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74-562: The Arctic Ocean Hydrographic Expedition (GESLO) (1910–1915) was a scientific expedition organized by Russia for the purpose of the development of the Northern Sea Route . This expedition accomplished its goal of exploring the uncharted areas of the continental side of the Northern Sea Route in what was seen as the culmination of the Great Northern Expedition , an ambitious enterprise initially conceived by emperor Peter I

148-523: A subarctic climate ( Köppen Dfc ), with long and cold (though average by arctic standards) winters and short, cool summers. In the city, freezing temperatures are routinely experienced from October to May. Average temperatures exceed 0 degrees Celsius only from May through October. The average low during the coldest part of the year in Murmansk is approximately −14 °C (7 °F). However, temperatures routinely plunge below −20 °C (−4 °F) during

222-418: A 2.3 °C (36.1 °F) average high was measured for March 2007. Summer has also been affected, with a 19.1 °C (66.4 °F) average high for June 2013, and a 24.3 °C (75.7 °F) average high during July 2018. The population of the city, according to the 2010 Census, was 307,257, of these, 141,130 men (45.9%) and 166,127 women (54.1%), down from 468,039 recorded in the 1989 Census. Since

296-482: A Resolution changing the administrative-territorial structure of Murmansk Okrug, the city of Murmansk became a separate administrative division of the okrug, equal in status to that of the districts. This status was retained when Murmansk Okrug was transformed into Murmansk Oblast on May 28, 1938. The Germans were promised the use of the port they called Norwegenhafen for transportation of goods and raw materials from 1922 to 1941. During World War II , Murmansk

370-462: A digital space that will provide various services to cargo carriers, shipowners, captains, insurers, and other participants in the logistics market on the NSR. In particular, it involves issuing permits for the passage of vessels, monitoring, dispatching, and managing the work of the fleet. The single digital platform will collect information from all the available sources, for example, hydrometeorological data,

444-472: A year-round arctic shipping route. Rosatom is a state corporation that organizes the navigation of vessels in the waters of the NSR in accordance with the Merchant Shipping Code, manages a fleet of powerful nuclear icebreakers, ensures the safety and uninterrupted operation of navigation, provides port services for gas tankers in case of unfavorable weather conditions. Rosatom , a legacy member of

518-484: Is also planned to build two more icebreakers of this prototype. These icebreakers will be equipped with a two-reactor power plant with RITM-400 reactors with a capacity of 315 MW. The maximum ice thickness overcome by these icebreakers will exceed 4 meters. It was reported in 2023 that Rosmorport , a state-owned agency of the Russian Ministry of Transport , has plans to run cruises for tourists in icebreakers along

592-500: Is high, the economic advantage of the NSR-SCR combined shipping scheme is obvious. Ice thickness directly affects the shipping cost. Now, when the Arctic ice is slowly melting due to weather conditions, the cost of icebreaking service is expected to reduce. Also, vessels of some ice classes can sail on the NSR independently. That is why the NSR icebreaker escort fee may be several times lower than

666-590: Is included in what has been called the Northeast Passage , analogous to Canada's Northwest Passage . The Northern Sea Route itself does not include the Barents Sea , and it therefore does not reach the Atlantic. The Northern Sea Route currently serves the Arctic ports and major rivers of Siberia by importing fuel, equipment, food and exporting timber and minerals. There are currently six major seaports located on

740-411: Is one of only three places with representation in the female league, through the team Arktika . Proximity to pole and its side effects, Polar Night , has brought sport festivals such as North Festival Polar Olympiad  [ ru ] and Sun Festival  [ ru ] . The former has been awarded every year since the inaugural tournament in 1934. Norway, Finland, Sweden, Ukraine, Belarus and

814-516: Is the center of its Murmansk and Monchegorsk diocese, as well as the Murmansk Metropolis. The city has about a dozen Orthodox churches, the department of the head of the diocese and the metropolis of Metropolitan Simon is located in St. Nicholas Cathedral. Murmansk's evening newspaper is Vecherniy Murmansk ; it has been published since 1991. The port of Murmansk remains ice-free year round due to

