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127-615: Barnard was born in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania , but grew up in Kankakee, Illinois , the son of the Reverend Joseph Barnard and Martha Grubb; the grandson and namesake of merchant George Grey Grubb; and a great-grandson of Curtis Grubb, a fourth-generation member of the Grubb iron family and a onetime owner of the celebrated Gray's Ferry Tavern outside Philadelphia. Barnard first studied at

254-556: A Pennsylvania Department of Corrections facility, is a 2,000 bed prison located adjacent to SCI Rockview. Bellefonte forms part of Pennsylvania's 15th congressional district . The current representative is Glenn "G.T." Thompson . Bellefonte is the county seat of Centre County and home to the Centre County Courthouse . The Borough of Bellefonte government is currently run by the following elected officials: Bellefonte Area School District operates public schools in

381-623: A medlar tree of the type found in The Hunt of the Unicorn tapestries, and is centered around a wellhead placed at Bonnefont-en-Comminges in the 12th century. The Bonnefont is on the upper level of the museum and gives a view of the Hudson River and the cliffs of the Palisades . The Trie cloisters was compiled from two late 15th- to early 16th-century French structures. Most of its components came from

508-464: A "natural town." It started with one house and a crossroad, then iron was found and the town grew. William Lamb sold his mill to John Dunlop in 1794. The following year, John’s father James Dunlop and John’s son-in-law James Harris (1756-1841) laid out the town that would become known as Bellefonte. As the years went by, Bellefonte boomed and soon became the most influential town between Pittsburgh and Harrisburg . The Bellefonte Historic District

635-462: A 15th-century glazed earthenware vase. The area is covered by a skylight and plate glass panels that conserve heat in the winter months. Rockefeller had initially wanted a high roof and clerestory windows, but was convinced by Joseph Breck , curator of decorative arts at the Metropolitan, to install a skylight. Breck wrote to Rockefeller that "by substituting a skylight for a solid ceiling ...

762-472: A Cadillac dealership in 1916, was a mix use commercial and residential property hit by a devastating fire on December 22, 2009. Christmas tree lights in one of the apartment units were determined to be the cause. The Cadillac Building was rebuilt in 2016 and is now home to 11 two- and three-bedroom apartment units. It remains a part of the Bellefonte Historic District. The Garman Opera House

889-552: A cohesive whole. Construction took place over a five-year period from 1934. In 1933, Rockefeller donated several hundred acres of the New Jersey Palisades clifftops across the river, which he had purchased over several years for the Palisades Interstate Park Commission to preserve the land from further development. The Cloisters' new building and gardens were officially opened on May 10, 1938, though

1016-548: A dungeon eight feet underground, which was located on the rear of the lot of the present YMCA. A second jail was on East High Street. One of the town's historic sections experienced a renaissance in 2004. The Match Factory (officially the Pennsylvania Match Company ), after standing vacant since 1947, was renovated by the American Philatelic Society as their new home, one building at a time. The site

1143-659: A fifteenth-century domestic interior similar to the one shown in [Campin's] Annunciation panel." Other significant acquisitions include late 13th-century grisaille panels from the Château de Bouvreuil in Rouen , glass work from the Cathedral of Saint-Gervais-et-Saint-Protais at Sées , and panels from the Acezat collection, now in the Heroes Tapestry Hall. The building is set into

1270-595: A friend of a curator at the Cloisters, James Rorimer . Rorimer had long recognized the importance of Brummer's collection, and purchased large quantities of objects in the months after Brummer's sudden death in 1947. According to Christine E. Brennan of the Metropolitan, Rorimer realized that the collection offered works that could rival the Morgan Collection in the Metropolitan's Main Building, and that "the decision to form

1397-410: A functioning series of cloisters, many of the individual works, including capitals, doorways, stained glass, and windows are placed within the architectural elements themselves. The museum's best-known panel painting is Robert Campin 's c. 1425–28 Mérode Altarpiece , a foundational work in the development of Early Netherlandish painting , which has been at The Cloisters since 1956. Its acquisition

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1524-408: A household in the borough was $ 48,211, and the median income for a family was $ 62,292. The per capita income for the borough was $ 26,938. About 4.4% of families and 10.2% of the population were below the poverty line , including 3.8% of those under age 18 and 11.0% of those age 65 or over. The Bellefonte area, as part of Centre County , typically experiences one of the lowest unemployment rates in

1651-457: A long restoration from 1971, undertaken by Tina Kane and Alice Blohm of the Metropolitan's Department of Textile Conservation. It is today hung in the Late Gothic hall. The Cloisters' collection of stained glass consists of around three hundred panels, generally French and Germanic and mostly from the 13th to early 16th centuries. A number were formed from handmade opalescent glass. Works in

1778-572: A modern base, she is dressed in high contemporary aristocratic fashion, including a mantle , cotte , jewel-studded belt and an elaborate ring necklace brooch . Four of the effigies were made for the Urgell family, are set into the chapel walls, and are associated with the church of Santa Maria at Castello de Farfanya, Catalonia, redesigned in the Gothic style for Ermengol X (died c. 1314). The elaborate sarcophagus of Ermengol VII, Count of Urgell (d. 1184)

1905-487: A monument located at Talleyrand Park. The town features many examples of Victorian architecture . It is also home to the natural spring, "la belle fonte". bestowed by Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord during a land-speculation visit to central Pennsylvania in the 1790, from which the town derives its name. The spring, which serves as the town's water supply, has since been covered to comply with DEP water purity laws. The early development of Bellefonte had been as

2032-504: A monumental affair illustrative of Scandinavian mythology; and Maidenhood and the Hewer . The great work of Barnard's recent years has been the decoration of the Pennsylvania capitol. It has been said of him that he was "the only one connected with that building who was not smirched"; but his part is a story of heroism and triumph. The writer has not yet seen the enormous groups in place, but

2159-516: A receptive mood for enjoyment". The basis for the museum's architectural structure came from the collection of George Grey Barnard , an American sculptor and collector who almost single-handedly established a medieval art museum near his home in the Fort Washington section of Upper Manhattan . Although he was a successful sculptor who had studied at the Art Institute of Chicago , his income

