberian and Chukchi Seas ). The entire route lies in Arctic waters and within Russia's exclusive economic zone (EEZ), and

720-654: Is a key food for top predators such as the north-east Arctic cod , harp seals , and seabirds such as the common guillemot and Brunnich's guillemot . The fisheries of the Barents Sea, in particular the cod fisheries, are of great importance for both Norway and Russia. SIZEX-89 was an international winter experiment in 1989 for which the main objectives were to perform sensor signature studies of different ice types to develop SAR algorithms for ice variables, such as ice types, ice concentrations and ice kinematics. Although previous research suggested that predation by whales may be

792-484: Is also planned to build two more icebreakers of this prototype. These icebreakers will be equipped with a two-reactor power plant with RITM-400 reactors with a capacity of 315 MW. The maximum ice thickness overcome by these icebreakers will exceed 4 meters. It was reported in 2023 that Rosmorport , a state-owned agency of the Russian Ministry of Transport , has plans to run cruises for tourists in icebreakers along

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864-532: Is an environmental concern in the Barents Sea. For decades there was a boundary dispute between Norway and Russia regarding the position of the boundary between their respective claims to the Barents Sea. The Norwegians favoured a median line , based on the Geneva Convention of 1958 , whereas the Russians favoured a meridian - based sector line, based on a Soviet decision of 1926. A neutral "grey" zone between

936-599: Is dominated by extensional tectonics , caused by the collapse of the Caledonian and Uralian orogenic belts and the break-up of Pangaea . These events created the major rift basins that dominate the Barents Shelf, along with various platforms and structural highs. The later geological history of the Barents Sea is dominated by Late Cenozoic uplift , particularly that caused by Quaternary glaciation , which has resulted in erosion and deposition of significant sediment. Due to

1008-451: Is high, the economic advantage of the NSR-SCR combined shipping scheme is obvious. Ice thickness directly affects the shipping cost. Now, when the Arctic ice is slowly melting due to weather conditions, the cost of icebreaking service is expected to reduce. Also, vessels of some ice classes can sail on the NSR independently. That is why the NSR icebreaker escort fee may be several times lower than

1080-590: Is included in what has been called the Northeast Passage , analogous to Canada's Northwest Passage . The Northern Sea Route itself does not include the Barents Sea , and it therefore does not reach the Atlantic. The Northern Sea Route currently serves the Arctic ports and major rivers of Siberia by importing fuel, equipment, food and exporting timber and minerals. There are currently six major seaports located on

1152-541: The Arctic Economic Council , also provides navigation and hydrographic support in the waters of the Northern Sea Route, develops the infrastructure of sea harbors, and manages the state property of these ports. For this purpose, the Directorate of the Northern Sea Route was formed, that now manages three subordinate organizations "Atomflot" (ROSATOMFLOT), "Hydrographic Enterprise" and "ChukotAtomEnergo". Recently,

1224-594: The Atlantic " or in the process of being "Atlantified" because of its status as "the Arctic warming hot spot." Hydrologic changes due to global warming have led to a reduction in sea ice and in the stratification of the water column, which could produce major changes in weather in Eurasia . One prediction is that, as the Barents Sea's permanent ice-free area grows, evaporation will increase, leading to increased winter snowfalls in much of continental Europe. The southern half of

1296-617: The North Atlantic drift , the Barents Sea has a high biological production compared to other oceans of similar latitude. The spring bloom of phytoplankton can start quite early near the ice edge because the fresh water from the melting ice makes up a stable water layer on top of the seawater. The phytoplankton bloom feeds zooplankton such as Calanus finmarchicus , Calanus glacialis , Calanus hyperboreus , Oithona spp., and krill . The zooplankton feeders include young cod , capelin , polar cod , whales , and little auk . The capelin

1368-689: The Pechora River 's estuary, has been known as Pechorskoye Morye , that is, Pechora Sea . It was also known as Pomorsky Morye , after the first inhabitants of its shores, the Pomors . This sea was given its present name by Europeans in honour of Willem Barentsz , a Dutch navigator and explorer. Barentsz was the leader of early expeditions to the far north, at the end of the sixteenth century. The Barents Sea has been called by sailors " The Devil's Dance Floor " due to its unpredictability and difficulty level. Ocean rowers call it " Devil's Jaw ". In 2017, after