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888-602: The Arctic Economic Council , also provides navigation and hydrographic support in the waters of the Northern Sea Route, develops the infrastructure of sea harbors, and manages the state property of these ports. For this purpose, the Directorate of the Northern Sea Route was formed, that now manages three subordinate organizations "Atomflot" (ROSATOMFLOT), "Hydrographic Enterprise" and "ChukotAtomEnergo". Recently,

962-640: The Canadian port of Churchill , Manitoba . Even though the passage has not been fully tested for commercial shipping yet, Russian interest in this project (along with the Northwest Passage ) is substantial, as the bridge will serve as a major trade route between North America , Europe and Asia . Murmansk is home to Murmansk State Technical University , the Murmansk Arctic State University (formerly Murmansk State Pedagogical University),

1036-783: The February Revolution of March 1917, on April 3 [ O.S. April 16], 1917, the town was given its present name. In the winter of 1917 the British North Russia Squadron under Rear Admiral Thomas Kemp was based at Murmansk. From 1918 to 1920, during the Russian Civil War , the town was occupied by the Western powers , who had been allied in World War I , and was also controlled by White Army forces. On February 13, 1926, local self-government

1110-623: The Murman Coast in the Russian Arctic , to which Russia's allies shipped military supplies. The terminus became known as the Murman station and soon boasted a port, a naval base, and an adjacent settlement with a population that quickly grew in size and soon surpassed the nearby towns of Alexandrovsk and Kola . On June 29 [ O.S. July 12], 1916, Russian Transport Minister Alexander Trepov petitioned to grant urban status to

1184-605: The polar night lasts from 2 December to 10 January (40 days). Extreme temperatures range from −39.4 °C (−38.9 °F) on January 6, 1985, and January 27, 1999, up to 32.9 °C (91.2 °F) on July 9, 1972; the record cold daily maximum is −36.1 °C (−33.0 °F), set on January 6, 1985, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 21.3 °C (70.3 °F) last set on July 9, 1972. Murmansk has been affected by global warming in recent decades, similar to other Arctic locations . For example, December 2007 had an average high of 0.8 °C (33.4 °F), while

1258-506: The "Main Directorate of the Northern Sea Route" (" Glavsevmorput ") was established on the basis of the Naval Operations Headquarters of FSUE “Atomflot”. The main purpose of the creation of Glavsevmorput is to organize the navigation of vessels in the waters of the Northern Sea Route. Glavsevmorput Federal State Budgetary Institution solves the following tasks: ensuring the organization of icebreaking vessels taking into account

1332-526: The Arctic and a substantial drop in Suez traffic. Projected shifts in trade also imply substantial pressure on an already threatened Arctic ecosystem". At the same time, research conducted by the Center for Marine Research showed that exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations in the atmospheric air, sea waters, and bottom sediments, which could indicate the impact of economic activities at this stage of development of

1406-764: The Baltic countries take part in the North Festival Polar Olympiad. To commemorate the 85th anniversary of the city's foundation, the snow-white Church of the Saviour on the Waters was modeled after the White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal and built on the shore for the sailors of Murmansk. Fifteen religious associations have been registered in Murmansk. The largest is the Russian Orthodox Church, Murmansk

1480-677: The Borders and Composition of the Okrugs of Leningrad Oblast", which transformed Murmansk Governorate into Murmansk Okrug within Leningrad Oblast and made Murmansk the administrative center of Murmansk Okrug. In 1934, the Murmansk Okrug Executive Committee developed a redistricting proposal, which included a plan to enlarge the city by merging the surrounding territories in the north, south, and west into Murmansk. While this plan

1554-662: The Federal State Budgetary Institution “Administration of the Northern Sea Route” was created. In 2022 organizational authority  was transferred to the Main Directorate of the Northern Sea Route of Rosatom. Since 2008, the structure of Rosatom includes the Russian nuclear-powered icebreaker , designed to travel the NSR. Beginning in the late 2010s, Russia began improving its defense resources near

