100-398: Georgiy Ruslanovych Gongadze (21 May 1969 – 17 September 2000) was a Georgian-Ukrainian journalist and film director who was kidnapped and murdered in 2000 near Kyiv. He founded the online newspaper Ukrainska Pravda along with Olena Prytula in 2000. The circumstances of his death became a national scandal and a focus for protests against then-President of Ukraine Leonid Kuchma . During
200-639: A decree, which described the Collegium as an academy, equal in fact status to the Jagiellonian University , with two faculties, those of Theology and Philosophy . In 1772, the city of Lwów was annexed by Austria (see: Partitions of Poland ). Its German name was Lemberg and hence that of the university. In 1773 the Suppression of the Society of Jesus by Rome ( Dominus ac Redemptor ) was soon followed by
300-588: A fourth one (Oleksiy Pukach, the former chief of the unit) in July 2009. A court in Ukraine sentenced Protasov to a sentence of 13 years and Kostenko and Popovych to 12-year terms March 2008 (the trial had begun January 2006) for the murder. Gongadze's family believe the trial had failed to bring the masterminds behind the killing to justice. No one has yet been charged with giving the order for Gongadze's murder. Born in Tbilisi , at
400-408: A heated exchange between correspondent Roman Kravets and Zelenskyy at a press conference during which the latter questioned the outlet's editorial independence. Ukrainska Pravda is also the umbrella site for the following more recent sister websites: Editorial copyright disclaimers collectively describe these sites as the " Ukrainska Pravda Internet Holding", not specifying the legal nature of
500-481: A major issue in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election , in which the opposition candidate Viktor Yushchenko pledged to solve the case if he became president. Yushchenko did become president following the subsequent Orange Revolution and immediately launched a new investigation, replacing the Prosecutor-General. The Council of Europe 's Parliamentary Assembly adopted on 27 January 2009 Resolution 1645 on
600-461: A morgue in Kyiv. The authorities did not officially acknowledge that the body was that of Gongadze until the following February and did not definitively confirm it until as late as March 2003. The body was eventually identified and was to be returned to Gongadze's family to be buried two years after his disappearance. However, the funeral never took place. As of 23 June 2006 Gongadze's mother refused to accept
700-547: A new documentary, this one about Ukrainian fighters in Abkhazia. He obtained funds for the documentary by selling his military-issued AK-47 . By the time filming began, Russian-backed Abkhazian separatists had taken much of the lands they sought to control, and had encircled the region's administrative centre, Sukhumi . In September 1993, in exchange for a ceasefire, the government of Georgia agreed to pull its troops and heavy armament from Sukhumi. However, Abkhazian forces soon broke
800-452: A news website, Ukrainska Pravda ( lit. ' Ukrainian Truth ' ), as a means of sidestepping the government's increasing influence over the mainstream media. He observed that following the muzzling of a prominent pro-opposition newspaper after the election, "today there is practically no objective information available about Ukraine". The website specialised in political news and commentary, focusing particularly on President Kuchma,
900-512: A parallel inquiry run by a special commission. Neither investigation produced any results. Gongadze tried to be like a normal reporter, he didn't try to be a hero. But in Ukraine it's a brave activity being a journalist. Serhiy Leshchenko , Ukrainska Pravda editor (September 2004) Two months later, on 3 November 2000, a body was found in a forest in the Tarashcha Raion of Kyiv Oblast , some 70 km (43 mi) outside Kyiv, near
1000-443: A plane shortly before the city fell to Abkhazian troops. Alania was left behind to continue fighting, and later managed to escape with some other militants, withdrawing through mountain corridors. In 1995, Alania left Georgia for Lviv, and coincidentally met Gongadze again. The two remained close friends for the remainder of Gongadze's life. In Tbilisi, Gongadze's treatment continued, and he was tended to by his mother, still working in
1100-516: A protest banner with the message "Stop the libel law" during a Verkhovna Rada session on 2 October 2012, the Office of the Verkhovna Rada questioned whether Leshchenko and Nayyem should be granted access to future sessions. Staff and contributors of Ukrainska Pravda have pioneered many legal and research techniques aimed at advancing freedom of information in Ukraine, particularly those concerning
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#17328479404361200-514: A renowned scholar in the field of theoretical physics, was rector of the university from 1990 to 2013. Meeting the requirements arising in recent years new faculties and departments have been set up: the Faculty of International Relations and the Faculty of Philosophy (1992), the Faculty of Pre-Entrance University Preparation (1997), the Chair of Translation Studies and Comparative Linguistics (1998). Since 1997
1300-610: A special summer course in Ukrainian studies was organized in Lviv, primarily for Eastern Ukrainian students. The number of students grew from 1,732 in 1897 to 3,582 in 1906. Poles made up around 75% of the students, Ukrainians 20%, other nationalities 5%. In mid-December 1910, Ukrainian women students at Lviv University established a Student Union's women's branch, their twenty members meeting regularly to discuss current affairs. In July 1912, they met with their Jewish counterpart branch to discuss