1440-702: The Russian Hydrographic Service on icebreakers Taymyr and Vaygach , visiting the Chukchi Sea and East Siberian Sea . In 1912, Brusilov commanded the Brusilov Expedition using the brig St. Anna , which was intended to travel from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific by the Northern Sea Route . One of the members of the expedition was a 22-year-old nurse, Yerminia Zhdanko, daughter of

1512-457: The St. Anna remained locked in sea ice. It drifted far north with the pack ice, leaving the Kara Sea and entering the Arctic Ocean . Captain Brusilov became ill and was bedridden for months. Many members of the crew succumbed to scurvy . During the spring of 1914, Brusilov's lieutenant, Valerian Albanov , along with some members of the St.Anna' s crew, abandoned the ship and tried to walk south over

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1584-536: The Timan-Pechora Basin . They drilled their first wells in the early 1980s, and some very large gas fields were discovered throughout this decade. The Shtokman field was discovered in 1988 and is classed as a giant gas field: currently the 5th-largest gas field in the world . Similar practical difficulties Barents Sea resulted in a decline in Russian exploration, aggravated by the nation's political instability of

1656-506: The "Main Directorate of the Northern Sea Route" (" Glavsevmorput ") was established on the basis of the Naval Operations Headquarters of FSUE “Atomflot”. The main purpose of the creation of Glavsevmorput is to organize the navigation of vessels in the waters of the Northern Sea Route. Glavsevmorput Federal State Budgetary Institution solves the following tasks: ensuring the organization of icebreaking vessels taking into account

1728-595: The 1990s. The Barents Sea contains the world's largest remaining cod population, as well as important stocks of haddock and capelin. Fishing is managed jointly by Russia and Norway in the form of the Joint Norwegian–Russian Fisheries Commission , established in 1976, in an attempt to keep track of how many fish are leaving the ecosystem due to fishing. The Joint Norwegian-Russian Fisheries Commission sets Total Allowable Catches (TACs) for multiple species throughout their migratory tracks. Through

1800-526: The Arctic and a substantial drop in Suez traffic. Projected shifts in trade also imply substantial pressure on an already threatened Arctic ecosystem". At the same time, research conducted by the Center for Marine Research showed that exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations in the atmospheric air, sea waters, and bottom sediments, which could indicate the impact of economic activities at this stage of development of

1872-409: The Arctic, there are concerns that a further increase in pollution is likely, not least from the increased risk of future oil spills from ships not properly equipped for the environment. Barents Sea is the fastest-warming part of the Arctic, and some assessments now treat Barents sea ice as a separate tipping point from the rest of the Arctic sea ice, suggesting that it could permanently disappear once

1944-473: The Barents Sea, including the ports of Murmansk (Russia) and Vardø (Norway) remain ice -free year-round due to the warm North Atlantic drift . In September, the entire Barents Sea is more or less completely ice-free. From 1920 to 1944, Finland 's territory also reached the Barents Sea. The Liinakhamari harbour in the Pechengsky District was Finland's only ice-free winter harbour until 1944 when it

2016-623: The Commission, Norway and Russia also exchange fishing quotas and catch statistics to ensure the TACs are not being violated. However there are problems with reporting under this system, and researchers believe that they do not have accurate data for the effects of fishing on the Barents Sea ecosystem. Cod is one of the major catches. A large portion of catches are not reported when the fishing boats land, to account for profits that are being lost to high taxes and fees. Since many fishermen do not strictly follow

2088-612: The Federal State Budgetary Institution “Administration of the Northern Sea Route” was created. In 2022 organizational authority  was transferred to the Main Directorate of the Northern Sea Route of Rosatom. Since 2008, the structure of Rosatom includes the Russian nuclear-powered icebreaker , designed to travel the NSR. Beginning in the late 2010s, Russia began improving its defense resources near