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1628-689: The Fourth IMO GHG Study 2020, sea cargo transportation is responsible for 2.9% of global emissions. In the next 20 years the trading maritime volume is expected to double. Marine transport produces about 1 gigaton of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions per year and has been struggling for many years to reduce its environmental impact. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has obliged sea carriers to reduce CO 2 emissions by 50% by 2050. Marine transport generates 14% of all transport emissions, and effective techniques that could replace marine engines powered by fossil fuels are not currently used, in

1702-727: The Great to map the whole of the northern coast of Russia to the east. Two icebreaking steamers Vaigach and Taimyr were used for the venture. The plan of the expedition was developed with the active participation of A.V. Kolchak and F. A. Matisen . The 32 man expedition was headed by Boris A. Vilkitsky and was staffed with military seamen and hydrographers , such as Konstantin Neupokoev . The biological and geological collections were performed by military doctors L. M. Starokadomsky on icebreaker "Taimyr" and E. E. Arnold on icebreaker "Vaygach". The Arctic Ocean Hydrographic Expedition moved along

1776-936: The Laptev Sea coast of what they believed to be a single island. This Russian history –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Northern Sea Route Administratively, the Northern Sea Route begins at the boundary between the Barents and Kara Seas (the Kara Strait) and ends in the Bering Strait ( Cape Dezhnev ). The NSR straddles the seas of the Arctic Ocean ( Kara , Laptev , East Siberian and Chukchi Seas ). The entire route lies in Arctic waters and within Russia's exclusive economic zone (EEZ), and

1850-635: The NSR route in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation: Sabetta, Dikson, Dudinka, Khatanga, Tiksi, and Pevek ports. Some parts of the route are only free of ice for two months per year, but melting Arctic ice caps are likely to increase traffic and the commercial viability of the Northern Sea Route. One study, for instance, projects "remarkable shifts in trade flows between Asia and Europe, diversion of trade within Europe, heavy shipping traffic in

1924-469: The NSR was not recorded. Proponents of using the sea route for global trade claim that because it is considerably shorter than the existing sea routes from Asia to Europe, usage emits less CO 2 , by cutting time at sea, and fuel consumption, by more than half. The distance from Murmansk (Russia) to Yokohama (Japan) through the Suez Canal is 12,840 nautical miles, but only 5,770 nautical miles through

1998-408: The NSR water area. Researchers and economists usually compare the Northern Sea Route with the conventional Suez Canal Route. The first route is shorter, which allow to save on fuel, but it is connected with environmental risks and increased operating costs. However, the above-mentioned research can be considered disputable and incomplete, as it does not consider such factors like the reduced length of

2072-460: The Northern Sea Route (NSR) remains low in comparison to the Suez Canal . Though, the cargo traffic is steadily growing every year. The research shows that the NSR-SCR combined shipping scheme can be more competitive than the use of the Suez Canal Route only. If the shipping company provides sufficient loading on the NSR, uses a reliable ice-class vessel for navigation and the price of crude oil

2146-550: The Northern Sea Route (comparing to the Suez Canal) and, therefore, reduced CO2 emissions; the absence of charge payments for the passage; no risks of a pirate attack; the reduced cost of journey due to its reduced length. Major shipping companies encounter substantial costs due to carbon emissions, whereas the deployment of nuclear icebreakers, which operate without hydrocarbon fuel and produce very low carbon emissions, offers an economic advantage for shippers. Some studies recommend

2220-492: The Northern Sea Route in 2022 was 34.034 million tonnes, slightly less than in 2021. Total number of voyages in 2022 was 2994, made by 314 vessels. In the months from January to July, the number of voyages was higher than in 2021. 280 voyages was made with LNG from the Sabetta port. The volume of cargo transported along the Northern Sea Route (NSR) in 2023 reached a historical maximum and amounted to 36.254 million tons. In 2023,

2294-646: The Northern Sea Route is a strategically important transport artery, it can already be called economically profitable in comparison, for example, with the Suez Canal due to a number of reasons: As the development of the icebreaking fleet is the most important condition for constant navigation in Arctic waters, another three nuclear icebreakers of Project 22220 are currently being built in St. Petersburg : Yakutiya , Chukotka and Leningrad laid down in January 2024. All nuclear icebreakers of Project 22220 will be able to change