1400-427: A vehicle, necessitating his decapitation (to avoid the bullet being recovered and matched to a police weapon). His body had been doused in petrol which had failed to burn properly, and had then been dumped. A group of journalists first identified it as being that of Gongadze, a finding confirmed a few weeks later by his wife Myroslava. In a bizarre twist, the corpse was then confiscated by the militsiya and resurfaced in
1500-425: A victim of the political intrigues of President Kuchma and his entourage. I am leaving you with a clear conscious, farewell." In April or May 2005, Piskun released more details of the ongoing investigation. He told the press that after Gongadze was murdered, a second group disinterred him and re-buried him where he was eventually found, in the constituency of Socialist Party leader Oleksandr Moroz. According to Piskun,
1600-566: A well-known Ukrainian scholar, public figure, writer, and translator. In 1894, the newly founded Chair of World History and the History of Eastern Europe was headed by Professor Mykhailo Hrushevskyi (1866–1934), a scholar of Ukrainian History, founder of the Ukrainian Historical School, and author of the ten-volume History of Ukraine-Rusʹ , hundreds of works on History, History of Literature, Historiography, and Source Studies. In 1904,
1700-525: A witness. Hryhory Omelchenko, who chaired the parliamentary committee that investigated the Gongadze case, told the New York Times that Kravchenko had ordered Pukach to abduct Gongadze on President Kuchma's orders. Kuchma himself has denied this allegation but has since been interviewed by investigators. Kravchenko left an alleged suicide note: "My dear ones, I am not guilty of anything. Forgive me, for I became
1800-569: Is a Ukrainian online newspaper founded by Georgiy Gongadze on 16 April 2000 (the day of the Ukrainian constitutional referendum ). Published mainly in Ukrainian (with most articles being translated as well in Russian ) and select articles published in English , the newspaper is tailored for a general readership with an emphasis on the politics of Ukraine . In May 2021, owner Olena Prytula sold 100% of
1900-725: Is involved in signing the Magna Charta Universitatum . In 2000, the university became a co-founder of the European College of Polish and Ukrainian Universities ( Lublin , Poland ). Agreements with Alecu Russo State University of Bălți ( Bălți , Moldova ) and the Krakow Pedagogical Academy (Poland) have been extended. Students of the faculty of Geography, History and the faculty of International Relations undergo internships in Poland, Germany , Austria , Hungary ,
2000-534: Is located in the historic city of Lviv in Lviv Oblast of Western Ukraine . The university was founded on 20 January 1661, when King and Grand Duke John II Casimir granted a charter to the city's Jesuit Collegium, founded in 1608, giving it "the honor of an academy and the title of a university". In 1589, the Jesuits had tried to found a university earlier, but did not succeed. Establishing another seat of learning in
2100-437: Is the oldest institution of higher learning in continuous operation in present-day Ukraine , dating from 1661 when John II Casimir , King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania , granted it its first royal charter. Over the centuries, it has undergone various transformations, suspensions, and name changes that have reflected the geopolitical complexities of this part of Europe . The present institution can be dated to 1940. It
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#17328479404362200-464: The Cassette Scandal , audiotapes were released on which Kuchma, Volodymyr Lytvyn and other top-level administration officials are heard discussing the need to silence Gongadze for his online news reports about high-level corruption. Former Interior Minister Yuriy Kravchenko died of two gunshot wounds to the head on 4 March 2005, just hours before he was to begin providing testimony as a witness in
2300-522: The Cassette Scandal , was also said to be under investigation. The two police colonels accused of the killing have been detained and a third senior policeman, identified as CID commander Oleksiy Pukach, was being sought on an international arrest warrant. On 4 March, Kravchenko was found dead in a dacha in the elite residential area of Koncha-Zaspa, outside Kyiv. He had died from apparently self-inflicted gunshot wounds, though some speculated that he might have been assassinated to prevent him from testifying as
2400-694: The Czech Republic , and Slovakia . Employees of the faculty of Mechanics, Mathematics, Philology, Chemistry, Faculty of International Relations and Applied Mathematics and Informatics worked in higher education institutions in Poland, Colombia , France , Switzerland , and Austria on a contract basis. Many graduates continue their studies in higher education institutions in the United States , Poland, Germany, Austria, Britain , and France. In 2016, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv held 5 international summer schools . In 2016, active international cooperation
2500-525: The Defense Forces of Georgia , and the following morning was at the frontlines along the Gumista River , where Abkhazian troops were conducting an assault. Gongadze was fighting in a trench when an artillery shell exploded above him, and shrapnel hit him in 26 places, including his right hand. The only thing preventing Gongadze's death was his helmet, and two soldiers that had been next to him were killed in
2600-650: The European Union expressing dissatisfaction at the official investigation, rumours of Ukrainian suspension from the Council of Europe , and censure from the OSCE , which described Gongadze's death as a case of "censorship by killing" and castigated the "extremely unprofessional" investigation. Mass demonstrations erupted in Kyiv in February 2001, calling for the resignation of Kuchma and the dismissal of other key officials. He did sack
