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61-546: Rafael Urdaneta was born in Maracaibo , Captaincy General of Venezuela to a prominent family of Spanish descent on October 24, 1788. He was a son of the marriage between Miguel Jerónimo de Urdaneta y Troconis and María Alejandrina de Farías. He began his elementary education in Maracaibo , and his secondary education in Caracas . Prior to the independence war, he was a student of Latin and philosophy. He married Dolores Vargas París ,

122-518: A parliamentary system , consisting of a weak executive and strong congress. The country was reconquered by Spain in 1816. After two attempts at establishing a congress, the State of Cundinamarca managed to convene a Congress of the United Provinces, which met in late 1811. It issued an Act of Federation on November 27, 1811, which allowed Congress to establish a separate executive branch, if it felt it

183-495: A Spanish treasure ship, which he captured, along with its rich cargo of cacao , gemstones and more than 260,000 pieces of eight . In March 1669, Henry Morgan sacked Maracaibo , which emptied when his fleet was first spied, and moved on to the Spanish settlement of Gibraltar on the inside of Lake Maracaibo in search of more treasure. A few weeks later, when he attempted to sail out of the lake, Morgan found an occupied fort blocking

244-689: A junta between 1809 and 1812, remained a Royalist stronghold throughout the wars of independence. The territory of the Captaincy General of Venezuela had been part of the viceroyalty, but had become independent of it when the captaincy general was established in 1776, and therefore, never became part of the United Provinces. The Captaincy General had jurisdiction over the provinces of Coro , Cumaná , Guayana , Maracaibo , Venezuela or Caracas (central Venezuela) , and Margarita Island , and it had its own audiencia and superintendency based in Caracas. After

305-448: A large metropolitan city, comprising two municipalities: the municipality of Maracaibo proper, and the municipality of San Francisco , established in 1995, to the south. In recent years, due to political/economic and cultural reasons, many have moved to Maracaibo from rural areas and other cities (including Caracas ). Maracaibo also boasts one of the best universities in the country, the state university, La Universidad del Zulia (LUZ)

366-474: A name now used to refer to him in Venezuelan historiography. He is considered to have been "the most loyal of loyals to Bolívar". His loyalty to the patriotic cause and the ideals of Bolívar was perpetuated in the words he once said to him: " ...if two men are sufficient to liberate our homeland, ready am I to follow you. " ("General, si dos hombres bastan para libertar la patria, presto estoy yo para acompañarlo

427-555: A protected harbour, the city is located on the shores of the lake where the narrows, which eventually lead to the Gulf of Venezuela , first become pronounced. The Dutch corsair Henrik de Gerard plundered Maracaibo in 1614, and in 1642 the city was attacked by the British pirate William Jackson . In 1667, l'Olonnais with a fleet of eight ships and a crew of six hundred pirates sacked Maracaibo and Gibraltar. En route, l'Olonnais crossed paths with

488-449: A revolt erupted against the government. This opened the doors for Urdaneta to venture into Venezuelan politics once again. He was eventually able to retain a position as a senator until 1845. In 1845, he was appointed Envoy of Venezuela to Spain, but he died in Paris , France , on the 23rd of August of that year from complications from kidney stones, and before ever reaching Spain. Urdaneta

549-514: A usted"). In 1830, the rising animosity between New Granadians and Venezuelans reached a boiling point. At the time, the Venezuelan battalion Callao, loyal to General Bolívar, was stationed in Bogotá. Another battalion, loyal to General Francisco de Paula Santander , and also stationed in the same city, persuaded the Government to relocate Callao to the city of Tunja . This action provoked an uproar in

610-616: A young and renowned heroine of the city of Santa Fe, in Santa Fe , Gran Colombia , on August 31, 1822. Before Gran Colombia was dissolved in 1831, the marriage had enjoyed much popularity. However, following the dissolution and the establishment of a dictatorship in the Republic of New Granada , they were forced to flee the country. Upon reaching Maracaibo , Venezuela (Urdaneta's native city), they suffered persecution from General Páez , who had become one of Bolívar's ideological adversaries after

671-572: A young native who valiantly resisted the Spaniards and died fighting them. Legend says that when Mara fell, the Coquivacoa shouted " Mara cayó! " (" Mara fell! "), thus originating the city name—although it would be strange for them to shout in Spanish. Other historians say that the first name of this land in the local language was "Maara-iwo" meaning "Place where serpents abound". The first indigenous settlements were of Arawak and Carib origin. Around

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732-622: Is twinned with: United Provinces of New Granada The United Provinces of New Granada was a country in South America from 1810 to 1816, a period known in Colombian history as la Patria Boba ("the Foolish Fatherland"). It was formed from areas of the New Kingdom of Granada , roughly corresponding to the territory of modern-day Colombia. The government was a federation with