2286-399: A series of rooms and spaces, mostly separate from those dedicated to the installed architectural artifacts. The Cloisters has never focused on building a collection of masterpieces; rather, the objects are chosen thematically yet arranged simply to enhance the atmosphere created by the architectural elements in the particular setting or room in which they are placed. To create the atmosphere of

2413-481: A single aisle nave and transepts taken from a small Benedictine parish church built around 1115 at Notre Dame de Pontaut. When acquired, it was in disrepair, its upper level in use as a storage place for tobacco. About three-quarters of its original stonework was moved to New York. The chapel is entered from the Romanesque hall through a doorway , a large, elaborate French Gothic stone entrance commissioned by

2540-531: A steep hill, and thus the rooms and halls are divided between an upper entrance and a ground-floor level. The enclosing exterior building is mostly modern, and is influenced by and contains elements from the 13th-century church at Saint-Geraud at Monsempron , France, from which the northeast end of the building borrows especially. It was mostly designed by the architect Charles Collens , who took influence from works in Barnard's collection. Rockefeller closely managed both

2667-485: A tombstone for Norway, in which the youth portrayed "Brotherly Love," a work of "weird and indescribable charm." In 1894 Barnard completed his celebrated group, Two Natures , upon which he had toiled, in clay and marble, for several years. This achievement gave him at once high standing in Europe, and his work has been of interest to the cultivated public of the world's capitals. Then followed an extraordinary Norwegian Stove ,

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2794-457: A treasury at The Cloisters was reached... because it had been the only opportunity since the late 1920s to enrich the collection with so many liturgical and secular objects of such high quality." These pieces, including works in gold, silver, and ivory, are today held in the Treasury room of the Cloisters. The museum's collection of artworks consists of about 5,000 pieces. They are displayed across

2921-496: A tributary of Bald Eagle Creek , runs through Bellefonte and is spanned by the Bellefonte Veterans Bridge. As of the 2010 census , the borough had 6,187 people, 2,837 households, and 1,496 families. The borough was 96.3% White, 1.5% Black or African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.3% other, and 1.3% were two or more races. 1.4% of the population was of Hispanic or Latino ancestry. The population density

3048-401: A young boy, possibly Ermengol IX , the only one of their direct line ancestors known to have died in youth. The slabs of the double tomb on the wall opposite Ermengol VII, contain the effigies of his parents, and have been slanted forward to offer a clear view of the stonework. The heads are placed on cushions, which are decorated with arms. The male's feet rest on a dog, while the cushion under

3175-713: Is 10 miles from Pennsylvania State University . Joel Rose of National Public Radio said, "These days, it seems everyone in Bellefonte has ties to Penn State, or knows someone who does." Bellefonte is served by the Centre Area Transportation Authority for local bus service, linking Bellefonte to various points in State College including the Nittany Mall , downtown and the Penn State main campus . The town

3302-548: Is Born as Man's Redeemer") from c.  1500 , South Netherlandish (probably in Brussels ), Burgos Tapestry was acquired by the museum in 1938. It was originally one of a series of eight tapestries representing the salvation of man, with individual scenes influenced by identifiable panel paintings, including by van der Weyden. It was badly damaged in earlier centuries: it had been cut into several irregular pieces and undergone several poor-quality restorations. The panel underwent

3429-489: Is a borough in and the county seat of Centre County, Pennsylvania , United States. It is approximately 12 miles northeast of State College and is part of the State College, Pennsylvania metropolitan statistical area . The borough population was 6,187 at the 2010 census . It houses the Centre County Courthouse , located downtown on the diamond. Bellefonte has also been home to five of Pennsylvania's governors, as well as two other governors. All seven are commemorated in

3556-539: Is also located in Bellefonte. The Bellefonte Fire Department is made up of two volunteer companies: Logan Fire Company #1 and Undine Fire Company #2. Ambulance service is provided by Bellefonte EMS, which separated from Logan Fire Company in 1994. Up until 1946 the Bellefonte Central Railroad served the town on a Bellefonte-Lemont (State College) route. Until 1933 the BCR continued the route south to Tyrone over

3683-646: Is also served by the University Park Airport for commercial air travel. Bellefonte does not have passenger train service, with the nearest Amtrak stations located in Lewistown (approximately 32 miles away) and Tyrone (approximately 35 miles away) and serving Amtrak's Pennsylvanian train between Pittsburgh and New York City . The law enforcement agency in Bellefonte is the Bellefonte Police Department. The Centre County Sheriff's office

3810-447: Is attributed to Jean le Noir , and noted for its preoccupation with death. It was commissioned for Bonne de Luxembourg , Duchess of Normandy , daughter of John the Blind and the wife of John II of France , probably at the end of her husband's life, c. 1348–49. It was in a private collection for many years and thus known only through poor-quality photographic reproductions until acquired by

3937-582: Is dedicated to the ideal of Mary as the mother of God. Hanging within the apse is a crucifix made between about 1150 to 1200 for the Convent of St. Clara  [ es ] in Astudillo , Spain. Its reverse contains a depiction of the Agnus Dei ( Lamb of God ), decorated with red and blue foliage at its frames. The exterior wall holds three small, narrow and stilted windows, which are nevertheless designed to let in

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4064-626: Is evident in his early work. His principal works include the allegorical Struggle of the Two Natures in Man" (1894, in the Metropolitan Museum, New York ); The Hewer (1902, at Cairo, Illinois); The Great God Pan (1899, at Columbia University); the Rose Maiden ( c. 1902, at Muscatine, Iowa); the simple and graceful Maidenhood (1896, at Brookgreen Gardens). The Great God Pan (1899), one of

4191-549: Is familiar with fragments that have won the enthusiastic praise of the best sculptors of Paris. They are inspiring conceptions which point the way to still mightier achievements in American sculpture. North group: Love and Labor: The Unbroken Law (marble, 1911), Pennsylvania State Capitol, Harrisburg. South group: The Burden of Life: The Broken Law (marble, 1911), Pennsylvania State Capitol, Harrisburg. Archives of American Art Bellefonte, Pennsylvania Bellefonte