2700-602: The Kingdom of Poland was seen as a threat by the authorities of Kraków 's Jagiellonian University , which did not want a rival and stymied the Jesuits' plans for the following years. According to the Treaty of Hadiach (1658), an Orthodox Ruthenian academy was to be created in Kyiv and another one in an unspecified location. The Jesuits suspected that it would be established in Lwów/Lviv on
2800-658: The Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry (Germany), Harvard Medical School (USA), Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research (USA), and the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies at the University of Alberta, International Center for Diffraction Data (USA), Andrew W. Mellon Foundation (USA), Trust Educational Foundation for Tree Research (USA), Material. Phases. Data. System company (Switzerland). An agreement has been signed with CrossRef , which allows
2900-582: The October 1999 presidential election , his commentaries prompted a call from Kuchma's headquarters to say "that he had been blacklisted to be dealt with after the election". In 1999, he was the press secretary for Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine leader Nataliya Vitrenko . Visiting New York City in January 2000 with other Ukrainian journalists, he warned of "the strangulation of the freedom of speech and information in our state". In April 2000, Gongadze co-founded
3000-592: The Soviet administration permitted classes to continue. Initially, the school worked in the pre-war Polish system. On 18 October, however, the Polish rector, Professor Roman Longchamps de Bérier , was dismissed and replaced by Mykhailo Marchenko [ uk ] , a Ukrainian historian transferred from the Institute of Ukrainian History in Kyiv , grandfather of Ukrainian journalist and dissident Valeriy Marchenko . His role
3100-595: The University of Warsaw and the Jagiellonian University in Kraków . It was one of the most influential scholarly institutions of the Second Polish Republic, notable for its schools of mathematics ( Stefan Banach , Hugo Steinhaus ), logics ( Kazimierz Twardowski ), history and law ( Oswald Balzer ), anthropology ( Jan Czekanowski ), and geography ( Eugeniusz Romer ). The university's library acquired, among others,
Georgiy Gongadze - Misplaced Pages Continue
3200-516: The University of Wrocław , which replaced the pre-war University of Breslau after the German inhabitants of that city had been expelled following Stalin's establishing Germany's eastern border farther to the west. In 1964, a monument dedicated to Ivan Franko was built in front of the university. The proclamation of the independence of Ukraine in 1991 brought about radical changes in every sphere of university life. Professor, Doctor Ivan Vakarchuk ,
3300-668: The dissolution of the Soviet Union . Trying to preserve the Soviet state, several armed and civil conflicts arose in the Soviet Union, among them the April 9 tragedy in which Soviet troops killed 20 unarmed civilians. This radicalised many Georgians, including Gongadze. In May 1989, Gongadze was discharged from the Border Troops. He and his father both joined the national movement "For Free Georgia"; Georgiy became its spokesperson, while Ruslan became
3400-424: The government spending , government procurement and offshore tax evasion . Staff journalists routinely participate in non-partisan public actions promoting democracy and press freedom in the country. In October 2024, Ukrainska Pravda accused the office of President Volodymyr Zelenskyy of "ongoing and systematic pressure" that threatened its work in an attempt to "influence our editorial policy", following
3500-520: The 1934/35 academic year, the breakdown of the student body was as follows: Altogether, during the academic year 1934/35, there were 5900 students at the university, consisting by religious observance of: Ukrainian professors were required to take a formal oath of allegiance to Poland; most of them refused and left the university in the early 1920s. The principle of " Numerus clausus " had been introduced after which Ukrainian applicants were discriminated against – Ukrainian applications were capped at 15% of
3600-501: The Computing Centre functioning here. The Zoological, Geological, Mineralogical Museums together with those of Numismatics, Sphragistics, and Archeology are stimulating the interests of students. During 2016–2017, the university signed 15 cooperation agreements and two double degree agreements, two agreements were extended. In total, 147 agreements have been signed with higher education institutions from 38 countries. The university
3700-775: The Foreign Languages Institute in Tbilisi with a specialisation in English, but in 1987 he was drafted into the Soviet Border Troops , serving in Turkmenistan on the border with Iran . His mother said that she had to pay to avoid him being sent to Afghanistan to fight in the Soviet–Afghan War . Around that time, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev started his reforms of perestroika and glasnost . The reforms sped up
3800-470: The Georgian Civil War, which was published in the Lviv newspaper Post-Postup in 1992. Later in 1992, Gongadze returned to Tbilisi again to visit his mother, who continued to work in a hospital as a nurse. At the time, he planned to leave political activism and start a business. However, after speaking with several people, he changed his mind, while his mother encouraged him to write about the victims of