2160-689: The Fourth IMO GHG Study 2020, sea cargo transportation is responsible for 2.9% of global emissions. In the next 20 years the trading maritime volume is expected to double. Marine transport produces about 1 gigaton of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions per year and has been struggling for many years to reduce its environmental impact. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has obliged sea carriers to reduce CO 2 emissions by 50% by 2050. Marine transport generates 14% of all transport emissions, and effective techniques that could replace marine engines powered by fossil fuels are not currently used, in

2232-640: The German cruiser Admiral Hipper was severely damaged by British gunfire. The Germans later retreated and the British convoy arrived safely at Murmansk shortly afterwards. During the Cold War , the Soviet Red Banner Northern Fleet used the southern reaches of the sea as a ballistic missile submarine bastion , a strategy that Russia continued. Nuclear contamination from dumped Russian naval reactors

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2304-635: The NSR route in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation: Sabetta, Dikson, Dudinka, Khatanga, Tiksi, and Pevek ports. Some parts of the route are only free of ice for two months per year, but melting Arctic ice caps are likely to increase traffic and the commercial viability of the Northern Sea Route. One study, for instance, projects "remarkable shifts in trade flows between Asia and Europe, diversion of trade within Europe, heavy shipping traffic in

2376-469: The NSR was not recorded. Proponents of using the sea route for global trade claim that because it is considerably shorter than the existing sea routes from Asia to Europe, usage emits less CO 2 , by cutting time at sea, and fuel consumption, by more than half. The distance from Murmansk (Russia) to Yokohama (Japan) through the Suez Canal is 12,840 nautical miles, but only 5,770 nautical miles through

2448-408: The NSR water area. Researchers and economists usually compare the Northern Sea Route with the conventional Suez Canal Route. The first route is shorter, which allow to save on fuel, but it is connected with environmental risks and increased operating costs. However, the above-mentioned research can be considered disputable and incomplete, as it does not consider such factors like the reduced length of

2520-460: The Northern Sea Route (NSR) remains low in comparison to the Suez Canal . Though, the cargo traffic is steadily growing every year. The research shows that the NSR-SCR combined shipping scheme can be more competitive than the use of the Suez Canal Route only. If the shipping company provides sufficient loading on the NSR, uses a reliable ice-class vessel for navigation and the price of crude oil

2592-550: The Northern Sea Route (comparing to the Suez Canal) and, therefore, reduced CO2 emissions; the absence of charge payments for the passage; no risks of a pirate attack; the reduced cost of journey due to its reduced length. Major shipping companies encounter substantial costs due to carbon emissions, whereas the deployment of nuclear icebreakers, which operate without hydrocarbon fuel and produce very low carbon emissions, offers an economic advantage for shippers. Some studies recommend

2664-492: The Northern Sea Route in 2022 was 34.034 million tonnes, slightly less than in 2021. Total number of voyages in 2022 was 2994, made by 314 vessels. In the months from January to July, the number of voyages was higher than in 2021. 280 voyages was made with LNG from the Sabetta port. The volume of cargo transported along the Northern Sea Route (NSR) in 2023 reached a historical maximum and amounted to 36.254 million tons. In 2023,

2736-602: The Northern Sea Route is a strategically important transport artery, it can already be called economically profitable in comparison, for example, with the Suez Canal due to a number of reasons: As the development of the icebreaking fleet is the most important condition for constant navigation in Arctic waters, another three nuclear icebreakers of Project 22220 are currently being built in St. Petersburg : Yakutiya , Chukotka and Leningrad laid down in January 2024. All nuclear icebreakers of Project 22220 will be able to change

2808-616: The Northern Sea Route may be ice-free by 2030, earlier than the Northwest Passage or Transpolar Sea Route . A 2016 report by the Copenhagen Business School found that large-scale trans-Arctic shipping may become economically viable by 2040. The Russian Maritime Register of Shipping maintains an ice class . The Rosneft corporation often contracts the Zvezda Shipyard to build its LNG carriers , for use with

2880-490: The Northern Sea Route. Two-thirds of the Arctic seas remain ice-free in summer, that is why ships have more route options. In August 2017, the first ship traversed the Northern Sea Route without the use of icebreakers . According to the New York Times , this foreshadows more shipping through the Arctic, as the sea ice melts and makes shipping easier. The Dutch Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis projected in 2015 that