793-636: Is buried in the National Pantheon of Venezuela since May 16, 1876. In 2015, the 24th of October was decreed as a national holiday in Venezuela to commemorate him. Encouraged by his uncle, Martín de Urdaneta y Troconis, who had been employed in Santa Fe , Viceroyalty of New Granada as the chief accountant of the Court of Accounts of the Real Audiencia of Santa Fe, Urdaneta traveled to that city in 1804 with

854-500: Is considered the economic center of western Venezuela, owing to the petroleum industry that developed in the shores of Lake Maracaibo . It is sometimes known as "The First City of Venezuela", for being the first city in Venezuela to adopt various types of public services, including electricity, as well as for being located in the shores of Lake Maracaibo, where the name of Venezuela allegedly originates. Early indigenous settlements around

915-460: Is divided into 18 parishes as follows: Maracaibo is one of the hottest cities in Venezuela and all of South America as well. The rain shadow of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta gives the city a hot semi-arid climate ( Köppen : BSh ) Attenuated only by the moderating influence of the lake; Maracaibo's average historical temperature is 29 °C (84.2 °F). In the past, the climate of

976-475: Is rife with stories about the creation of an independent and sovereign nation apart from Venezuela, a nation called La República Independiente del Zulia , 'the Independent Republic of Zulia', but this has never come to be. Come the 20th century, cars, buses, and lorries, with their constant flow of manufactured goods and agricultural product to and from the city port, depended on ferry services between

1037-476: Is well renowned for its excellent law, medical and engineering schools as many other disciplines. Other universities and schools include Universidad Dr. Rafael Belloso Chacín (URBE) and Universidad Rafael Urdaneta , with one of the country's leading psychology schools. However, recent political instability has led to the decline of the universidad. The Diocese of Maracaibo (23 July 1965) was elevated to Archdiocese on 30 April 1966 by Pope Paulus VI . Maracaibo

1098-718: The Battle of Barbula  [ es ] , the 1814 Caracas Exodus , the Siege of Santa Fe  [ es ] (after which he was promoted to Lieutenant-general at only 26 years of age), the Capture of Maracaibo , and the March to San Carlos in 1821 that liberated the Province of Coro and set the stage for the Battle of Carabobo . He did not participate in the Battle of Carabobo since Bolívar considered that

1159-592: The Cauca River Valley . These provinces were located in what are now the Republic of Ecuador and the southern part of Colombia . The Royal Audiencia of Santa Fe de Bogotá , had jurisdiction over the provinces of Panamá and Veragua in what is now the Republic of Panama , and the provinces of Antioquia , Cartagena de Indias , Casanare , Citará , Mariquita , Neiva , Nóvita , Pamplona , Riohacha , Santafé , Santa Marta , El Socorro , and Tunja . The Audiencia of Quito, despite an attempt at establishing

1220-803: The Liga Profesional de Baloncesto de Venezuela. Its home is the 5.000-people Pedro Elías Belisario Aponte stadium. Other teams include the Unión Atlético Maracaibo and the Zulia FC in football , the Maracaibo Rugby Football Club and the Zulianos Rugby Club . In the 2000 Little League World Series , the Sierra Maestra Little League of Maracaibo, Venezuela defeated Bellaire Little League of Bellaire, Texas in

1281-503: The Vineta bombarded the fort, setting fire to it and destroying it, with the death of 25 civilians in the nearby town. In 1908, the Friesland , Gelderland and Jacob van Heemskerck were sent to patrol the Venezuelan coast during the second Castro crisis . Friesland guarded the entry way to Maracaibo. The dictatorial regime of General Marcos Pérez Jiménez in the 1950s set as a goal

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1342-518: The first republic he had established in 1811, but by 1813 he was fighting the royalists in the New Granada region. It was during this time that Urdaneta was able to join Bolívar's revolutionary army. Bolívar's Admirable Campaign to reclaim Venezuela proved to be a stage for Urdaneta. He distinguished himself under the command of colonel José Félix Ribas on July 2, 1813, in the Battle of Niquitao , and

1403-513: The Cabinet, was in charge of judging the alleged traitors behind the September Conspiracy by which an attempt was made to assassinate Bolívar, then president of Gran Colombia . Convinced without any doubt that Francisco de Paula Santander was the head conspirator, Urdaneta, along with the majority of the ministers in the Cabinet, sentenced him to death. Bolívar was afraid for the stability of

1464-573: The Confederated Cities of the Cauca Valley, 1811–1812) or remained royalist. At the beginning of the revolution, the larger Viceroyalty of New Granada consisted of 22 provinces. The provinces were under the jurisdiction of two audiencias . The Royal Audiencia of Quito , whose president had executive powers, had jurisdiction over the provinces of Quito , Cuenca , Loja , Ibarra , Riobamba , Pasto , Popayán , Buenaventura and parts of