3900-538: The Georgian Civil War. Gongadze received a camera from his mother, and filmed a documentary about the Georgian Civil War, entitled The Pain of My Land ( Ukrainian : Біль моєї землі ). In February 1993, the film was shown on the Ukrainian channel UT-3. In 1992, Abkhazia and South Ossetia proclaimed their independence from Georgia, and Georgia accused Russia of instigating conflicts in those regions. Soon new conflicts started. Gongadze volunteered to fight in Abkhazia , but
4000-454: The Polish population of the city was expelled and most of the Polish academics from the University of Jan Kazimierz relocated to Wrocław (former Breslau ), where they filled positions in the newly established Polish institutions of higher learning. The buildings of the university had survived the war undestroyed, however, 80% of its pre-war student and academic body was gone. The traditions of Jan Kazimierz University have been duplicated at
4100-491: The UNA-UNSO battalion "Argo", led by Dmytro Korchynsky arrived to Tbilisi and was ready for fight in Abkhazia. Gongadze, however, did not return to Georgia with the UNA-UNSO, but remained in Ukraine, where his father was undergoing cancer treatment in Kyiv . He did not survive treatment, and died on 5 August 1993, at the age of 49. Following his father's death, Gongadze returned to Tbilisi to bury him. Afterwards, he began filming
Georgiy Gongadze - Misplaced Pages Continue
4200-745: The aim was to undermine the government (led by Viktor Yushchenko when he was still Prime Minister). The second group was part of or allied with the United Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (SDPUo), a pro-oligarch party which had been hit hard by Yushchenko's crackdown on corruption and therefore wanted to see his government toppled. According to the journal Ukraina Moloda (14 April 2005), the SDPUo moved Gongadze's body to discredit President Leonid Kuchma and force early elections, which could have led to party leader Viktor Medvedchuk succeeding Kuchma. The trial against three former policemen charged with
4300-482: The case of Oleksiy Pukach by the end of the summer of 2010. Ukrainian Prosecutor General Oleksandr Medvedko stated on 17 June 2010 that skull fragments found near Bila Tserkva in July 2009 were those of Gongadze. On 14 September 2010, Ukraine's Office of the Prosecutor General issued a statement stating that prosecutors had concluded that former Interior Minister Yuriy Kravchenko had ordered Pukach to carry out
4400-486: The case was rejected on 30 July 2009. Her request to replace Pukach's lawyer was also denied on 28 October 2009. On 20 November 2009, Gongadze's mother Olesya gave consent to an examination of fragments of the skull found in late July 2009, under the condition she could take fragments of the skull for private DNA examination she planned to conduct at a private foreign laboratory after the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election . In September 2010, she stated that, in her opinion,
4500-547: The case. Kravchenko was the superior of the four policemen who were charged with Gongadze's murder soon after Kravchenko's death. The official ruling of suicide was doubted by media reports. Three former officials of the Ukrainian Interior Ministry's foreign surveillance department and criminal intelligence unit (Valeriy Kostenko, Mykola Protasov and Oleksandr Popovych) accused of his murder were arrested in March 2005 and
4600-427: The ceasefire and launched an assault on the city, which was protected only by an army of irregular detachments. President of Georgia Eduard Shevardnadze , who also was present during the siege, appealed to the president of Russia, Boris Yeltsin , to stop the attack, but Yeltsin chose to ignore it. On 17 September 1993, Gongadze left Tbilisi for Sukhumi to film the events. Upon arrival, he was mobilised for service in
4700-478: The chief suspects, was arrested in Zhytomyr Oblast . The former chief of the main criminal investigation department at the Ukrainian Interior Ministry's foreign surveillance unit had lived in the house of Lidia Zagorulko who had told her neighbours that Pukach was the brother of her dead husband and that he was a former sea captain. Pukach had lived there with his real second name and original documents. At first it
4800-423: The city of Tarashcha . The corpse had been decapitated and doused in acid, apparently to make identification more difficult; forensic investigations found that the acid bath and decapitation had occurred while the victim was still alive. The Russian-edited, Russian-language Ukrainian newspaper Segodnya ("Today") reported that Gongadze had been abducted by policemen and accidentally shot in the head while seated in
4900-534: The collection of Witold Kazimierz Czartoryski [ pl ] and 1,300 old Polish books from the 16th and 17th century, previously belonging to Józef Koziebrodzki. By September 1939, it expanded to 420,000 volumes, including 1,300 manuscripts , 3,000 diplomas and incunables , and possessed 14,000 numismatic items. In 1924 the Philosophy Faculty was divided into Humanities and Mathematics and Biology Departments, thus there were now five faculties. In
5000-679: The corporate rights of Ukrainska Pravda to Dragon Capital . The parties agreed that the editorial policy of the publication would remain unchanged. In December 2002, Ukrainska Pravda was refused a press accreditation by the Prosecutor General of Ukraine Svyatoslav Piskun (an offence against the Criminal Code of Ukraine). According to the Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union , after Ukrainska Pravda journalists Serhiy Leshchenko and Mustafa Nayyem displayed
5100-484: The country's wealthy "oligarchs" and the official media. In June 2000, Gongadze wrote an open letter to Ukraine's chief prosecutor about harassment from the Security Service of Ukraine directed towards himself and his Ukrainska Pravda colleagues and apparently related to an investigation into a murder case in the southern port of Odesa . He complained that he had been forced into hiding because of harassment from