2952-556: The Northern Sea Route. For the corporate players in bulk shipping of relatively low-value raw materials, cost savings for fuel are a crucial driver to explore the Northern Sea Route for commercial transits, more than delivery time, or environmental concerns. Sailing along the NSR can also help to reduce emission costs due to shorter distances. With the maritime industry joining the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) from 2024 and large freight companies receiving huge carbon bills,

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3024-531: The SCR toll. State Corporation Rosatom assumes the possibility and functions of the NSR and ensures the safety of navigation on the high technological level. Besides organizing the navigation along the NSR and the icebreaking services with the world's only nuclear icebreaker fleet, Rosatom is planning to implement the Arctic Ice Regime Shipping System (AIRSS) methodology. This system will represent

3096-525: The TACs and rules set forth by the Commission, the amount of fish being extracted annually from the Barents Sea is underestimated. The Barents Sea, where temperate waters from the Gulf Stream and cold waters from the Arctic meet, is home to an enormous diversity of organisms, which are well-adapted to the extreme conditions of their marine habitats. This makes these arctic species very attractive for marine bioprospecting . Marine bioprospecting may be defined as

3168-480: The boundary equidistant from their competing claims. This was ratified and went into force on 7 July 2011, opening the grey zone for hydrocarbon exploration . Encouraged by the success of oil exploration and production in the North Sea in the 1960s , Norway began hydrocarbon exploration in the Barents Sea in 1969. They acquired seismic reflection surveys through the following years, which were analysed to understand

3240-424: The case of nuclear power, or still in modern era redevelopment, such as wind and solar power. Due to its shorter length, navigation on the NSR contributes to reducing the carbon footprint of maritime transport, although this entails considerable risks for fragile Arctic ecosystems. Taking care of the environmental is in focus when it comes to the development of the Northern Sea Route. For example, Rosatom evaluates

3312-692: The cause of depleting fish stocks, more recent research suggests that marine mammal consumption has only a trivial influence on fisheries. A model assessing the effects of fisheries and climate was far more accurate at describing trends in fish abundance. There is a genetically distinct polar bear population associated with the Barents Sea. The Barents Sea is "among the most polluted places on Earth" due to accumulated marine garbage, decades of Soviet nuclear tests, radioactive waste dumping and industrial pollution. The elevated pollution has caused elevated rates of disease among locals. With rising military buildup and increased use of shipping lanes heading east through

3384-458: The competing claims had an area of 175,000 square kilometres (68,000 sq mi), which is approximately 12% of the total area of the Barents Sea. The two countries started negotiations on the location of the boundary in 1974 and agreed to a moratorium on hydrocarbon exploration in 1976. Twenty years after the fall of the Soviet Union, in 2010 Norway and Russia signed an agreement that placed

3456-425: The current state of the environment in NSR waters as a part of the joint project with Lomonosov Moscow State University Marine Research Centre (MSU MRC). The project involves studies that cover all components of the environment to determine the impact of maritime traffic at all ecosystem levels by means of experimental methods, special equipment, the development of digital services, and environmental practices. One of

3528-499: The draft from 10.5 to 8.1 meters, depending on the depth, which will allow them to work both at sea and in the mouths of Siberian rivers. Nuclear icebreakers of Project 22220 are powered by two RITM-200 reactors and capable of overcoming ice up to 3 meters thick. In addition, the Zvezda shipyard is working on the construction of the world's most powerful nuclear icebreaker Project 10510 "Russia", scheduled to commissioning in 2027. It

3600-513: The drifting ice. The only two survivors – navigator Valerian Albanov and sailor Alexander Konrad – managed to reach Cape Flora in Franz Josef Land . There they were rescued by the expedition of Georgy Sedov on the ship St. Foka . The almost impossible task of searching for Brusilov (and geologist Vladimir Rusanov from another expedition), was entrusted to Otto Sverdrup with the ship Eklips in 1914–15. His efforts were unsuccessful and