4318-506: Is placed on the left hand wall facing the chapel's south windows. It is supported by three stone lions, and a grouping of mourners carved into the slab , which also shows Christ in Majesty flanked by the Twelve Apostles . The three other Urgell tombs also date to the mid 13th century, and maybe of Àlvar of Urgell and his second wife, Cecilia of Foix, the parents of Ermengol X, and that of

4445-499: Is set on the museum's ground level, and was built to display its stained glass and large sculpture collections. The entrance from the upper-level Early Gothic Hall is lit by stained glass double- lancet windows, carved on both sides and acquired from the church of La Tricherie, France. The ground level is entered through a large door at its east wall. This entrance begins with a pointed Gothic arch leading to high bayed ceilings, ribbed vaults and buttress. The three center windows are from

4572-567: Is the c. 1248–67 sarcophagus of Jean d'Alluye, a knight of the crusades , who was thought to have returned from the Holy Land with a relic of the True Cross . He is shown as a young man, his eyes open, and dressed in chain armor , with his longsword and shield. The female effigy of a lady, found in Normandy, dates to the mid 13th century and is perhaps of Margaret of Gloucester . Although resting on

4699-484: The c.  1422 Early Netherlandish Mérode Altarpiece and the c.  1495 –1505 Flemish Hunt of the Unicorn tapestries. Rockefeller purchased the museum site in Washington Heights in 1930 and donated it to the Metropolitan in 1931. Upon its opening on May 10, 1938, the Cloisters was described as a collection "shown informally in a picturesque setting, which stimulates imagination and creates

4826-576: The Adoration of the Magi and Daniel in the lions' den . The piers show Martin of Tours on the left and the angel Gabriel announcing to The Virgin on the right. The chapel includes other, mostly contemporary, medieval artwork. They include, in the dome, a large fresco dating to between 1130 and 1150, from the Spanish Church of Sant Joan de Tredòs. The fresco's colourization resembles a Byzantine mosaic and

4953-468: The Art Institute of Chicago under Leonard Volk . The prize he was awarded for a marble bust of a Young Girl enabled him to go to Paris, where, over a period of three and half years, he attended the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris (1883–1887), while also working in the atelier of Pierre-Jules Cavelier . He lived in Paris for twelve years, and scored a great success with his first exhibit at

5080-695: The Binding of Isaac , and Matthew and John writing their gospels. Capitals in the south gallery illustrate scenes from the life of Christ . The Cloisters' three gardens, the Judy Black Garden at the Cuxa Cloister on the main level, and the Bonnefont and Trie Cloisters gardens on the lower level, were laid out and planted in 1938. They contain a variety of rare medieval species, with a total of over 250 genera of plants, flowers, herbs and trees, making it one of

5207-575: The Burgundian court for Moutiers-Saint-Jean Abbey in Burgundy, France. Moutiers-Saint-Jean was sacked, burned, and rebuilt several times. In 1567, the Huguenot army removed the heads from the two kings, and in 1797 the abbey was sold as rubble for rebuilding. The site lay in ruin for decades and lost further sculptural elements until Barnard arranged for the entrances' transfer to New York. The doorway had been

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5334-584: The C. K. G. Billings estate and other holdings in the Fort Washington area. The Cloisters building and adjacent 4-acre (1.6 ha) gardens were designed by Charles Collens. They incorporate elements from abbeys in Catalonia and France. Parts from Sant Miquel de Cuixà , Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert , Bonnefont-en-Comminges , Trie-sur-Baïse and Froville were disassembled stone-by-stone and shipped to New York City, where they were reconstructed and integrated into

5461-772: The Carmelite convent at Trie-sur-Baïse in south-western France, whose original abbey, except for the church, was destroyed by Huguenots in 1571. Small narrow buttresses were added in New York during the 1950s by Breck. The rectangular garden hosts around 80 species of plants and contains a tall limestone cascade fountain at its center. Like those from Saint-Guilhem, the Trie cloisters have been given modern roofing. The convent at Trie-sur-Baïse featured some 80 white marble capitals carved between 1484 and 1490. Eighteen were moved to New York and contain numerous biblical scenes and incidents from

5588-582: The Hudson River . Construction of the exterior began in 1935. The stonework, primarily of limestone and granite from several European sources, includes four Gothic windows from the refectory at Sens and nine arcades. The dome of the Fuentidueña Chapel was especially difficult to fit into the planned area. The east elevation, mostly of limestone, contains nine arcades from the Benedictine priory at Froville and four flamboyant French Gothic windows from

5715-574: The Limbourg brothers . In 2015 the Cloisters acquired a small Netherlandish Book of Hours illuminated by Simon Bening . Each is of exceptional quality, and their acquisition was a significant achievement for the museum's early collectors. A coat of arms illustrated on one of the leaves of the "Cloisters Apocalypse" suggests it was commissioned by a member of the de Montigny family of Coutances , Normandy. Stylistically it resembles other Norman illuminated books, as well as some designs on stained glass, of

5842-505: The Metropolitan Museum of Art , it contains a large collection of medieval artworks shown in the architectural settings of French monasteries and abbeys. Its buildings are centered around four cloisters —the Cuxa, Saint-Guilhem, Bonnefont and Trie—that were acquired by American sculptor and art dealer George Grey Barnard in France before 1913, and moved to New York. Barnard's collection was bought for

5969-498: The Morgan Library & Museum in New York, who spent the last 20 years of his life acquiring artworks, "on an imperial scale" according to art historian Jean Strous, spending some $ 900 million (inflation adjusted) in total. After his death, his son J. P. Morgan Jr. donated a large number of works from the collection to the Metropolitan. A further major early source of objects was the art dealer Joseph Brummer (1883–1947), long