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#17328479404365200-546: The empire. The university now had four faculties. To theology and philosophy were added those of law and medicine . Latin was the official language of the university, with Polish and German as auxiliary. Literary Slaveno-Rusyn (Ruthenian/Ukrainian) of the period had been used in the Studium Ruthenium (1787–1809), a special institute of the university for educating candidates for the Uniate (Greek-Catholic) priesthood. In 1805,
5300-404: The end of 1991 during the ongoing war, Georgiy Gongadze returned to his mother in Tbilisi. He led a team of medical emergency services transferring wounded to a hospital until snipers opened fire on them. On 14 January 1992, Gamsakhurdia fled Tbilisi and the conflict ended. The opposition took power, and Eduard Shevardnadze , the former Soviet foreign minister and communist leader of Soviet Georgia,
5400-547: The explosion. The shrapnel remained in Gongadze's body until his murder, and was later used to identify him. Gongadze was quickly taken to a field hospital, where he brought attention to himself by requesting that someone return to the field, so that his bag of video cassettes would not be lost. In the field hospital, Gongadze also met Konstantin Alania, a local resident fighting among Georgian troops. That night, Gongadze and several other seriously wounded fighters were sent to Tbilisi on
5500-744: The festival, he met Mariana Stetsko, whom he married in 1990, and settled in Lviv, where he found a job as a teacher of English and physical education. While working, Gongadze also studied at the Romano-Germanic Languages Faculty of the University of Lviv . On 24 August 1991, following the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine , the Verkhovna Rada announced that all residents of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic were considered to be citizens of Ukraine. In 1991,
5600-427: The first president of Georgia, Zviad Gamsakhurdia , declared several of his former allies as "enemies of the people", among them Ruslan Gongadze. Ruslan was forced to hide in the basement of a building next to the parliament in Tbilisi. In December 1991, a civil war ensued when government forces opened fire upon anti-Gamsakhurdia protestors in Tbilisi, while a militia armed by the oppositional parties counter-attacked. At
5700-513: The following new units have come into existence within the teaching and research framework of the university: the Law College, The Humanities Centre, The Institute of Literature Studies, and The Italian Language and Culture Resource Centre. The teaching staff of the university has increased amounting to 981, with scholarly degrees awarded to over two-thirds of the entire teaching staff. There are over one hundred laboratories and working units as well as
5800-560: The former Polish prime minister and a polytechnic professor, Kazimierz Bartel . The underground University of Jan Kazimierz was established in Autumn 1941. In the summer of 1944, the advancing Red Army , assisted by the Polish Home Army forces (locally implementing Operation Tempest ), pushed the Wehrmacht out of Lviv. and the university reopened. Due to post-war border changes ,
5900-566: The foundations of the Orthodox Brotherhood 's school, and used this as a pretext for obtaining a royal mandate that elevated their college to the status of an academy (no city could have two academies). King John II Casimir was a supporter of the Jesuits and his stance was crucial. The original royal charter was subsequently confirmed by another decree issued in Częstochowa on 5 February 1661. In 1758, King-Grand Duke Augustus III issued
6000-481: The fragments of the skull found in July 2009 had nothing to do with her son. On 3 December 2009, Pukach's detention was extended by two months. On 6 December 2009, Mykola Melnychenko accused Volodymyr Lytvyn of ordering the murder of Gongadze in 2000, but offered no proof to back up the claim. A spokesperson for Lytvyn dismissed the claims as part of his presidential election campaign. The Prosecutor General's Office of Ukraine plans to complete its investigation into
6100-513: The head of the SBU, Leonid Derkach , and the chief of the presidential bodyguard, Volodymyr Shepel, but refused to step down. The government invited the FBI to investigate, though it does not appear that this offer was ever taken up. The protests were eventually forcibly broken up by the police and protestors were evicted. In May 2001, Interior Minister Yuriy Smirnov announced that the murder had been solved—it
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#17328479404366200-495: The holding. Regular bloggers at Ukrainska Pravda include Anatoliy Hrytsenko , Ruslana , Inna Bohoslovska , Tetiana Chornovol and Yuriy Lutsenko . University of Lviv The Ivan Franko National University of Lviv ( Ukrainian : Львівський національний університет імені Івана Франка , romanized : Lvivskyi natsionalnyi universytet imeni Ivana Franka ) is a public university in Lviv , Ukraine . The university
6300-502: The hospital soon after their birth. When Gongadze was six years old, his parents divorced. His father later remarried and had another son with his second wife. His mother did not remarry, and continued to live and work in Tbilisi until 1994. During his school years, Gongadze was an outstanding athlete, and was part of the Soviet reserve Olympic team for the 100 and 200 metres . In addition to his native Ukrainian , he learned to speak Russian, Georgian , and English. In 1986 he enrolled in
