Pontic Steppe
90-487: Count Georgi Arsenyevich Emmanuel (Russian: Георгий Арсеньевич Эммануэль) (13 April 1775–26 January 1837) was a Russian general of Serbian origin who participated in the Napoleonic Wars . He was promoted to major general on 26 December 1812 and after the end of the battle of Paris to general on 27 March 1814. After returning to Russia, he was put in command of the 4th Dragoon Division. On 25 June 1825, he became
180-627: A South Slavic ethnic group native to Southeastern Europe who share a common Serbian ancestry , culture , history , and language . They primarily live in Serbia , Kosovo , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Montenegro as well as in North Macedonia , Slovenia , Germany and Austria . They also constitute a significant diaspora with several communities across Europe , the Americas and Oceania . The Serbs share many cultural traits with
270-596: A lingua franca of the Avar state. This might explain how Proto-Slavic spread to the Balkans and the areas of the Danube basin, and would also explain why the Avars were assimilated so fast, leaving practically no linguistic traces, and that Proto-Slavic was so unusually uniform. However, such a theory fails to explain how Slavic spread to Eastern Europe, an area that had no historical links with
360-478: A nation and a clear sense of national identity. In the early 1830s, Serbia gained autonomy and its borders were recognized, with Miloš Obrenović being recognized as its ruler. Serbia is the fourth modern-day European country, after France, Austria and the Netherlands, to have a codified legal system, as of 1844. The last Ottoman troops withdrew from Serbia in 1867, although Serbia's and Montenegro's independence
450-677: A 78-day-long NATO bombing campaign which effectively drove Yugoslav security forces from Kosovo. Subsequently, more than 200,000 Serbs and other non-Albanians fled the province. On 5 October 2000, Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosević was overthrown in a bloodless revolt after he refused to admit defeat in the 2000 Yugoslav general election . Modern demographic distribution of ethnic Serbs throughout homeland and native regions, as well as in Serbian ethnic diaspora , represents an outcome of several historical and demographic processes, shaped both by economic migrations and forced displacements during
540-593: A Baltic node parallel to the Slavic node. The sudden expansion of Proto-Slavic in the sixth and the seventh century (around 600 CE, uniform Proto-Slavic with minor dialectal differentiation was spoken from Thessaloniki in Greece to Novgorod in Russia ) is, according to some, connected to the hypothesis that Proto-Slavic was in fact a koiné of the Avar state , i.e. the language of
630-621: A Croatian military offensive known as Operation Storm put a stop to the Croatian Serb rebellion and causing as many as 200,000 Serbs to flee the country. The Bosnian War ended that same year, with the Dayton Agreement dividing the country along ethnic lines. In 1998–99, a conflict in Kosovo between the Yugoslav Army and Albanians seeking independence erupted into full-out war, resulting in
720-443: A Serbian American biomedical engineer focusing on engineering human tissues for regenerative medicine , stem cell research and modeling of disease. She is one of the most highly cited scientists of all times. Notable Serb mathematicians include Mihailo Petrović , Jovan Karamata and Đuro Kurepa . Mihailo Petrović is known for having contributed significantly to differential equations and phenomenology, as well as inventing one of
810-657: A branch of the Indo-European family of languages , traditionally comprising the Baltic and Slavic languages . Baltic and Slavic languages share several linguistic traits not found in any other Indo-European branch, which points to a period of common development and origin. A Proto-Balto-Slavic language is reconstructable by the comparative method , descending from Proto-Indo-European by means of well-defined sound laws , and from which modern Slavic and Baltic languages descended. One particularly innovative dialect separated from
900-776: A few years before. Loanwords in the Serbian language besides common internationalisms are mostly from Greek , German and Italian, while words of Hungarian origin are present mostly in the north. The Ottoman conquest began a linguistical contact between Ottoman Turkish and South Slavic; Ottoman Turkish influence grew stronger after the 15th century. Besides Turkish loanwords, also many Arabic (such as alat , "tool", sat , "hour, clock") and Persian ( čarape , "socks", šećer , "sugar") words entered via Turkish, called "Orientalisms" ( orijentalizmi ). Also, many Greek words entered via Turkish. Words for hitherto unknown sciences, businesses, industries, technologies and professions were brought by
990-641: A form of slavery in the Ottoman Empire , in which boys from Balkan Christian families were forcibly converted to Islam and trained for infantry units of the Ottoman army known as the Janissaries . A number of Serbs who converted to Islam occupied high-ranking positions within the Ottoman Empire , such as Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha and Minister of War field marshal Omar Pasha Latas . In 1688,