3672-758: The entire Northern Sea Route between Murmansk and Vladivostok . It was reported in July 2024 that Sibir would escort the light ice-class vessel Xin Xin Hai 1 on its voyage from the Port of Taicang near Shanghai via the Bering Strait and the NSR to the Port of Arkhangelsk before travelling on toward ports in the northern Europe . The New New Shipping Line of Hainan Yangpu , which owns at least two ice-class vessels, completed seven transits between July 2023 and December 2023, and in June 2024 signed an agreement with Rosatom to establish

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3744-494: The fate of the Brusilov expedition was unknown until 2010. In 2010, explorers announced that they had found the bones of a crew-member of Brusilov's expedition. Later in 2010, explorers announced the finding of a crew-member's logbook and various other artifacts on the shores of Franz Josef Land . Northern Sea Route The Northern Sea Route ( NSR ) ( Russian : Се́верный морско́й путь , romanized :  Severnyy morskoy put , shortened to Севморпуть, Sevmorput )

3816-524: The first recorded complete man-powered crossing of the Barents Sea from Tromsø to Longyearbyen in a rowboat by the Polar Row expedition, captain Fiann Paul was asked by Norwegian TV2 how a rower would name the Barents Sea. Fiann responded that he would name it "Devil's Jaw", adding that the winds you constantly battle are like breath from the devil's nostrils while he holds you in his jaws. Seabed mapping

3888-462: The global warming exceeds 1.5 degrees. This rapid warming also makes it easier to detect any potential connections between the state of sea ice and weather conditions elsewhere than in any other area. The first study proposing a connection between floating ice decline in the Barents Sea and the neighbouring Kara Sea and more intense winters in Europe was published in 2010, and there has been extensive research into this subject since then. For instance,

3960-498: The hydrometeorological, ice, and navigation conditions in the waters of the NSR; vessels navigation in the waters of the NSR; issuance, suspension, renewal, and termination of permits for sailing vessels in the waters of the NSR. To solve these tasks, the department arranges icebreaker fleet vessels in the waters of the NSR, monitors the traffic in the NSR water area, provides information on hydrometeorological, ice, and navigation conditions, and processes information from vessels located in

4032-406: The joint usage of the two routes where the Northern Sea Route is used in summer when it is almost ice-free, and the Suez Canal Route is sailed in the rest of the year. The researchers also claim that the economic feasibility of the NSR largely depends on its weather conditions. Even though the Arctic ice is melting and Polar routes are being extensively studied, the amount of cargo shipped through

4104-418: The key priorities within project implementation is the ongoing interaction between the international expert community from international environmental research institutes and non-governmental organizations. Over the course of three years, representatives of leading scientific institutions from Norway , Finland , France , Iceland , Great Britain , China , India , Egypt , Malaysia , Turkey took part in

4176-472: The location of ships and icebreakers, port congestion. As a result, users will receive an advanced "ice navigator" that will allow to plot a precise route in view of the changing ice conditions of the NSR. In other words, the study of Sibul et al. proposed a path-finding algorithm for the NSR strategic assessment. It uses real weather as input and find the optimal shipping route. Number of complete through transits per flag state . The total traffic volume on

4248-501: The location of the main sedimentary basins . NorskHydro drilled the first well in 1980, which was a dry hole, and the first discoveries were made the following year: the Alke and Askeladden gas fields. Several more discoveries were made on the Norwegian side of the Barents Sea throughout the 1980s, including the important Snøhvit field . However, interest in the area began to wane due to

4320-461: The northern/Arctic coast of Russia. A convoy of seven brand new merchant vessels (900 DWT to 5,500 DWT) built for People's Republic of China but under Polish flag from Gdynia with the assistance of Soviet icebreakers reached port of Pevek (via Kara Gates , Vilkitsky , Dmitry Laptev and Sannikov Straits), two days of navigation before Bering Strait in 1956. The administrative entity was sequentially updated, upgraded and renamed. Thus, in 2013,

4392-578: The output of the Trebs and Titov oil fields . The Yamal LNG project of Novatek is another industrial scale development which transports product via the NSR. In July 2018 the Russian government transferred the main responsibility for the Northern Sea Route to Rosatom . Rosatom is a state corporation that manages the world's only nuclear icebreakers. As of 2020 the fleet included seven vessels: Yamal , Project 10521 50 Let Pobedy , Taymyr , Vaygach , Arktika , Siberia and Ural , and as of press date