6400-484: The intake, whereas Poles enjoyed a 50% quota at the time. Polish national-democrats also strove to implement a numerus clausus for Jews. During the 1920-30s, Polish national-democratic students chased local Jews and beat Jewish students, so that the university finally allow installment of ghetto benches for Jewish students. After the German invasion of Poland and the accompanying Soviet invasion in September 1939,
6500-498: The investigation and was sentenced to two-and-a-half years in prison. However, he was immediately released due to a provision of Ukraine's amnesty laws. In June 2004, the government claimed that a convicted gangster identified only as "K" had confessed to Gongadze's murder, although there was no independent confirmation of the claim. The ongoing investigation received a setback when a key witness died of spinal injuries apparently sustained while in police custody. Gongadze's death became
6600-547: The investigation into the murder of Gongadze confirmed his innocence in this crime. Pukach's trial, on allegations he strangled and beheaded Gongadze, began on 7 July 2011. It was closed to the public. On 30 August 2011, Pukach claimed that Kuchma was the one who ordered the murder. During the trial he also alleged that Lytvyn ordered the murder of Gongadze. Ukrainska Pravda Ukrainska Pravda ( Ukrainian : Українська правда , lit. 'Ukrainian truth', pronounced [ʊkrɐˈjinʲsʲkɐ ˈprau̯dɐ] )
6700-521: The investigation of crimes allegedly committed by high officials during the Kuchma rule in Ukraine – the Gongadze case as an emblematic example. This Resolution calls on the Ukrainian Prosecutor General's Office to use all possible avenues of investigation to identify those who instigated and organised the murder of Giorgiy Gongadze. On 1 March 2005, President Viktor Yushchenko announced that
6800-540: The journalist's suspected killers had been arrested. Prosecutor-General Svyatoslav Piskun announced the following day that the case had been solved, telling Ukrainian television that Gongadze had been strangled by employees of the Interior Ministry. Two of the alleged killers were said to be senior policemen working for the Interior Ministry's Criminal Investigations Directorate (CID). Former Interior Minister Yuriy Kravchenko , one of those recorded with Leonid Kuchma in
6900-459: The killing of Gongadze began on 9 January 2006. The other main suspect, ex-police officer, Oleksiy Pukach was believed to have fled abroad and therefore charged but not on trial. No-one had been charged for ordering the murder. On the day the trial started Gongadze's widow, Myroslava Gongadze commented on the fact that government officials had yet to be punished for organising Gongadze's murder, saying, "They are known and they should be punished, just
7000-468: The leader. In 1989 and 1990, Georgiy travelled to the Baltic states and Ukraine in an attempt to drum up foreign support for Georgia's independence from the Soviet Union. As part of his tour, in September 1989 he attended the first congress of the People's Movement of Ukraine in Kyiv , where he represented For Free Georgia. Gongadze also attended Chervona Ruta , the first non-communist music and youth festival, held in September 1989 in Chernivtsi . At
7100-528: The military hospital. However, the situation remained tense due to food insecurity throughout Georgia. His mother tried to send him away from Georgia, but did not have enough money, as the government had not had enough money to pay hospital staff since December 1991. Gongadze's mother managed to raise enough funds through friends and relatives and, after two weeks in Tbilisi, Gongadze returned to Lviv in October 1993, with his mother staying behind. In Ukraine, Gongadze finished production of his new documentary, and it
7200-587: The murder or not, saying a "secret investigation" was underway. On 28 July 2009, Ukrainian media reported that the remains of Gongadze's skull were found near Bila Tserkva , in a location specified by Pukach. According to the Prosecutor General's Office they did find fragments of a skull there that may belong to Gongadze. A request by Myroslava Gongadze to replace deputy prosecutor general Mykola Holomsha and investigator Oleksandr Kharchenko because of their insufficient professionalism and because they were unable to withstand political pressure and speculation surrounding
7300-429: The murder, and stating that Pukach had confessed to the murder. According to Gongadze's widow, Myroslava Gongadze, "Kravchenko had had no grounds for such actions"; she believed that several people ordered the killing of the journalist. According to Georgiy Gongadze's mother, Olesya, the statement was an attempt by the Prosecutor-General's office to excuse itself for its inactivity. On 16 September 2010, Lytvyn asserted that
7400-524: The other one was the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. Its professors were famous across Europe, with such renowned names as Wladyslaw Abraham , Oswald Balzer , Szymon Askenazy , Stanislaw Zakrzewski , Zygmunt Janiszewski , Kazimierz Twardowski , Benedykt Dybowski , Marian Smoluchowski and Ludwik Rydygier . In the 1870s, Ivan Franko studied at Lemberg University. He entered world history as
7500-670: The partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth which meant that the university was excluded from the Commission of National Education reform. It was renamed Theresianum by the Austrians, i.e. a State Academy. On 21 October 1784, the Austrian Emperor Joseph II signed an act of foundation of a secular university. He began to Germanise the institution by bringing German-speaking professors from various parts of
7600-421: The pro-Kuchma political party Labour Ukraine , carried out a six-month investigation and concluded that Kuchma had nothing to do with the murder of Gongadze. The affair became a major political scandal (referred to in Ukraine as the " Cassette Scandal " or "Tapegate"). Kuchma strongly denied Moroz's accusations and threatened a libel suit, blaming the tapes on foreign agents. He later acknowledged that his voice