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#17328516922931080-529: A genetic relationship between the Baltic and Slavic languages, dating the split of the family to about 1400 BCE. The traditional division into two distinct sub-branches (i.e. Slavic and Baltic) is mostly upheld by scholars who accept Balto-Slavic as a genetic branch of Indo-European. There is a general consensus that the Baltic languages can be divided into East Baltic (Lithuanian, Latvian) and West Baltic (Old Prussian). The internal diversity of Baltic points at
1170-565: A humanitarian of Austrian descent, carried out rescue operations from Ustaše camps and saved more than 15,000 children, mostly Serbs. More than half a million Serbs were killed in the territory of Yugoslavia during World War II. Serbs in occupied Yugoslavia subsequently formed a resistance movement known as the Yugoslav Army in the Homeland , or the Chetniks. The Chetniks had the official support of
1260-415: A much greater time-depth for the breakup of the Baltic languages in comparison to the Slavic languages. "Traditional" Balto-Slavic tree model West Baltic East Baltic Slavic This bipartite division into Baltic and Slavic was first challenged in the 1960s, when Vladimir Toporov and Vyacheslav Ivanov observed that the apparent difference between the "structural models" of the Baltic languages and
1350-568: A note to all Serb bishops to come to him and collaborate only with Habsburg forces. A Great Migration of the Serbs (1690) to Habsburg lands was undertaken by Patriarch Arsenije III. The large community of Serbs concentrated in Banat, southern Hungary and the Military Frontier included merchants and craftsmen in the cities, but mainly refugees that were peasants. Smaller groups of Serbs also migrated to
1440-677: A phonetic ending, -ich or -itch in foreign languages. Other common surname suffixes found among Serbian surnames are - ov , - ev , - in and - ski (without -ić ) which is the Slavic possessive case suffix, thus Nikola's son becomes Nikolin, Petar's son Petrov, and Jovan's son Jovanov. Other, less common suffices are -alj/olj/elj , -ija , -ica , -ar/ac/an . The ten most common surnames in Serbia, in order, are Jovanović , Petrović , Nikolić , Marković , Đorđević , Stojanović , Ilić , Stanković , Pavlović and Milošević . Serbs are predominantly Orthodox Christians . The autocephaly of
1530-549: A result of both a genetic relationship and later language contact. Thomas Olander corroborates the claim of genetic relationship in his research in the field of comparative Balto-Slavic accentology . Even though some linguists still reject a genetic relationship, most scholars accept that Baltic and Slavic languages experienced a period of common development. This view is also reflected in most modern standard textbooks on Indo-European linguistics. Gray and Atkinson's (2003) application of language-tree divergence analysis supports
1620-551: A stage of common development, there are considerable differences between the vocabularies of Baltic and Slavic. Rozwadowski noted that every semantic field contains core vocabulary that is etymologically different between the two branches. Andersen prefers a dialect continuum model where the northernmost dialects developed into Baltic and the southernmost dialects into Slavic (with Slavic later absorbing any intermediate idioms during its expansion). Andersen thinks that different neighboring and substratum languages might have contributed to
1710-415: Is a world-renowned performance artist , writer, and art filmmaker . Traditional Serbian music includes various kinds of bagpipes , flutes , horns , trumpets , lutes , psalteries , drums and cymbals . The kolo is the traditional collective folk dance, which has a number of varieties throughout the regions. The first Serbian composers started working in the 14th and 15th century, like Kir Stefan
1800-409: Is considered one of the most intriguing writers from the beginning of the 21st century. Charles Simic is a notable contemporary Serbian-American poet, former United States Poet Laureate and a Pulitzer Prize winner . Contemporary writer Zoran Živković authored more than 20 prose books and is best-known for his SF works which have been published in 23 countries. Many Serbs have contributed to
1890-459: Is estimated that over two thirds of all Serbian surnames have the suffix -ić (-ић) ( [itɕ] ), a Slavic diminutive , originally functioning to create patronymics . Thus the surname Petrović means the "son of Petar" (from a male progenitor, the root is extended with possessive -ov or -ev ). Due to limited use of international typewriters and unicode computer encoding, the suffix may be simplified to -ic , historically transcribed with
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#17328516922931980-430: Is supported by a number of scholars. Some scholars accept Kortlandt's division into three branches as the default assumption , but believe that there is sufficient evidence to unite East Baltic and West Baltic in an intermediate Baltic node. The tripartite split is supported by glottochronologic studies by V. V. Kromer, whereas two computer-generated family trees (from the early 2000s) that include Old Prussian have