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4464-573: The present. The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the "Barentsz Sea" [ sic ] as follows: Other islands in the Barents Sea include Chaichy and Timanets. The Barents Sea was originally formed from two major continental collisions: the Caledonian orogeny , in which the Baltica and Laurentia collided to form Laurasia , and a subsequent collision between Laurasia and Western Siberia. Most of its geological history

4536-502: The project. Barents Sea The Barents Sea ( / ˈ b ær ə n t s / BARR -ənts , also US : / ˈ b ɑːr ə n t s / BAR -ənts ; Norwegian : Barentshavet , Urban East Norwegian: [ˈbɑ̀ːrəntsˌhɑːvə] ; Russian : Баренцево море , romanized :  Barentsevo More ) is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean , located off the northern coasts of Norway and Russia and divided between Norwegian and Russian territorial waters . It

4608-500: The record for transit traffic in the waters of the Northern Sea Route was also broken; more than 2.1 million tons of cargo were transported. The growing importance of the NSR as an additional route and source of stability in the global logistics chain may increase significantly due to the fact that more and more of the world's largest shipping companies are avoiding the Red Sea due to the situation with Houthi missile attacks According to

4680-481: The route to gather data on operational feasibility, though they did not currently see it as commercially attractive. Escort assistance was required for three days from the Russian nuclear-powered icebreaker 50 Let Pobedy . In June 2019 Dubai-based DP World signed agreements with the Russian Direct Investment Fund , ROSATOM, and Norilsk Nickel aiming to develop the Northern Sea Route. As

4752-459: The savings on the EU ETS from reducing emissions could be in addition to the economic benefits for shippers. The route was first conquered by Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld 's Vega expedition with a single wintering in 1878–79. The Northern Sea Route is one of several Arctic shipping routes . Since the mid-1930s the Northern Sea Route has been an officially managed and administered shipping route along

4824-439: The search for bioactive molecules and compounds from marine sources that have new, unique properties and the potential for commercial applications. Amongst others, applications include medicines, food and feed, textiles, cosmetics and the process industry. The Norwegian government strategically supports the development of marine bioprospecting as it has the potential to contribute to new and sustainable wealth creation. Tromsø and

4896-413: The south, the shelf edge towards the Norwegian Sea to the west, the archipelagos of Svalbard to the northwest, Franz Josef Land to the northeast and Novaya Zemlya to the east. The islands of Novaya Zemlya, an extension of the northern end of the Ural Mountains , separate the Barents Sea from the Kara Sea . Although part of the Arctic Ocean, the Barents Sea has been characterised as "turning into

4968-444: The world's only transport vessel with nuclear power plant : the Sevmorput (1988). The last three nuclear icebreakers are the latest of Project 22220 . Rosatom also provides navigation and hydrographic support in the waters of the Northern Sea Route, develops the infrastructure of sea harbors, and manages the state property of these ports. In August 2018 Maersk Line sent the new "ice-class" container ship Venta Maersk through

5040-403: Was ceded to the Soviet Union . There are three main types of water masses in the Barents Sea: Warm, salty Atlantic water (temperature >3 °C, salinity >35) from the North Atlantic drift ; cold Arctic water (temperature <0 °C, salinity <35) from the north; and warm, but not very salty, coastal water (temperature >3 °C, salinity <34.7). Between the Atlantic and Polar waters,

5112-400: Was completed in 1933; the first full map was produced by Russian marine geologist Maria Klenova . The Barents Sea was the site of a notable World War II engagement which later became known as the Battle of the Barents Sea . Under the command of Oskar Kummetz , German warships sank minelayer HMS Bramble and destroyer HMS  Achates but lost destroyer Z16 Friedrich Eckoldt . Also,

5184-517: Was known earlier among Russians as the Northern Sea, Pomorsky Sea or Murman Sea ("Norse Sea"); the current name of the sea is after the historical Dutch navigator Willem Barentsz . The Barents Sea is a rather shallow shelf sea with an average depth of 230 metres (750 ft), and it is an important site for both fishing and hydrocarbon exploration . It is bordered by the Kola Peninsula to

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