6096-688: The Salon of 1894. He returned to America in 1896, and married Edna Monroe of Boston. He taught at the Art Students League of New York from 1900 to 1903, succeeding Augustus Saint-Gaudens . He returned to France, and spent the next eight years working on his sculpture groups for the Pennsylvania State Capitol. He was elected an associate member of the National Academy of Design in 189x, and an academician in 1902. A strong Rodin influence

6223-452: The garth . It is impossible now to represent solely medieval species and arrangements; those in the Cuxa garden are approximations by botanists specializing in medieval history. The oldest plan of the original building describes lilies and roses . Although the walls are modern, the capitals and columns are original and cut from pink Languedoc marble from the Pyrenees . The intersection of

6350-482: The "human figures, beasts, and monsters" may have represented the "tension between the world and the cloister, the struggle to repress the natural inclinations of the body". The Saint-Guilhem cloisters were taken from the site of the Benedictine monastery of Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert , and date from 804 AD to the 1660s. Their acquisition around 1906 was one of Barnard's early purchases. The transfer to New York involved

6477-507: The 13th. The large limestone sculpture of Saint Margaret on the wall by the stairs dates to around 1330 and is from the church of Santa Maria de Farfanya  [ ca ] in Lleida , Catalonia. Each of the six effigies are supreme examples of sepulchral art . Three are from the Bellpuig Monastery  [ ca ] in Catalonia . The monument directly facing the main windows

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6604-567: The Adoration of the Magi, frescoes of a lion and a wyvern , each from the Monastery of San Pedro de Arlanza in north-central Spain. On the left of the room are portraits of kings and angels, also from the monastery at Moutier-Saint-Jean. The hall contains three pairs of columns positioned over an entrance with molded archivolts. They were taken from the Augustinian church at Reugny . The Reugny site

6731-475: The Bush House including Thomas Edison . The Bush House burned down on February 8, 2006. This building was designed by pioneering female architect Anna Wagner Keichline , a native of Bellefonte, and originally served as a car dealership with a showroom on first floor, a repair shop on the second, and an office and living space on the third floor. The Cadillac Building, so named because it was originally built as

6858-549: The City of New York, and persons honored as trustees by the museum. The current chairman of the board is the businessman and art collector Daniel Brodsky , who was elected in 2011, having previously served on its Real Estate Council in 1984 as a trustee of the museum and Vice Chairman of the Buildings Committee. A specialist museum, the Cloisters regularly acquires new works and rarely sells or otherwise gets rid of them . While

6985-614: The Dominican monastery at Sens , Burgundy. Located on the south side of the building's main level, the Cuxa cloisters are the museum's centerpiece both structurally and thematically. They were originally erected at the Benedictine Abbey of Sant Miquel de Cuixà on Mount Canigou , in the northeast Spanish Pyrenees, which was founded in 878. The monastery was abandoned in 1791 and fell into disrepair; its roof collapsed in 1835 and its bell tower fell in 1839. About half of its stonework

7112-489: The Metropolitan does not publish separate figures for the Cloisters, the entity as a whole spent $ 39 million on acquisitions for the fiscal year ending in June 2012. The Cloisters seeks to balance its collection between religious and secular artifacts and artworks. With secular pieces, it typically favors those that indicate the range of artistic production in the medieval period, and according to art historian Timothy Husband, "reflect

7239-409: The Morgan Library in lower Manhattan. The Cloisters' books are today displayed in the Treasury room, and include the French " Cloisters Apocalypse " (or "Book of Revelation", c. 1330, probably Normandy ), Jean Pucelle 's " Hours of Jeanne d'Evreux " (c. 1324–28), the " Psalter of Bonne de Luxembourg ", attributed to Jean Le Noir and the " Belles Heures du Duc de Berry " (c. 1399–1416) attributed to

7366-402: The Pennsylvania Railroad's former Fairbrook Branch. Additionally, the Pennsylvania Railroad ran passenger trains from Altoona to Williamsport , after Milesburg heading into Bellefonte, then backing out to return to the Bald Eagle Valley Branch's route to continue the trip northeast. The last Altoona - Lock Haven train was between August 1950 and 1951. The PRR also operated trains until

7493-439: The South Netherlandish Nine Heroes ( c.  1385 ) and Flemish The Hunt of the Unicorn ( c.  1500 ). The Nine Heroes room is entered from the Cuxa cloisters. Its 14th-century tapestries are among the earliest surviving examples of tapestry, and are thought to be the original versions following widely influential and copied designs attributed to Nicolas Bataille. They were acquired over twenty years, involving

7620-404: The Southern Netherlands. The Unicorn tapestries were for a period used by the French army to cover potatoes and keep them from freezing. The set was purchased by Rockefeller in 1922, and six of the tapestries hung in his New York home until they were donated to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1938. The museum's collection of illuminated books is small but of exceptional quality. J.P. Morgan

7747-404: The abundance of a wide variety of flora, they were produced for Anne of Brittany and completed c.  1495 –1505. The tapestries were purchased by Rockefeller in 1922 for about one million dollars, and donated to the museum in 1937. They were cleaned and restored in 1998, and are now hung in a dedicated room on the museum's upper floor. The large "Nativity" panel (also known as "Christ

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7874-472: The acquisition of in situ architectural artifacts from local farmers. Barnard was primarily interested in the abbeys and churches founded by monastic orders from the 12th century. Following centuries of pillage and destruction during wars and revolutions, stones from many of these buildings were reused by local populations. A pioneer in seeing the value in such artifacts, Barnard often met with hostility to his effort from local and governmental groups. Yet he

8001-641: The architect William W. Bosworth . Purchased for the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the acquisition included structures that would become the foundation and core of the museum. Rockefeller and Barnard were polar opposites in both temperament and outlook and did not get along; Rockefeller was reserved, Barnard exuberant. The English painter and art critic Roger Fry was then the Metropolitan's chief European acquisition agent and acted as an intermediary. Rockefeller eventually acquired Barnard's collection for around $ 700,000, retaining Barnard as an advisor. In 1927 Rockefeller hired Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. , son of one of