2070-493: Is world-famous. Prominent architectural styles in the Middle Ages were Raška architectural school , Morava architectural school and Serbo-Byzantin architectural style . During the same period UNESCO protected Stećak monumental medieval tombstones were built. The Independence of Serbia in the 19th century was soon followed with Serbo-Byzantine Revival in architecture. Baroque and rococo trends in Serbian art emerged in
2160-687: The Allies until 1943, when Allied support shifted to the Communist Yugoslav Partisans , a multi-ethnic force, formed in 1941, which also had a large majority of Serbs in its ranks in the first two years of war. Over the entirety of the war, the ethnic composition of the Partisans was 53 percent Serb. During the entire course of the WWII in Yugoslavia, 64.1% of all Bosnian Partisans were Serbs. Later, after
2250-595: The Apollo spaceship . Physicist and physical chemist Mihajlo Pupin is best known for his landmark theory of modern electrical filters as well as for his numerous patents, while Milutin Milanković is best known for his theory of long-term climate change caused by changes in the position of the Earth in comparison to the Sun, now known as Milankovitch cycles . Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic is
2340-540: The Avar Khanate . That said, the Avar state was later replaced by the definitively Slavic state of Great Moravia , which could have played the same role. It is also likely that the expansion of Slavic occurred with the assimilation of Iranic-speaking groups such as the Sarmatians , who quickly adopted Proto-Slavic due to speaking related Indo-European satem languages, in much the same way Latin expanded by assimilating
2430-658: The Balšić family , Raška, Kosovo and northern Macedonia held by the Branković family and Lazar Hrebeljanović holding today's Central Serbia and a portion of Kosovo. Hrebeljanović was subsequently accepted as the titular leader of the Serbs because he was married to a member of the Nemanjić dynasty. In 1389, the Serbs faced the Ottomans at the Battle of Kosovo on the plain of Kosovo Polje , near
2520-613: The Celtic speakers in continental Western Europe and the Dacians . That sudden expansion of Proto-Slavic erased most of the idioms of the Balto-Slavic dialect continuum, which left us today with only two groups, Baltic and Slavic (or East Baltic, West Baltic, and Slavic in the minority view). This secession of the Balto-Slavic dialect ancestral to Proto-Slavic is estimated on archaeological and glottochronological criteria to have occurred sometime in
2610-796: The Nobel Prize in Literature in 1961. Danilo Kiš , another popular Serbian writer, was known for writing A Tomb for Boris Davidovich , as well as several acclaimed novels. Amongst contemporary Serbian writers, Milorad Pavić stands out as being the most critically acclaimed, with his novels Dictionary of the Khazars , Landscape Painted with Tea and The Inner Side of the Wind bringing him international recognition. Highly revered in Europe and in South America , Pavić
2700-707: The Palme d'Or twice at the Cannes Film Festival , numerous other prizes, and is a UNICEF National Ambassador for Serbia. Several Americans of Serb origin have been featured prominently in Hollywood . The most notable of these are Academy Award winners Karl Malden , Steve Tesich , Peter Bogdanovich , Tony -winning theatre director Darko Tresnjak , Emmy -winning director Marina Zenovich and actors Iván Petrovich , Brad Dexter , Lolita Davidovich , Milla Jovovich and Stana Katic . Most literature written by early Serbs
2790-561: The Republika Srpska ), where they are one of the three constituent ethnic groups . Serbs in Croatia , Montenegro and North Macedonia also have recognized collective rights, and number some 186,000, 178,000 and 39,000 people, respectively, while another estimated 96,000 live in the disputed area of Kosovo . Smaller minorities exist in Slovenia , some 36,000 people, respectively. Outside of
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2880-553: The Russian Empire , where they occupied high positions in the military circles. The Serbian Revolution for independence from the Ottoman Empire lasted eleven years, from 1804 until 1815. The revolution comprised two separate uprisings which gained autonomy from the Ottoman Empire that eventually evolved towards full independence (1835–1867). During the First Serbian Uprising , led by Duke Karađorđe Petrović , Serbia
2970-501: The Serbian Orthodox Church in the year 1219, and became known as Saint Sava after his death. Parts of modern-day Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina , and central Serbia would come under the control of Nemanjić. Over the next 140 years, Serbia expanded its borders, from numerous smaller principalities, reaching to a unified Serbian Empire . Its cultural model remained Byzantine, despite political ambitions directed against
3060-814: The Serbian Orthodox Church , was established in 1219, as an Archbishopric, and raised to the Patriarchate in 1346. It is led by the Serbian Patriarch , and consists of three archbishoprics, six metropolitanates and thirty-one eparchies , having around 10 million adherents. Followers of the church form the largest religious group in Serbia and Montenegro, and the second-largest in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia . The church has an archbishopric in North Macedonia and dioceses in Western Europe, North America, South America and Australia. The identity of ethnic Serbs