7700-565: The quality of the university's education was not considered high. Latin was replaced by German and most professors were regarded as ''mediocre''. The few good ones regarded their stay in Lemberg as a springboard to other centres. In 1848, when the pan-European revolution reached Lemberg (see: Revolutions of 1848 ), students of the university created two organizations: "The Academic Legion" and "the Academic Committee" both of which demanded that
7800-934: The remains offered as it was not the body of her son. While visiting Kyiv in July 2006, Gongadze's widow Myroslava emphasised that the funeral had now become a solemn family issue and the date of the funeral would soon be appointed. On 28 November 2000, opposition politician Oleksandr Moroz publicised secret tape recordings which he claimed implicated Kuchma in Gongadze's murder. The recordings were said to be of discussions between Kuchma, presidential chief of staff Volodymyr Lytvyn , and Interior Minister Yuriy Kravchenko , and were claimed to have been provided by an unnamed SBU officer (later named as Major Mykola Mel'nychenko , Kuchma's bodyguard). The conversations included comments expressing annoyance at Gongadze's writings as well as discussions of ways to shut him up, such as deporting him and arranging for him to be kidnapped and taken to Chechnya . Killing him was, however, not mentioned and doubt
7900-549: The representation of women in the student body of the university. During the Interbellum period, the region was part of the Second Polish Republic and the university was known as "Jan Kazimierz University" ( Polish : Uniwersytet Jana Kazimierza ), in honor of its founder, King John II Casimir Vasa . The decision to name the school after the king was taken by the government of Poland on 22 November 1919. In 1920,
8000-408: The same as those who will be sitting in the dock today". In mid-March 2008, the three former police officers were sentenced to prison for the murder of Gongadze. Mykola Protasov was given a sentence of 13 years, while Valeriy Kostenko and Oleksandr Popovych were each handed 12-year terms. But so far the investigations have failed to show who ordered the murder. On 22 July 2009, Oleksiy Pukach, one of
8100-460: The second anniversary of Gongadze's death. The demonstrators again called for Kuchma's resignation but the protests again failed to achieve their goal, with police breaking up the protesters' camp. The prosecutor of Tarascha Raion, where Gongadze's body was found, was convicted in May 2003 for abuse of office and falsification of evidence. Serhiy Obozov was found guilty of forging documents and negligence in
8200-500: The secret police, that he said he and his family were being followed, that his staff were being harassed, and that the SBU were spreading a rumour that he was wanted on a murder charge. Gongadze disappeared on the night of 16 September 2000, after failing to return home. Foul play was suspected from the outset. The matter immediately attracted widespread public attention and media interest. Eighty journalists signed an open letter to Kuchma urging an investigation and complaining that "during
8300-536: The time the capital of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic of the Soviet Union , Gongadze was the son of Ruslan Gongadze, a Georgian architect, and Olesya Korchak, a Ukrainian dentist and a native of Lviv . His parents met in Lviv, where they studied in university and eventually married. In 1967, the Gongadze family moved to Tbilisi. Georgiy was born as a twin, but his brother was kidnapped from
8400-536: The two latter languages were possible as long as the professors used them. This move created unrest among the Ruthenians (Ukrainians), who were demanding equal rights. In 1908, a Ruthenian student of the philosophy faculty, Miroslaw Siczynski , had assassinated the Polish governor of Galicia , Andrzej Kazimierz Potocki . Meanwhile, the University of Lemberg thrived, being one of two Polish language universities in Galicia,
8500-527: The university and to this end, a committee for the Defense of Ukrainian Education was created. It was reopened in January 1850, with only limited autonomy. After a few years the Austrians relented and on 4 July 1871 Vienna declared Polish and Ruthenian (Ukrainian) as the official languages at the university. Eight years later this was changed. The Austrian authorities declared Polish as the main teaching medium with Ruthenian and German as auxiliary. Examinations in
8600-476: The university be Polonized . The government in Vienna answered with force, and on 2 November 1848, the centre of the city was shelled by the troops led by General Hammerstein striking the buildings of the university, especially its library. A curfew was called and the university was temporarily closed. Major demand for Ukrainians was the education of teachers and promotion of Ukrainian culture through Ukrainian courses at
8700-560: The university was closed, as Austria, then involved in the Napoleonic wars , did not have sufficient funds to support it. Instead, it operated as a high school. The university was reopened in 1817. Officially Vienna described it as an "act of mercy", but the actual reasons were different. The Austrian government was aware of the pro-Polish stance of the Russian Emperor Alexander I and the Austrians wanted to challenge it. However,
8800-507: The university was rehoused by the Polish government in the building formerly used by the Sejm of the Land , which has since been the university's main location. Its first rector during the Second Polish Republic was the famous poet, Jan Kasprowicz . Lwów was the second most important academic center in inter-war Poland. The Jan Kazimierz University was the third biggest university in the country after