8128-518: The art historian who is concerned with the identification of both the original work and later areas of reconstruction". Two important series of prints are kept on microfilm : the "Index photographique de l'art en France" and the German " Marburg Picture Index ". The Cloisters is governed by the board of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The Metropolitan's collections are owned by a private corporation of about 950 fellows and benefactors. The board of trustees comprise 41 elected members, several officials of

8255-413: The borough and wider area. Centre County Christian Academy is a private school located in Bellefonte. Since 1890, Catholic Education has been present in the Bellefonte community and vicinity through Saint John Parochial School. Saint John the Evangelist Roman Catholic School provides 3 and 4 year-old Pre-Kindergarten classes, as well as full-day instruction in Kindergarten through grade 5. [1] Bellefonte

8382-399: The brute forces of nature or evil, or are based on late 11th- and 12th-century monastic writings, such as those by Bernard of Clairvaux (1090–1153). The order in which the capitals were originally placed is unknown, making their interpretation especially difficult, although a sequential and continuous narrative was probably not intended. According to art historian Thomas Dale, to the monks,

8509-406: The building are intended to evoke a sense of medieval European monastic life. It holds about 5,000 works of art and architecture, all European and mostly dating from the Byzantine to the early Renaissance periods, mainly during the 12th through 15th centuries. The objects include stone and wood sculptures, tapestries , illuminated manuscripts and panel paintings, of which the best known include

8636-411: The building's design and construction, which sometimes frustrated the architects and builders. The building contains architecture elements and settings taken mostly from four French abbeys, which between 1934 and 1939 were transported, reconstructed, and integrated with new buildings in a project overseen by Collins. He told Rockefeller that the new building "should present a well-studied outline done in

8763-427: The church of Sankt Leonhard , in southern Austria, from c. 1340. The glass panels include a depiction of Martin of Tours as well as complex medallion patterns. The glass on the east wall comes from Évron Abbey , Maine , and dates from around 1325. The apse contains three large sculptures by the main windows; two larger than life-size female saints dating from the 14th century, and a Burgundian Bishop dating from

8890-402: The collection are characterized by vivid colors and often abstract designs and patterns; many have a devotional image as a centerpiece. The majority of these works are in the museum's Boppard room, named after the Carmelite church of Saint Severinus in Boppard , near Koblenz , Germany. The collection's pot-metal works (from the High Gothic period) highlight the effects of light, especially

9017-445: The collection of Joseph Brummer. The rooms contain the museum's collection of illuminated manuscripts, the French 13th-century arm-shaped silver reliquary, and a 15th-century deck of playing cards . The Cloisters contains one of the Metropolitan's 13 libraries. Focusing on medieval art and architecture, it holds over 15,000 volumes of books and journals, the museum's archive administration papers, curatorial papers, dealer records and

9144-517: The designers of Central Park , and the Olmsted Brothers firm to create a park in the Fort Washington area. In February 1930 Rockefeller offered to build the Cloisters for the Metropolitan. Under consultation with Bosworth, he decided to build the museum at a 66.5-acre (26.9 ha) site at Fort Tryon Park, which they chose for its elevation, views, and accessible but isolated location. The land and existing buildings were purchased that year from

9271-614: The doorway represent the early Frankish kings Clovis I (d. 511) and his son Chlothar I (d. 561). The piers are lined with elaborate and highly detailed rows of statuettes, which are mostly set in niches , and are badly damaged; most have been decapitated. The heads on the right-hand capital were for a time believed to represent Henry II of England . Seven capitals survive from the original church, with carvings of human figures or heads, some of which have been identified as historical persons, including Eleanor of Aquitaine . The Romanesque hall contains three large church doorways, with

9398-404: The early design phase of the museum's construction, as well as historical photographic collections. These include photographs of medieval objects from the collection of George Joseph Demotte , and a series taken during and just after World War II showing damage sustained to monuments and artifacts, including tomb effigies. They are, according to curator Lauren Jackson-Beck, of "prime importance to

9525-459: The evils of hell. Those beside the mouth of hell contain representations of the devil and tormenting beasts, with, according to Young, "animal-like body parts and cloven hoofs [as they] herd naked sinners in chains to be thrown into an upturned monster's mouth". The Guilhem cloisters are inside the museum's upper level and are much smaller than originally built. Its garden contains a central fountain and plants potted in ornate containers, including

9652-512: The fabric of daily [medieval European] life but also endure as works of art in their own right". In 2011 it purchased the then-recently discovered The Falcon's Bath , a Southern Netherlands tapestry dated c. 1400–1415. It is of exceptional quality, and one of the best preserved surviving examples of its type. Other recent acquisitions of significance include the 2015 purchase of a Book of Hours attributed to Simon Bening . The museum's architectural settings, atmosphere, and acoustics have made it

9779-724: The first works Barnard completed after his return to America, was originally intended for the Dakota Apartments on Central Park West. Alfred Corning Clark , builder of the Dakota, had financed Barnard's early career; when Clark died in 1896, the Clark family presented Barnard's Two Natures to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in his memory, and the giant bronze Pan was presented to Columbia University, by Clark's son, Edward Severin Clark . In 1911 he completed two large sculpture groups for

9906-649: The four sides of its lower arms. Further pieces of note include a 13th-century English Enthroned Virgin and Child statuette, a c. 1490 German statue of Saint Barbara , and an early 16th-century boxwood Miniature Altarpiece with the Crucifixion . Other significant works include fountains and baptismal fonts, chairs, aquamaniles (water containers in animal or human form), bronze lavers, alms boxes and playing cards. The museum has an extensive collection of medieval European frescoes , ivory statuettes, reliquary wood and metal shrines and crosses, as well as examples of

10033-601: The highest level of a rich and powerful social structure of later fourteenth-century France". The Hunt of the Unicorn room can be entered from the hall containing the Nine Heroes via an early 16th-century door carved with representations of unicorns. The unicorn tapestries consist of a series of large, colourful hangings and fragment textiles designed in Paris and woven in Brussels or Liège. Noted for their vivid colourization—dominated by blue, yellow-brown, red, and gold hues—and