3150-587: The Shtokavian dialect . Serbian is an official language in Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina and is a recognized minority language in Montenegro (although spoken by a plurality of population), Croatia, North Macedonia, Romania, Hungary, Czech Republic and Slovakia. Older forms of literary Serbian are Church Slavonic of the Serbian recension, which is still used for ecclesiastical purposes, and Slavonic-Serbian —a mixture of Serbian, Church Slavonic and Russian used from
3240-805: The United States , Canada , Australia , South America and Southern Africa . The existence of a large diaspora is mainly a consequence of either economic or political ( coercion or expulsions) reasons. There were several waves of Serb emigration: Serbs speak Serbian , a member of the South Slavic group of languages, specifically the Southwestern group. Standard Serbian is a standardized variety of Serbo-Croatian , and therefore mutually intelligible with Standard Croatian , Standard Montenegrin , and Standard Bosnian (see Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian ), which are all based on
3330-949: The sociology of law and sociological jurisprudence. There are several different layers of Serbian names. Serbian given names largely originate from Slavic roots : e.g., Vuk , Bojan , Goran , Zoran , Dragan , Milan , Miroslav , Vladimir , Slobodan , Dušan , Milica , Nevena , Vesna , Radmila . Other names are of Christian origin, originating from the Bible ( Hebrew , through Greek ), such as Lazar , Mihailo , Ivan , Jovan , Ilija , Marija , Ana , Ivana . Along similar lines of non-Slavic Christian names are Greek ones such as: Stefan , Nikola , Aleksandar , Filip , Đorđe , Andrej , Jelena , Katarina , Vasilije , Todor , while those of Latin origin include: Marko , Antonije , Srđan , Marina , Petar , Pavle , Natalija , Igor (through Russian). Most Serbian surnames are paternal, maternal, occupational or derived from personal traits. It
3420-456: The 1350s, a major conflict ensued between them and the Serbs, the first major battle was the Battle of Maritsa (1371), in which the Serbs were defeated. With the death of two important Serb leaders in the battle, and with the death of Stephen Uroš that same year, the Serbian Empire broke up into several small Serbian domains. These states were ruled by feudal lords, with Zeta controlled by
3510-518: The 18th century and are mostly represented in icon painting and portraits. Most of the Baroque authors were from the territory of Austrian Empire , such as Nikola Nešković , Teodor Kračun , Teodor Ilić Češljar , Zaharije Orfelin and Jakov Orfelin . Serbian painting showed the influence of Biedermeier and Neoclassicism as seen in works by Konstantin Danil and Pavel Đurković . Many painters followed
3600-663: The 19th century) Serbs also have a noteworthy classical music and works of philosophy. Notable philosophers include Svetozar Marković , Branislav Petronijević , Ksenija Atanasijević , Radomir Konstantinović , Nikola Milošević , Mihailo Marković , Justin Popović and Mihailo Đurić . During the 12th and 13th centuries, many icons, wall paintings and manuscript miniatures came into existence, as many Serbian Orthodox monasteries and churches such as Hilandar , Žiča , Studenica , Sopoćani , Mileševa , Gračanica and Visoki Dečani were built. The architecture of some of these monasteries
3690-624: The 19th century, and the writings of Njegoš and Branko Radičević . The first prominent representative of Serbian literature in the 20th century was Jovan Skerlić , who wrote in pre–World War I Belgrade and helped introduce Serbian writers to literary modernism. The most important Serbian writer in the inter-war period was Miloš Crnjanski . The first Serb authors who appeared after World War II were Mihailo Lalić and Dobrica Ćosić . Other notable post-war Yugoslav authors such as Ivo Andrić and Meša Selimović were assimilated to Serbian culture, and both identified as Serbs. Andrić went on to win
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3780-480: The 5th and 6th centuries. The numerous Slavs mixed with and assimilated the descendants of the indigenous population (Illyrians, Thracians, Dacians, Romans, Celts). White Serbs from White Serbia came to an area near Thessaloniki and then they settled area between Dinaric Alps and Adriatic coast. The region of "Rascia" ( Raška ) was the center of Serb settlement and Serb tribes also occupied parts of modern-day Herzegovina and Montenegro . Prior to their arrival to
3870-510: The Balkans, early Slavs were predominantly involved in agriculture, which is why they settled in areas which were cultivated even during Roman times. The first Serb states, Serbia (780–960) and Duklja (825–1120), were formed chiefly under the Vlastimirović and Vojislavljević dynasties respectively. The other Serb-inhabited lands, or principalities, that were mentioned included the "countries" of Paganija , Zahumlje , Travunija . With
3960-576: The Baltic and Slavic languages share a period of common development, the Proto-Balto-Slavic language. Common Balto-Slavic innovations include several other changes, which are also shared by several other Indo-European branches. These are therefore not direct evidence for the existence of a common Balto-Slavic family, but they do corroborate it. Some examples of words shared among most or all Balto-Slavic languages: Despite lexical developments exclusive to Balto-Slavic and otherwise showing evidence for