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2368-557: The Northern Sea Route may be ice-free by 2030, earlier than the Northwest Passage or Transpolar Sea Route . A 2016 report by the Copenhagen Business School found that large-scale trans-Arctic shipping may become economically viable by 2040. The Russian Maritime Register of Shipping maintains an ice class . The Rosneft corporation often contracts the Zvezda Shipyard to build its LNG carriers , for use with

2442-490: The Northern Sea Route. Two-thirds of the Arctic seas remain ice-free in summer, that is why ships have more route options. In August 2017, the first ship traversed the Northern Sea Route without the use of icebreakers . According to the New York Times , this foreshadows more shipping through the Arctic, as the sea ice melts and makes shipping easier. The Dutch Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis projected in 2015 that

2516-556: The Northern Sea Route. For the corporate players in bulk shipping of relatively low-value raw materials, cost savings for fuel are a crucial driver to explore the Northern Sea Route for commercial transits, more than delivery time, or environmental concerns. Sailing along the NSR can also help to reduce emission costs due to shorter distances. With the maritime industry joining the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) from 2024 and large freight companies receiving huge carbon bills,

2590-603: The Russian Second Division until 2014 when it folded due to financial difficulties, and FC Murmansk , a football team founded in 2022. Bandy club Murman has played in the Russian Bandy Super League , last in 2011–2012. Between 2012 and 2018, they were playing in the second tier Russian Bandy Supreme League , but will from the 2018–19 season be a Super League team again. Their home arena, Stadium Stroitel , has an audience capacity of 5,000. The city

2664-587: The Russian nuclear powered icebreaker fleet based in Murmansk. Murmansk is linked by the Kirov Railway to St. Petersburg and is linked to the rest of Russia by the M18 Kola Motorway . Murmansk Airport provides air links to Moscow and St. Petersburg. Buses and trolleybuses provide local transport. Murmansk is set to be the Russian terminus of the Arctic Bridge , a sea route linking it to

2738-531: The SCR toll. State Corporation Rosatom assumes the possibility and functions of the NSR and ensures the safety of navigation on the high technological level. Besides organizing the navigation along the NSR and the icebreaking services with the world's only nuclear icebreaker fleet, Rosatom is planning to implement the Arctic Ice Regime Shipping System (AIRSS) methodology. This system will represent

2812-793: The Soviet Arctic during the Great Patriotic War monument is also located in Murmansk. The main square of Murmansk is Five Corners, Murmansk . There are three professional theaters in Murmansk. The oldest is the Murmansk Puppetry, which opened in 1933. The largest in the city was the Murmansk Regional Drama Theater, which opened in 1939. The Drama Theater of the Northern Fleet was opened in 1946. The city's association football teams are FC Sever Murmansk , which played in

2886-571: The Soviet Union from other Allied nations. The city's resistance was commemorated at the 40th anniversary of the victory over the Germans in the formal designation of Murmansk as a Hero City on May 6, 1985. During the Cold War Murmansk was a center of Soviet submarine and icebreaker activity. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the nearby city and naval base of Severomorsk remains

2960-489: The bad terrain, prevented the Germans from capturing the city and cutting off the vital Karelian railway line and the ice-free harbor. The Luftwaffe bombed the city 792 times during World War II. Murmansk suffered extensive destruction, the magnitude of which was rivaled only by the destruction in Leningrad and Stalingrad . For the rest of the war, Murmansk served as a transit point for weapons and other supplies entering

3034-424: The case of nuclear power, or still in modern era redevelopment, such as wind and solar power. Due to its shorter length, navigation on the NSR contributes to reducing the carbon footprint of maritime transport, although this entails considerable risks for fragile Arctic ecosystems. Taking care of the environmental is in focus when it comes to the development of the Northern Sea Route. For example, Rosatom evaluates

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3108-522: The city is derived from Murman , from an old name for Norwegians by Russians, likely a borrowing from Old Norse norðmaðr , which gave its name to the Murman Coast and the surrounding region including the Kola Peninsula . Murmansk was the last city founded in the Russian Empire . In 1915, World War I needs led to the construction of the railroad from Petrozavodsk to an ice-free location on