10160-407: The late 1940s from Bellefonte south to Lemont (nearest train station to State College), then east to Northumberland and Sunbury, Pennsylvania . A turnpike was created in 1822 after ten years of construction. This turnpike, named The Northumberland and Anderson's Creek Turnpike, connected Bellefonte to Clearfield on the west and Sunbury on the east. Today, Pennsylvania Route 550 runs through

10287-455: The lives of saints. Several of the carvings are secular, including those of legendary figures such as Saint George and the Dragon , the " wild man " confronting a grotesque monster, and a grotesque head wearing an unusual and fanciful hat. The capitals are placed in chronological order, beginning with God in the act of creation at the northwest corner, Adam and Eve in the west gallery, followed by

10414-545: The main portal of the abbey, and was probably built as the south transept door. Carvings on the elaborate white oolitic limestone doorway depict the Coronation of the Virgin and contains foliated capitals and statuettes on the outer piers; including two kings positioned in the embrasures and various kneeling angels. Carvings of angels are placed in the archivolts above the kings. The large figurative sculptures on either side of

10541-619: The main visitor entrance adjoining the Guilhem Cloister. The monumental arched Burgundian doorway is from Moutier-Saint-Jean de Réôme in France and dates to c. 1150. Two animals are carved into the keystones ; both rest on their hind legs as if about to attack each other. The capitals are lined with carvings of both real and imagined animals and birds, as well as leaves and other fauna. The two earlier doorways are from Reugny, Allier , and Poitou in central France. The hall contains four large early-13th-century stone sculptures representing

10668-543: The maximum amount of light. The windows were originally set within imposing fortress walls; according to the art historian Bonnie Young "these small windows and the massive, fortress-like walls contribute to the feeling of austerity ... typical of Romanesque churches." The Langon chapel is on the museum's ground level. Its right wall was built around 1126 for the Romanesque Cathédrale Notre-Dame-du-Bourg de Digne . The chapter house consists of

10795-666: The movement of around 140 pieces, including capitals, columns and pilasters. The carvings on the marble piers and column shafts recall Roman sculpture and are coiled by extravagant foliage, including vines . The capitals contain acanthus leaves and grotesque heads peering out, including figures at the Presentation at the Temple , Daniel in the Lions' Den and the Mouth of Hell , and several pilasters and columns. The carvings seem preoccupied with

10922-478: The museum by financier and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller Jr. Other major sources of objects were the collections of J. P. Morgan and Joseph Brummer . The museum's building was designed by the architect Charles Collens , on a site on a steep hill, with upper and lower levels. It contains medieval gardens and a series of chapels and themed galleries, including the Romanesque, Fuentidueña, Unicorn, Spanish, and Gothic rooms. The design, layout, and ambiance of

11049-423: The museum in 1969. Produced in tempera , grisaille, ink, and gold leaf on vellum , it had been rarely studied and was, until that point, misattributed to Jean Pucelle . Following its acquisition, it was studied by art historians, after which attribution was given to Le Noir. While examples of textile art are displayed throughout the museum, there are two dedicated rooms given to individual series of tapestries ,

11176-533: The new Pennsylvania State Capitol : The Burden of Life: The Broken Law and Love and Labor: The Unbroken Law . Between the two groups, they feature 27 larger-than-life figures. His larger-than-life statue of Abraham Lincoln (1917) drew heated controversy because of its rough-hewn features and slouching stance. The first casting is at Lytle Park in Cincinnati, Ohio ; the second in Manchester , England (1919); and

11303-512: The period. The book was in Switzerland by 1368, possibly at the abbey of Zofingen , in the canton of Aargau . It was acquired by the Met in 1968. The "Hours of Jeanne d'Evreux" is a very small early Gothic book of hours containing 209 folios, of which 25 are full-page miniatures. It is lavishly decorated in grisaille drawings, historiated initials and almost 700 border images . Jeanne d'Évreux

11430-409: The personal papers of Barnard, as well as early glass lantern slides of museum materials, manuscript facsimiles , scholarly records, maps and recordings of musical performances at the museum. The library functions primarily as a resource for museum staff, but is available by appointment to researchers, art dealers, academics and students. The archives contain early sketches and blueprints made during

11557-639: The preeminent form of Gothic medieval monumental painting". She bought c.   1500 heraldic windows from the Rhineland , now in the Campin room with the Mérode Altarpiece . Hayward's addition in 1980 led to a redesign of the room so that the installed pieces would echo the domestic setting of the altarpiece. She wrote that the Campin room is the only gallery in the Met "where domestic rather than religious art predominates...a conscious effort has been made to create

11684-440: The public was not allowed to visit until four days later. Rockefeller financed the purchase of many of the early collection of works, often buying independently and then donating the items to the museum. His financing of the museum has led to it being described as "perhaps the supreme example of curatorial genius working in exquisite harmony with vast wealth". The second major donor was the industrialist J. P. Morgan , founder of

11811-578: The purchase of more than 20 fragments which were then sewn together during a long reassembly process. The chivalric figures represent the scriptural and legendary Nine Worthies , who consist of three pagans ( Hector , Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar ), three Jews ( Joshua , David and Judas Maccabeus ) and three Christians ( King Arthur , Charlemagne and Godfrey of Bouillon ). Of these, five figures survive: Hector, Caesar, Joshua, David and Arthur. They have been described as representing "in their variety,

11938-443: The sculpture is properly illuminated, since the light falls in a natural way; the visitor has the sense of being in the open; and his attention, consequently, is not attracted to the modern superstructure." The Bonnefont cloisters were assembled from several French monasteries, but mostly come from a late 12th-century Cistercian Abbaye de Bonnefont  [ fr ] at Bonnefont-en-Comminges, southwest of Toulouse . The abbey

12065-597: The son passed his boyhood. One cannot doubt that these circumstances had their profound influence upon the character of the young artist. In it is something of the largeness of the western prairies, something of the audacity of a life without tradition or precedent, a burning intensity of enthusiasm; above all, a strong element of mysticism which permeates all that Barnard does or thinks. The stories of his student struggles in Chicago and Paris are familiar. The first result of all this self sacrifice became tangible in that early group,