4050-566: The Balto-Slavic dialect continuum and became ancestral to the Proto-Slavic language , from which all Slavic languages descended. While the notion of a Balto-Slavic unity was previously contested largely due to political controversies, there is now a general consensus among academic specialists in Indo-European linguistics that Baltic and Slavic languages comprise a single branch of the Indo-European language family, with only some minor details of
4140-714: The Habsburg army took Belgrade and entered the territory of present-day Central Serbia . Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden called Serbian Patriarch Arsenije III Čarnojević to raise arms against the Turks; the Patriarch accepted and returned to the liberated Peć. As Serbia fell under Habsburg control, Leopold I granted Arsenije nobility and the title of duke. In early November, Arsenije III met with Habsburg commander-in-chief, General Enea Silvio Piccolomini in Prizren ; after this talk he sent
4230-526: The Ottoman Empire in 1686 during the Great Turkish War , Serbs from Pannonian Plain (present-day Hungary , Slavonia region in present-day Croatia , Bačka and Banat regions in present-day Serbia ) joined the troops of the Habsburg monarchy as separate units known as Serbian Militia . Serbs, as volunteers, massively joined the Austrian side. Many Serbs were recruited during the devshirme system,
4320-522: The Ottoman Empire, Orthodoxy became crucial in defining the national identity , instead of language which was shared by other South Slavs ( Croats and Bosniaks ). The tradition of slava , the family saint feast day, is an important ethnic marker of Serb identity, and is usually regarded their most significant and most solemn feast day . The origin of the ethnonym is unclear. The most prominent theory considers it of Proto-Slavic origin. Hanna Popowska-Taborska argued native Slavic provenance of
4410-436: The Ottoman Empire. Christian villagers brought urban vocabulary from their travels to Islamic culture cities. Many Turkish loanwords are no longer considered loanwords. There is considerable usage of French words as well, especially in military related terms. One Serbian word that is used in many of the world's languages is " vampire " ( vampir ). Literature , icon painting, music, dance and medieval architecture are
4500-518: The Proto-Indo-European period. Baltic and Slavic share many close phonological , lexical , morphosyntactic and accentological similarities (listed below). The early Indo-Europeanists Rasmus Rask and August Schleicher (1861) proposed a simple solution: From Proto-Indo-European descended Balto-German-Slavonic language, out of which Proto-Balto-Slavic (later split into Proto-Baltic and Proto-Slavic) and Germanic emerged. Schleicher's proposal
4590-698: The Serb . Composer and musicologist Stevan Stojanović Mokranjac is considered one of the most important founders of modern Serbian music. Other noted classical composers include Kornelije Stanković , Stanislav Binički , Petar Konjović , Miloje Milojević , Stevan Hristić , Josif Marinković , Luigi von Kunits , Ljubica Marić and Vasilije Mokranjac . Well-known musicians include Zdravko Čolić , Arsen Dedić , Predrag Gojković-Cune , Toma Zdravković , Milan Mladenović , Radomir Mihailović Točak , Bora Đorđević , Momčilo Bajagić Bajaga , Đorđe Balašević , Ceca and others. Serbia has produced many talented filmmakers,
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#17328516922934680-539: The Serbian ruler Stefan Nemanja II was crowned by Pope Honorius III of the Roman Catholic Church. However in 1219, Nemanja II was crowned once again by the newly independent Serbian Orthodox Church. This shift solidified the Christian Orthodox religion in Serbia. With the arrival of the Ottoman Empire , some Serbs converted to Islam . This was particularly, but not wholly, the case in Bosnia . Since
4770-495: The Serbs (1896). Painter Uroš Predić was also prominent in the field of Serbian art, painting the Kosovo Maiden and Happy Brothers . While Jovanović and Predić were both realist painters, artist Nadežda Petrović was an impressionist and fauvist and Sava Šumanović was an accomplished Cubist . Painters Petar Lubarda , Vladimir Veličković and Ljubomir Popović were famous for their surrealism . Marina Abramović
4860-668: The Slavic languages is the result of the innovative nature of Proto-Slavic, and that the latter had evolved from an earlier stage which conformed to the more archaic "structural model" of the Proto-Baltic dialect continuum. Frederik Kortlandt (1977, 2018) has proposed that West Baltic and East Baltic are in fact not more closely related to each other than either of them is related to Slavic, and Balto-Slavic therefore can be split into three equidistant branches: East Baltic, West Baltic and Slavic. Alternative Balto-Slavic tree model West Baltic East Baltic Slavic Kortlandt's hypothesis
4950-747: The administration and military rule of the Avar Khaganate in Eastern Europe. In 626, the Slavs, Persians and Avars jointly attacked the Byzantine Empire and participated in the Siege of Constantinople . In that campaign, the Slavs fought under Avar officers. There is an ongoing controversy over whether the Slavs might then have been a military caste under the khaganate rather than an ethnicity. Their language—at first possibly only one local speech—once koinéized, became