3182-673: The city is divided into three administrative okrugs: City districts were established in Murmansk for the first time by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR of April 20, 1939; at the time, three city districts ( Kirovsky , Leninsky, and Mikoyanovsky) were created. They were abolished on June 2, 1948. The same city districts were created for the second time on June 23, 1951. Mikoyanovsky City District

3256-421: The collapse of the Soviet Union, the city has been consistently losing population, as the extensive military facilities the city is built around have declined. Ethnic Russians make up the majority of the population, but Ukrainian and Belarusian minorities also live in the city. Ethnic composition (2010): In November 2010, direct mayoral elections were abolished; they were reinstituted in January 2014, with

3330-425: The current state of the environment in NSR waters as a part of the joint project with Lomonosov Moscow State University Marine Research Centre (MSU MRC). The project involves studies that cover all components of the environment to determine the impact of maritime traffic at all ecosystem levels by means of experimental methods, special equipment, the development of digital services, and environmental practices. One of

3404-499: The draft from 10.5 to 8.1 meters, depending on the depth, which will allow them to work both at sea and in the mouths of Siberian rivers. Nuclear icebreakers of Project 22220 are powered by two RITM-200 reactors and capable of overcoming ice up to 3 meters thick. In addition, the Zvezda shipyard is working on the construction of the world's most powerful nuclear icebreaker Project 10510 "Russia", scheduled to commissioning in 2027. It

3478-532: The early twentieth century's arms races, Murmansk's population has been in decline since the Cold War , from 468,039 ( 1989 Soviet census ) ; 336,137 ( 2002 Census ) ; 307,257 ( 2010 Census ) ; to 270,384 (2021 Census). It remains the world's largest city north of the Arctic Circle, with over 100,000 more inhabitants than Norilsk , Russia. It is a major port of the Arctic Ocean . The name of

3552-482: The east bank of the inlet. It is in the north of the rounded Kola Peninsula which covers most of the oblast . The city is 108 kilometres (67 mi) from the border with Norway and 182 kilometres (113 mi) from the border with Finland . Benefiting from the North Atlantic Current , Murmansk resembles cities of its size across western Russia, with highway and railway access to the rest of Europe , and

3626-758: The entire Northern Sea Route between Murmansk and Vladivostok . It was reported in July 2024 that Sibir would escort the light ice-class vessel Xin Xin Hai 1 on its voyage from the Port of Taicang near Shanghai via the Bering Strait and the NSR to the Port of Arkhangelsk before travelling on toward ports in the northern Europe . The New New Shipping Line of Hainan Yangpu , which owns at least two ice-class vessels, completed seven transits between July 2023 and December 2023, and in June 2024 signed an agreement with Rosatom to establish

3700-507: The headquarters of the Russian Northern Fleet . In 1974, a massive 35.5-meter (116 ft) tall statue Alyosha , depicting a Soviet World War II soldier, was installed on a 7-meter (23 ft) high foundation. The Hotel Arctic opened in 1984, becoming the tallest building above the Arctic Circle. On January 1, 2015, the territory of Murmansk was expanded when the urban-type settlement of Roslyakovo , previously under

3774-498: The hydrometeorological, ice, and navigation conditions in the waters of the NSR; vessels navigation in the waters of the NSR; issuance, suspension, renewal, and termination of permits for sailing vessels in the waters of the NSR. To solve these tasks, the department arranges icebreaker fleet vessels in the waters of the NSR, monitors the traffic in the NSR water area, provides information on hydrometeorological, ice, and navigation conditions, and processes information from vessels located in

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3848-406: The joint usage of the two routes where the Northern Sea Route is used in summer when it is almost ice-free, and the Suez Canal Route is sailed in the rest of the year. The researchers also claim that the economic feasibility of the NSR largely depends on its weather conditions. Even though the Arctic ice is melting and Polar routes are being extensively studied, the amount of cargo shipped through