12192-653: The state. The primary industries are education, health care, construction, retail, and government. The Centre County Correctional Facility is in Benner Township, just outside Bellefonte. It is county-run and houses between 250 - 300 inmates. The State Correctional Institution – Rockview is a Pennsylvania Department of Corrections prison located in Benner Township , Pennsylvania , 5 miles (8.0 km) from Bellefonte. The prison houses Pennsylvania's execution chamber. The State Correctional Institution – Benner ,

12319-475: The third in Louisville, Kentucky (1922). from Kentucky Historical Society.</ref> French art dealer René Gimpel described him in his diary (1923), as "an excellent American sculptor" who is "very much engrossed in carving himself a fortune out of the trade in works of art." Barnard had a commanding personal manner: "He talks of art as if it were a cabalistic science of which he is the only astrologer", wrote

12446-491: The time". The "Belles Heures" is widely regarded as one of the finest extant examples of manuscript illumination, and very few books of hours are as richly decorated. It is the only surviving complete book attributed to the Limbourg brothers. Rockefeller purchased the book from Maurice de Rothschild in 1954, and donated it to the Metropolitan. The very small "Bonne de Luxembourg" manuscript (each leaf 12.5 × 8.4 × 3.9 cm)

12573-704: The town. Interstate 99 / US Route 220 pass by the eastern outskirts of the town. The Cloisters The Cloisters , also known as the Met Cloisters , is a museum in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Upper Manhattan , New York City . The museum, situated in Fort Tryon Park , specializes in European medieval art and architecture , with a focus on the Romanesque and Gothic periods. Governed by

12700-412: The transitions between darkness, shadow and illumination. The Met's collection grew in the early 20th century when Raymond Picairn made acquisitions at a time when medieval glass was not highly regarded by connoisseurs, and was difficult to extract and transport. Jane Hayward, a curator at the museum from 1969 who began the museum's second phase of acquisition, describes stained glass as "unquestioningly

12827-546: The two walkways contains an eight-sided fountain. The capitals were carved at different points in the abbey's history and thus contain a variety of forms and abstract geometric patterns, including scrolling leaves, pine cones, sacred figures such as Christ, the Apostles , angels, and monstrous creatures including two-headed animals, lions restrained by apes, mythic hybrids , a mermaid and inhuman mouths consuming human torsos. The motifs are derived from popular fables, or represent

12954-493: The unsympathetic Gimpel; "he speaks to impress. He's a sort of Rasputin of criticism. The Rockefellers are his imperial family. And the dealers court him." Interested in medieval art, Barnard gathered discarded fragments of medieval architecture from French villages before World War I. He established this collection in a church-like brick building near his home in Washington Heights, Manhattan in New York City. The collection

13081-473: The very rare Gothic boxwood miniatures . It has liturgical metalwork vessels and rare pieces of Gothic furniture and metalwork. Many pieces are not associated with a particular architectural setting, so their placement in the museum may vary. Some of the objects have dramatic provenance, including those plundered from the estates of aristocrats during the French Revolutionary Army 's occupation of

13208-599: The very simplest form of stonework growing naturally out of the rocky hill-top. After looking through the books in the Boston Athenaeum ;... we found a building at Monsempron in Southern France of a type which would lend itself in a very satisfactory manner to such a treatment." The architects sought to both memorialize the north hill's role in the American Revolution and to provide a sweeping view over

13335-522: The way. He claimed to have found the tomb effigy of Jean d'Alluye face down, in use as a bridge over a small stream. By 1914 he had gathered enough artifacts to open a gallery in Manhattan. Barnard often neglected his personal finances, and was so disorganized that he often misplaced the origin or provenance of his purchases. He sold his collection to John D. Rockefeller Jr. in 1925 during one of his recurring monetary crises. The two had been introduced by

13462-541: The woman's head is held by an angel. The Fuentidueña chapel is the museum's largest room, and is entered through a broad oak door flanked by sculptures that include leaping animals. Its centerpiece is the Fuentidueña Apse , a semicircular Romanesque recess built between about 1175 to 1200 at the Saint Joan church at Fuentidueña , Segovia . By the 19th century, the church was long abandoned and in disrepair. The chapel

13589-506: The world's most important collections of specialized gardens. The garden's design was overseen by Rorimer during the museum's construction. He was aided by Margaret B. Freeman , who conducted extensive research into the keeping of plants and their symbolism in the Middle Ages. Today the gardens are tended by a staff of horticulturalists ; the senior members are also historians of 13th- and 14th-century gardening techniques. The Gothic chapel

13716-505: Was 3,510.1 inhabitants per square mile (1,355.3/km ). There were 3,038 housing units at an average density of 1,669.2 per square mile (644.5/km ). Of the 2,837 households, 23.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.2% were married couples living together, 3.5% had a male householder with no wife present, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47.2% were non-families. 38.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who

13843-450: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.10 and the average family size was 2.81. The population distribution by age was as follows: 18.4% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 25.7% from 45 to 64, and 17.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 89.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.9 males. The median income for

13970-501: Was a major early donor, but although his taste leaned heavily towards rare printed and illuminated books, he donated very few to the Metropolitan, instead preserving them at the Morgan Library. At the same time, the consensus within the Met was that the Cloisters should focus on architectural elements, sculpture and decorative arts to enhance the environmental quality of the institution, whereas manuscripts were considered more suited to

14097-624: Was acquired by Rockefeller for the Cloisters in 1931, following three decades of complex negotiation and diplomacy between the Spanish church and both countries' art-historical hierarchies and governments. It was eventually exchanged in a deal that involved the transfer of six frescoes from San Baudelio de Berlanga to the Prado, on an equally long-term loan. The structure was disassembled into almost 3,300 mostly sandstone and limestone blocks, each individually cataloged, and shipped to New York in 839 crates. It