5040-416: The artistic forms for which Serbia is best known. Traditional Serbian visual art (specifically frescoes , and to some extent icons ), as well as ecclesiastical architecture, are highly reflective of Byzantine traditions, with some Mediterranean and Western influence. Many Serbian monuments and works of art have been lost forever due to various wars and peacetime marginalizations. In modern times (since
5130-406: The artistic trends set in the 19th century Romanticism, notably Đura Jakšić , Stevan Todorović , Katarina Ivanović and Novak Radonić . Since the mid-1800s, Serbia has produced a number of famous painters who are representative of general European artistic trends. One of the most prominent of these was Paja Jovanović , who painted massive canvases on historical themes such as the Migration of
5220-544: The basis of their faith. The remainder of Serbs remain predominantly Serbian Orthodox Christians. Balto-Slavs Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European The Balto-Slavic languages form
5310-425: The biggest casualty rate in World War I . Following the victory in WWI, Serbs subsequently formed the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes with other South Slavic peoples . The country was later renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia , and was led from 1921 to 1934 by King Alexander I of the Serbian Karađorđević dynasty . During World War II , Yugoslavia was invaded by the Axis powers in April 1941. The country
5400-443: The decline of the Serbian state of Duklja in the late 11th century, Raška separated from it and replaced it as the most powerful Serbian state. Prince Stefan Nemanja (r. 1169–96) conquered the neighbouring territories of Kosovo , Duklja and Zachlumia . The Nemanjić dynasty ruled over Serbia until the 14th century. Nemanja's older son, Stefan Nemanjić , became Serbia's first recognized king, while his younger son, Rastko, founded
5490-411: The empire. The medieval power and influence of Serbia culminated in the reign of Stefan Dušan , who ruled the state from 1331 until his death in 1355. Ruling as Emperor from 1346, his territory included Macedonia , northern Greece, Montenegro, and almost all of modern Albania . When Dušan died, his son Stephen Uroš V became Emperor. With Turkish invaders beginning their conquest of the Balkans in
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#17328516922935580-419: The end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. Jasenovac camp was notorious for the barbaric practices which occurred in it. Sisak and Jastrebarsko concentration camp were specially formed for children . Serbs in the NDH suffered among the highest casualty rates in Europe during the World War II, while the NDH was one of the most lethal regimes in the 20th century. Diana Budisavljević ,
5670-518: The ethnonym, claiming that the theory advances a conclusion that the ethnonym has a meaning of a family kinship or alliance, which was also argued by a number of other scholars. According to a triple analysis – autosomal , mitochondrial and paternal — of available data from large-scale studies on Balto-Slavs and their proximal populations, the whole genome SNP data situates Serbs with Montenegrins in between two Balkan clusters. Y-DNA results show that haplogroups I2a and R1a together stand for
5760-603: The fall of Italy in September 1943, other ethnic groups joined Partisans in larger numbers. At the end of the war, the Partisans, led by Josip Broz Tito , emerged victorious. Yugoslavia subsequently became a Communist state. Tito died in 1980, and his death saw Yugoslavia plunge into economic turmoil. Yugoslavia disintegrated in the early 1990s, and a series of wars resulted in the creation of five new states. The heaviest fighting occurred in Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , whose Serb populations rebelled and declared independence. The war in Croatia ended in August 1995, with
5850-531: The field of science and technology. There are more Serbian scientists and scholars working abroad than in the Balkans. At least 7000 Serbs who have a PhD are working abroad. Serbian American mechanical and electrical engineer Nikola Tesla is regarded as one of the most important inventors in history. He is renowned for his contributions to the discipline of electricity and magnetism in the late 19th and early 20th century. Seven Serbian American engineers and scientists known as Serbo 7 took part in construction of
5940-399: The fighting that ensued, Serbia was invaded by Austria-Hungary . Despite being outnumbered, the Serbs defeated the Austro-Hungarians at the Battle of Cer , which marked the first Allied victory over the Central Powers in the war. Further victories at the battles of Kolubara and the Drina meant that Serbia remained unconquered as the war entered its second year. However, an invasion by
6030-460: The first prototypes of an analog computer. Roger Joseph Boscovich was a Ragusan physicist, astronomer, mathematician and polymath of paternal Serbian origin (although there are competing claims for Bošković's nationality) who produced a precursor of atomic theory and made many contributions to astronomy and also discovered the absence of atmosphere on the Moon . Jovan Cvijić founded modern geography in Serbia and made pioneering research on