3922-514: The jurisdiction of the closed administrative-territorial formation of Severomorsk, was abolished and its territory merged into Murmansk. Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is incorporated as the City of Murmansk —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the City of Murmansk is incorporated as Murmansk Urban Okrug . As of 2012 ,

3996-418: The key priorities within project implementation is the ongoing interaction between the international expert community from international environmental research institutes and non-governmental organizations. Over the course of three years, representatives of leading scientific institutions from Norway , Finland , France , Iceland , Great Britain , China , India , Egypt , Malaysia , Turkey took part in

4070-464: The last significant geographical discovery on the globe. On 3 September 1913 (22 August 1913 in the Julian calendar used by Russia at the time), members of the expedition landed on what is now known as Cape Berg on present day October Revolution Island . They raised the Russian flag on the shore and named the new territory Emperor Nicholas II Land , (Russian: Zemlya Imperatora Nikolaya II ), after Emperor Nicholas II of Russia, charting only parts of

4144-472: The location of ships and icebreakers, port congestion. As a result, users will receive an advanced "ice navigator" that will allow to plot a precise route in view of the changing ice conditions of the NSR. In other words, the study of Sibul et al. proposed a path-finding algorithm for the NSR strategic assessment. It uses real weather as input and find the optimal shipping route. Number of complete through transits per flag state . The total traffic volume on

4218-419: The most recent elections for mayor and city council taking place in September 2014. Murmansk has two main museums: Murmansk Oblast Museum and Murmansk Oblast Art Museum; there are also several small museums. There are three professional theaters, libraries, and an aquarium in Murmansk. Murmansk is the venue of the decommissioned Lenin which is now a museum ship. Alyosha Monument, Murmansk or Defenders of

4292-423: The northern waters of Siberia from East to West. This expedition completed the cartography and description of the Northern coast of Eastern Siberia and its many islands. It also gathered a large quantity of data on currents, ice conditions, climate, and magnetic phenomena. In 1913 the hydrographic expedition of the Arctic Ocean discovered the large Emperor Nicholas II Land —now Severnaya Zemlya (Northern Land),

4366-461: The northern/Arctic coast of Russia. A convoy of seven brand new merchant vessels (900 DWT to 5,500 DWT) built for People's Republic of China but under Polish flag from Gdynia with the assistance of Soviet icebreakers reached port of Pevek (via Kara Gates , Vilkitsky , Dmitry Laptev and Sannikov Straits), two days of navigation before Bering Strait in 1956. The administrative entity was sequentially updated, upgraded and renamed. Thus, in 2013,

4440-403: The northernmost trolleybus system on Earth. It lies over 2° north of the Arctic Circle . Its connectivity contrasts with the isolation of Arctic ports like the Siberian Dikson on the shores of the Kara Sea , and Iqaluit , in the Canadian Arctic . Despite long, snowy winters, Murmansk's climate is moderated by the generally ice-free waters around it. Although there was a building boom in

4514-531: The output of the Trebs and Titov oil fields . The Yamal LNG project of Novatek is another industrial scale development which transports product via the NSR. In July 2018 the Russian government transferred the main responsibility for the Northern Sea Route to Rosatom . Rosatom is a state corporation that manages the world's only nuclear icebreakers. As of 2020 the fleet included seven vessels: Yamal , Project 10521 50 Let Pobedy , Taymyr , Vaygach , Arktika , Siberia and Ural , and as of press date

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4588-405: The project. Murmansk Murmansk ( Russian : Мурманск ; Kildin Sami : Мурман ланнҍ ; Skolt Sami : Muurman and Northern Sami : Murmánska ) is a port city and the administrative center of Murmansk Oblast in the far northwest part of Russia . It sits on both slopes and banks of a modest ria or fjord , Kola Bay , an estuarine inlet of the Barents Sea , with its bulk on

4662-426: The railway settlement. On July 6 [ O.S. July 19], 1916, the petition was approved and the town was named Romanov-on-Murman ( Рома́нов-на-Му́рмане , Romanov-na-Murmane ), after the Imperial Russian dynasty, the Romanovs . On September 21 [ O.S. October 4], 1916, the official ceremony was performed, and the date is now considered the official date of the city's foundation. After