14224-599: Was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. Other buildings on the National Register of Historic Places are: Bellefonte Armory , Bellefonte Forge House , Brockerhoff Hotel , Centre County Courthouse , Gamble Mill , McAllister-Beaver House , Miles-Humes House , Pennsylvania Match Company , South Ward School , and the William Thomas House . Bellefonte Academy was listed until 2008; it

14351-581: Was an astute negotiator who had the advantage of a professional sculptor's eye for superior stone carving, and by 1907 he had built a high-quality collection at relatively low cost. Reputedly he paid $ 25,000 for the Trie buildings, $ 25,000 for the Bonnefort and $ 100,000 for the Cuxa cloisters. His success led him to adopt a somewhat romantic view of himself. He recalled bicycling across the French countryside and unearthing fallen and long-forgotten Gothic masterworks along

14478-556: Was badly damaged during the French Wars of Religion and again during the French Revolution. Most of the structures had been sold to a local man, Piere-Yon Verniere, by 1850, and were acquired by Barnard in 1906. The Treasury room was opened in 1988 to celebrate the museum's 50th anniversary. It largely consists of small luxury objects acquired by the Met after it had built its initial collection, and draws heavily on acquisitions from

14605-519: Was converted to primarily commercial/warehouse use. In the 1990s, the building was restored and returned to its roots as a live performance venue and cinema. The opera house was severely damaged by a fire on September 9, 2012 that also destroyed the Garman House Hotel. The cause of the fire has been ruled as arson. Preservationist groups' attempts to save the Garman were unsuccessful and the building

14732-461: Was destroyed by fire in 2004. Bush House Hotel was built in 1868-69 by Bellefonte attorney and developer Daniel G. Bush. It was one of the first hotels in the country to have electric lights. A man would stand at the train station and call out to the passengers, "Walk ya' to the Bush House." The Brockerhoff House, the Haag House, and other area hotels were competitors. Many notable guests stayed at

14859-780: Was funded by Rockefeller and described at the time as a "major event for the history of collecting in the United States". The triptych is well preserved with little overpainting , glossing, dirt layers or paint loss. Other panel paintings in the collection include a Nativity triptych altarpiece attributed to a follower of Rogier van der Weyden , and the Jumieges panels by an unknown French master. The 12th-century English walrus ivory Cloisters Cross contains more than 92 intricately carved figures and 98 inscriptions. A similar 12th-century French metalwork reliquary cross contains six sequences of engravings on either side of its shaft, and across

14986-535: Was intact until at least 1807, and by the 1850s all of its architectural features had been removed from the site, often for decoration of nearby buildings. Barnard purchased the stonework in 1937. Today the Bonnefont cloisters contain 21 double capitals, and surround a garden that contains many features typical of the medieval period, including a central wellhead , raised flower beds and lined with wattle fences . The marbles are highly ornate and decorated, some with grotesque figures. The inner garden has been set with

15113-492: Was moved to New York between 1906 and 1907. The installation became one of the first major undertakings by the Metropolitan after it acquired Barnard's collection. After intensive work over the fall and winter of 1925–26, the Cuxa cloisters were opened to the public on April 1, 1926. The quadrangle -shaped garden once formed a center around which monks slept in cells. The original garden seemed to have been lined by walkways around adjoining arches lined with capitals enclosing

15240-590: Was not enough to support his family. Barnard was a risk taker and led most of his life on the edge of poverty. He moved to Paris in 1883 where he studied at the Académie des Beaux-Arts . He lived in the village of Moret-sur-Loing , near Fontainebleau , between 1905 and 1913, and began to deal in 13th- and 14th-century European objects to supplement his earnings. In the process he built a large personal collection of what he described as "antiques", at first by buying and selling stand-alone objects with French dealers, then by

15367-455: Was originally built in 1890 and hosted many notable stars of the day, including George Burns and Gracie Allen , Western performer Tom Mix , and illusionist and escape artist Harry Houdini . The song " After the Ball " was said to have been first sung in public here. It was eventually also used as a movie theater, first showing silent films and then "talkies." By the early 1960s, the property

15494-517: Was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001. Bellefonte is located in the Nittany Valley of the Ridge and Valley Appalachians . It lies 12 miles northeast of State College . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the borough has a total area of 1.8 square miles (4.7 km ), all land. Bellefonte is in the northwestern corner of and is surrounded by Spring Township . Spring Creek ,

15621-565: Was purchased by John D. Rockefeller Jr. in 1925 and forms part of the nucleus of The Cloisters collection, part of the Metropolitan Museum of Art . At least one object, sold to the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston in 1924, he offered with misleading provenance . Barnard died following a heart attack on April 24, 1938, at the Harkness Pavilion, Columbia University Medical Center in New York . He

15748-577: Was razed in January 2014. Garman House was rebuilt in 2016 and is now home to 21 one and two bedroom apartment units. First-time visitors who walk along the Victorian streets of Bellefonte see primarily Victorian houses. One of many examples is the Hastings Mansion, which was owned by Mrs. John Lane and was bought and remodeled by Governor Daniel H. Hastings. In the 1800s, the first jail was built. It had

15875-413: Was reconstructed at the Cloisters in the late 1940s The build was large and complex enough that it required the demolition of the former "Special Exhibition Room". The chapel was opened to the public in 1961, seven years after its installation had begun. The apse consists of a broad arch leading to a barrel vault , and culminates with a half-dome. The capitals at the entrance contain representations of

16002-491: Was the third wife of Charles IV of France , and after their deaths the book went into the possession of Charles' brother, Jean, duc de Berry . The use of grisaille (shades of gray) drawings allowed the artist to give the figures a highly sculptural form, and the miniatures contain structures typical of French Gothic architecture of the period. The book has been described as "the high point of Parisian court painting", and evidence of "the unprecedentedly refined artistic tastes of

16129-484: Was working on a statue of Abel , betrayed by his brother Cain , when he fell ill. He is interred at Harrisburg Cemetery in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania . George Grey Barnard is a Westerner, although he chanced to be born in Pennsylvania, where his parents were temporarily residing in 1863. The sculptor's father is a clergyman, and the fortunes of the ministry afterward led him to Chicago, and thence to Muscatine, Iowa, where

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