8900-415: The years of Ukrainian independence, not a single high-profile crime against journalists has been fully resolved". Kuchma responded by ordering an immediate inquiry. This inquiry however, was viewed with scepticism. Opposition politician Hryhoriy Omelchenko stated that the disappearance had coincided with Gongadze receiving documents on corruption within the president's own entourage. The Verkhovna Rada set up
9000-620: Was occupied by the Nazi Germany in June 1941, the Germans closed the University of Ivan Franko and killed over 20 Polish professors (as well as members of their households and guests, increasing the total number of victims to above forty). The victims included lecturers from the University of Lviv and other local academic institutions. Among the killed was the last rector of the University of Jan Kazimierz, Roman Longchamps de Berier, his three sons, and
9100-571: Was accompanied by the closure of departments seen as related to religion, free-market economics, capitalism, or the West in general. All academics specializing in Polish geography, literature, and history were dismissed. Marchenko was released from his post in Spring 1940 and arrested in June 1941. From 1939 to 1941, the Soviets killed 17 and imprisoned 37 academics from the University of Jan Kazimierz. After Lviv
9200-403: Was attributed to a random act of violence committed by two "hooligans" with links to a gangster called "Cyclops". Both of the killers were said to now be dead. The claim was dismissed by the opposition and by the government's own Prosecutor-General , whose office issued a statement denying Smirnov's claims. Mass protests again broke out in Kyiv and other Ukrainian cities in September 2002 to mark
9300-462: Was cast on the tapes' authenticity, as the quality of the recordings was poor. Moroz told the Verkhovna Rada that "the professionally organised disappearance, a slow-moving investigation, disregard for the most essential elements of investigation and incoherent comments by police officials suggest that the case was put together." In September 2001, the American detective agency Kroll Inc. , contracted by
9400-539: Was elected president. On 15 January 1992, Gongadze returned to Lviv, only to discover that his wife had left him. In 1992, Gongadze founded a Georgian Culture Association in Lviv, named after the Bagrationi dynasty , which served as an informational centre. During the registration of the organisation in government offices, Gongadze met Myroslava Petryshyn, his future second wife. The two of them wrote an article titled "Tragedy of Leaders" ( Ukrainian : Трагедія лідерів ) about
9500-653: Was established with foreign partners. The university has conducted bilateral research with the University of Vienna (Austria), Kaunas University of Technology ( Lithuania ), the US Civilian Research and Development Foundation, and the Hiroshima Institute of Technology ( Japan ), funded by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine . In recent years, researchers at the university have been conducting experiments funded by international organizations, including
9600-457: Was indeed one of those on the tapes, but claimed that they had been selectively edited to distort his meaning. In November 2005, upon complaint of Gongadze's widow, the European Court of Human Rights found Ukraine to violate right to life, right to effective remedy and prohibition of degrading treatment. The affair became an international crisis for the Ukrainian government during 2001, with
9700-862: Was refused admission to military service by government authorities for being the son of Ruslan Gongadze and his role in promoting Georgian causes in Ukraine. Gongadze returned to Lviv to perform his "diplomatic mission" in active support of Georgia in inter-ethnic conflicts. However, he was only able to find a marginal group of supporters willing to fight in Georgia, from the far-right Ukrainian National Assembly – Ukrainian People's Self-Defence . Gongadze repeatedly visited UNA-UNSO gatherings in an attempt to find Ukrainians willing to fight. The UNA-UNSO, with its self-stated goal of "exiling communists and criminals from Ukraine and overpowering Russian expansionism," coincided with those of Georgian nationalists fighting Russian-backed separatists in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. In July 1993,
9800-408: Was reported and that he had implicated senior political figures in the murder and was ready to show the place where the journalist's head was hidden, but this was denied two days after his arrest by his lawyer. According to the lawyer, Pukach was not supposed to provide this information to the investigators. Prosecutor-General Oleksandr Medvedko refused to comment whether Pukach named those who ordered
9900-466: Was shown on Ukrainian television under the name Shadows of War . From 1996 to 1997, Gongadze worked for the Ukrainian television channel STB . He worked for the Kyiv-based radio station Kontynent, on which he had his own show called First Round with Georhiy Gongadze . His strongly independent line soon attracted hostility from the increasingly authoritarian government of President Leonid Kuchma ; during
10000-516: Was to Ukrainize and Sovietize the university. At the beginning of January 1940, the official name of the university was changed to Ivan Franko Lviv State University . Ukrainian was introduced as the language of instruction. Polish professors and administrative assistants were increasingly fired and replaced by cadres specializing in Marxism , Leninism , political economics , as well as Ukrainian and Soviet literature, history, and geography. This
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