4736-451: The record for transit traffic in the waters of the Northern Sea Route was also broken; more than 2.1 million tons of cargo were transported. The growing importance of the NSR as an additional route and source of stability in the global logistics chain may increase significantly due to the fact that more and more of the world's largest shipping companies are avoiding the Red Sea due to the situation with Houthi missile attacks According to

4810-399: The resolution were not fully implemented, and due to military construction in Polyarnoye, the administrative center was instead moved to Murmansk in the beginning of 1935. In addition to being the administrative center of Murmansk Okrug, Murmansk continued to serve as the administrative center of Polyarny District until September 11, 1938. On February 10, 1938, when the VTsIK adopted

4884-409: The route to gather data on operational feasibility, though they did not currently see it as commercially attractive. Escort assistance was required for three days from the Russian nuclear-powered icebreaker 50 Let Pobedy . In June 2019 Dubai-based DP World signed agreements with the Russian Direct Investment Fund , ROSATOM, and Norilsk Nickel aiming to develop the Northern Sea Route. As

4958-410: The savings on the EU ETS from reducing emissions could be in addition to the economic benefits for shippers. The route was first conquered by Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld 's Vega expedition with a single wintering in 1878–79. The Northern Sea Route is one of several Arctic shipping routes . Since the mid-1930s the Northern Sea Route has been an officially managed and administered shipping route along

5032-475: The warm North Atlantic Current and is an important fishing and shipping destination. It is home port to Atomflot , the world's only fleet of nuclear-powered icebreakers . The Port of Murmansk is the headquarters of Sevmorput (Northern Sea Route) and the administration of Russian Arctic maritime transport. In 2018, the Russian government transferred the main responsibility for the Northern Sea Route to Rosatom which through its ROSATOMFLOT subsidiary manages

5106-401: The winter. Murmansk's brief summer is mild, with average highs in July exceeding +17 °C (63 °F). The city is slightly wetter during the summer than the winter and receives an annual average of just under 500 mm (20 in) of precipitation . The " midnight sun " is above the horizon from 22 May to 23 July (63 days), and the period with continuous darkness is somewhat shorter —

5180-444: The world's only transport vessel with nuclear power plant : the Sevmorput (1988). The last three nuclear icebreakers are the latest of Project 22220 . Rosatom also provides navigation and hydrographic support in the waters of the Northern Sea Route, develops the infrastructure of sea harbors, and manages the state property of these ports. In August 2018 Maersk Line sent the new "ice-class" container ship Venta Maersk through

5254-526: Was a link to the Western world for the Soviet Union , with large quantities of goods important to the respective military efforts traded with the USSR's Allies : primarily military equipment, manufactured goods and raw materials brought into the Soviet Union. The supplies were brought to the city in the Arctic convoys . German forces in Finnish territory launched an offensive against the city in 1941 as part of Operation Silver Fox . However, fierce Soviet resistance and harsh local weather-conditions,along with

5328-534: Was not confirmed by the Leningrad Oblast Executive Committee, in 1935–1937 several rural localities of Kolsky and Polyarny Districts were merged into Murmansk anyway. According to the Presidium of the Leningrad Oblast Executive Committee resolution of February 26, 1935, the administrative center of Polyarny District was moved from Polyarnoye to Sayda-Guba . However, the provisions of

5402-601: Was organized in Murmansk for the first time, during a plenary session of the Murmansk City Soviet , which elected a Presidium. Before this, the city was governed by the authorities of Alexandrovsky Uyezd and later of Murmansk Governorate . On August 1, 1927, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) issued two resolutions: "On the Establishment of Leningrad Oblast" and "On

5476-561: Was renamed Oktyabrsky on October 30, 1957, but on September 30, 1958, all three city districts were again abolished. On June 10, 1967, two city districts were created (Leninsky and Oktyabrsky); Pervomaysky City District was split from Oktyabrsky on February 21, 1975. In the Charter of the Hero City of Murmansk, adopted on December 17, 1995, the districts started to be referred to as administrative okrugs. Murmansk experiences

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