6120-399: The forces of Germany , Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria overwhelmed the Serbs in the winter of 1915, and a subsequent withdrawal by the Serbian Army through Albania took the lives of more than 240,000 Serbs. Serb forces spent the remaining years of the war fighting on the Salonika front in Greece, before liberating Serbia from Austro-Hungarian occupation in November 1918. Serbia suffered
6210-566: The former Yugoslavia, but within their historical and migratory areal, Serbs are officially recognized as national minority in Albania , Romania (18,000), Hungary (7,000), as well as in the Czech Republic and Slovakia . There are over 2 million Serbs in diaspora throughout the world; some sources put that figure as high as 4 million. There is a large diaspora in Western Europe, particularly in Germany , Austria , Switzerland , France , Italy , Sweden and United Kingdom . Outside Europe, there are significant Serb communities in
6300-409: The geography of the Balkan Peninsula , Dinaric race and karst . Josif Pančić made contributions to botany and discovered a number of new floral species including the Serbian spruce . Biologist and physiologist Ivan Đaja performed research in the role of the adrenal glands in thermoregulation , as well as pioneering work in hypothermia . Valtazar Bogišić is considered to be a pioneer in
6390-409: The majority of the makeup, with more than 50 percent. According to several recent studies Serbia's people are among the tallest in the world, with an average male height of 1.82 metres (6 ft 0 in). Early Slavs , especially Sclaveni and Antae , including the White Serbs , invaded and settled Southeastern Europe in the 6th and 7th century. Up until the late 560s, their activity
6480-430: The mid-18th century to the first decades of the 19th century. Serbian has active digraphia , using both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. Serbian Cyrillic was devised in 1814 by Serbian linguist Vuk Karadžić , who created the alphabet on phonemic principles. Serbian Latin was created by Ljudevit Gaj and published in 1830. His alphabet mapped completely on Serbian Cyrillic which had been standardized by Vuk Karadžić
6570-514: The most famous of whom are Slavko Vorkapić , Dušan Makavejev , Živojin Pavlović , Slobodan Šijan , Goran Marković , Goran Paskaljević , Emir Kusturica , Želimir Žilnik , Srđan Dragojević , Srdan Golubović and Mila Turajlić . Žilnik and Stefan Arsenijević won the Golden Bear award at Berlinale , while Mila Turajlić won the main award at IDFA . Kusturica became world-renowned after winning
6660-439: The nature of their relationship remaining in contention. The nature of the relationship of the Balto-Slavic languages has been the subject of much discussion from the very beginning of historical Indo-European linguistics as a scientific discipline. A few are more intent on explaining the similarities between the two groups not in terms of a linguistically "genetic" relationship, but by language contact and dialectal closeness in
6750-767: The period 1500–1000 BCE. Hydronymic evidence suggests that Baltic languages were once spoken in much wider territory than the one they cover today, all the way to Moscow , and were later replaced by Slavic. The degree of relationship of the Baltic and Slavic languages is indicated by a series of common innovations not shared with other Indo-European languages, and by the relative chronology of these innovations which can be established. The Baltic and Slavic languages also share some inherited words. These are either not found at all in other Indo-European languages (except when borrowed) or are inherited from Proto-Indo-European but have undergone identical changes in meaning when compared to other Indo-European languages. This indicates that
6840-447: The recent Yugoslav Wars (1991–1999). According to most recent census conducted in Serbia, Croatia and Montenegro, there are nearly 7 million Serbs living in their native homelands, within the geographical borders of former Yugoslavia . In Serbia itself, around 5.5 million people identify themselves as ethnic Serbs, and constitute about 83% of the population. More than a million live in Bosnia and Herzegovina (predominantly in
6930-483: The rest of the peoples of Southeast Europe . They are predominantly Eastern Orthodox Christians by religion. The Serbian language (a standardized version of Serbo-Croatian ) is official in Serbia, co-official in Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and is spoken by the plurality in Montenegro. The identity of Serbs is rooted in Eastern Orthodoxy and traditions. In the 19th century, the Serbian national identity
7020-573: The second half of the 19th century, a small number of Serbs converted to Protestantism, while historically some Serbs were Roman Catholics (especially in Bay of Kotor and Dalmatia ; e.g. Serb-Catholic movement in Dubrovnik ). In a personal correspondence with author and critic dr. Milan Šević in 1932, Marko Murat complained that Orthodox Serbs are not acknowledging the Roman Catholic Serb community on
7110-667: The supreme commander and governor of the Caucasus . He was promoted to general of the cavalry in July 1828, during the Russo-Turkish War (1828-29) . In 1829, he organised and led the first Russian scientific expedition to Mount Elbrus , for which he was made a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences . Serbs Overseas The Serbs ( Serbian Cyrillic : Срби , romanized : Srbi , pronounced [sr̩̂bi] ) are
7200-602: The town of Priština . Both Lazar and Sultan Murad I were killed in the fighting. The battle most likely ended in a stalemate, and afterwards Serbia enjoyed a short period of prosperity under despot Stefan Lazarević and resisted falling to the Turks until 1459. The Serbs had taken an active part in the wars fought in the Balkans against the Ottoman Empire, and also organized uprisings; because of this, they suffered persecution and their territories were devastated – major migrations from Serbia into Habsburg territory ensued. After allied Christian forces had captured Buda from
7290-559: Was about religious themes. The founders of the Serbian Orthodox Church wrote various gospels , psalters , menologies , hagiographies , along with essays and sermons. At the end of the 12th century, two of the most important pieces of Serbian medieval literature were created– the Miroslav Gospels and the Vukan Gospels , which combined handwritten Biblical texts with painted initials and small pictures. The Crnojević printing house
7380-673: Was historically largely based on Orthodox Christianity and on the Serbian Church in particular. The conversion of the South Slavs from paganism to Christianity took place before the Great Schism of 1054 . During the time of the Great Schism, Serbian rulers including Mihailo Vojislavljević and Stefan Nemanja were Roman Catholics, with the former being a vassal of the Papal States . In 1217,
7470-528: Was independent for almost a decade before the Ottoman army was able to reoccupy the country. Shortly after this, the Second Serbian Uprising began. Led by Miloš Obrenović , it ended in 1815 with a compromise between Serbian revolutionaries and Ottoman authorities. Likewise, Serbia was one of the first nations in the Balkans to abolish feudalism . Serbs are among the first ethnic groups in Europe to form
7560-572: Was manifested, with awareness of history and tradition, medieval heritage, cultural unity, despite living under different empires. Three elements, together with the legacy of the Nemanjić dynasty , were crucial in forging identity and preservation during foreign domination: the Serbian Orthodox Church , the Serbian language , and the Kosovo Myth . When the Principality of Serbia gained independence from
7650-494: Was no common Proto-Balto-Slavic language. Antoine Meillet (1905, 1908, 1922, 1925, 1934), a French linguist, in reaction to Brugmann's hypothesis, propounded a view according to which all similarities of Baltic and Slavic occurred accidentally, by independent parallel development, and that there was no Proto-Balto-Slavic language. In turn, the Polish linguist Rozwadowski suggests that the similarities among Baltic and Slavic languages are
7740-573: Was not recognized internationally until the Congress of Berlin in 1878. Serbia fought in the Balkan Wars of 1912–13, which forced the Ottomans out of the Balkans and doubled the territory and population of the Kingdom of Serbia . In 1914, a young Bosnian Serb student named Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria , which directly contributed to the outbreak of World War I . In
7830-475: Was raiding, crossing from the Danube, though with limited Slavic settlement mainly through Byzantine foederati colonies. The Danube and Sava frontier was overwhelmed by large-scale Slavic settlement in the late 6th and early 7th century. What is today central Serbia was an important geo-strategical province, through which the Via Militaris crossed. This area was frequently intruded by barbarians in
7920-593: Was subsequently divided into many pieces, with Serbia being directly occupied by the Germans. Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) were targeted for extermination as part of genocide by the Croatian ultra-nationalist, fascist Ustaše . The Ustaše view of national and racial identity, as well as the theory of Serbs as an inferior race , was under the influence of Croatian nationalists and intellectuals from
8010-672: Was taken up and refined by Karl Brugmann , who listed eight innovations as evidence for a Balto-Slavic branch in the Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen ("Outline of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-Germanic Languages"). The Latvian linguist Jānis Endzelīns thought, however, that any similarities among Baltic and Slavic languages resulted from intensive language contact , i.e. that they were not genetically more closely related and that there
8100-660: Was the first printing house in Southeastern Europe and is considered an important part of Serbian cultural history. Notable Baroque -influenced authors were Andrija Zmajević , Gavril Stefanović Venclović , Jovan Rajić , Zaharije Orfelin and others. Dositej Obradović was the most prominent figure of the Age of Enlightenment , while the most notable Classicist writer was Jovan Sterija Popović , although his works also contained elements of Romanticism. Modern Serbian literature began with Vuk Karadžić 's collections of folk songs in
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