1525-676: The French commander of six ships and 700 men, captured Maracaibo then followed the plundering of several smaller towns as Gibraltar , penetrating as far inland as Trujillo . In 1810, the province of Maracaibo did not join the First Republic of Venezuela and remained loyal to the Spanish crown . Maracaibo then held the seat of the Captaincy General of Venezuela . In 1821, uprisings in favor of independence began to lead to warfare and hostility. The royalists , led by Francisco Tomás Morales , fought with

1586-570: The German warship SMS Panther attempted to enter Lake Maracaibo , which was a center of German commercial activity. On 17 January, it exchanged fire with the settlement of Fort San Carlos, but withdrew after half an hour, as shallow waters prevented it getting close enough to the fort to be effective. The Venezuelans claimed this as a victory, and in response the German commander sent the SMS Vineta , with heavier weapons, to set an example. On 21 January,

1647-635: The Gothic word for "goat", which is the skin generally used for the membrane of the "furro" instrument. Other instruments used in gaita include maracas, cuatro, charrasca and tambora (Venezuelan drum). Song themes range from humorous and love songs to protest songs.The style became popular throughout Venezuela in the 1960s, and it fused with other styles such as salsa and merengue in the 1970s. Famous gaita groups include Maracaibo 15, Gran Coquivacoa, Barrio Obrero, Cardenales del Éxito, Koquimba, Melody Gaita, Guaco, Estrellas del Zulia, Saladillo, and many others. Maracaibo

1708-564: The Government of the Republic of Colombia". It was the hope of General Urdaneta and his allies to persuade Bolívar, who had resigned in May of that year, to return to the capital and once again take over as president. When it became clear that Bolívar would not return to the capital, and in an effort to restore peace and order, Urdaneta ordered Congress to convene on June 15, 1831, in the city of Villa de Leyva . Nevertheless, before congress could convene,

1769-554: The Neogranadine generals expressed their displeasure against General Urdaneta, and military actions erupted throughout the country. Generals José María Obando and José Hilario López took control of the southern states of New Granada, and General José Salvador Córdova Muñoz of the northern states. On April 14, 1831, the advancing armies proclaimed Caycedo as the legitimate head of the executive, and requested General Urdaneta to enter into peace negotiations. Urdaneta accepted, and met with

1830-459: The Neogranadine generals in the town of Apulo. On 28 April both parties signed the Treaty of Apulo , by which peace was secured and Urdaneta relinquished power. Maracaibo Maracaibo ( / ˌ m ær ə ˈ k aɪ b oʊ / MARR -ə- KY -boh , Spanish: [maɾaˈkajβo] ; Wayuu : Marakaaya ) is a city and municipality in northwestern Venezuela , on the western shore of

1891-498: The Pérez Jiménez regime on January 23, 1958, quickly led to a less elaborate design project that was approved and funded by a democratic and more financially responsible government. The building of El Puente sobre el Lago de Maracaibo "General Rafael Urdaneta" (' General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge over Lake Maracaibo') named after the distinguished general and war of independence hero was opened to public traffic in 1962 connecting

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1952-505: The Triumvirate to Congress on July 11, was replaced by Antonio Villavicencio . The Act was ratified by the provinces of Antioquia , Cartagena , Neiva , Pamplona and Tunja . Under the Act of Federation each province was free to write its own constitution and form its own government. Other regions of the New Kingdom of Granada established their own governments and confederations (for example,

2013-503: The Union in December 1814. The interim triumvirate was replaced on January 21, 1815, by the original nominated members, with the exception of Joaquín Camacho, who had turned down the nomination. The first president of the triumvirate was José Miguel Pey de Andrade , who at the moment was serving as the governor of Bogotá. On August 17, García Rovira, who had presented his resignation as President of

2074-615: The area were of Arawak and Carib origin. Maracaibo's founding date is disputed. There were failed attempts to found the city—in 1529, by Captain Ambrosio Ehinger , and in 1569, by Captain Alonso Pacheco. Founded in 1574 as Nueva Zamora de la Laguna de Maracaibo by Captain Pedro Maldonado, the city became a transshipment point for inland settlements after Gibraltar , at the head of the lake, had been destroyed by pirates in 1669. It

2135-660: The championship game of the 54th Little League World Series. The Coquivocoa Little League team from Maracaibo placed third in the 1974 Little League World Series . Rugby in Venezuela was first played in Maracaibo, thanks to the influence of the English community based on the Zulia State Team: Culture in Maracaibo maintains strong Indigenous influences, from its gaitas , desserts, style, and other customs. Most major houses of advertising in Venezuela acknowledge how different

2196-530: The city and the eastern shore which was poorly connected to the country's motorway system. Maracaibo and the Lake Maracaibo region's economy was more linked to Colombia and the Caribbean than to eastern Venezuela due to the natural route available through Lake Maracaibo then leading to the sea. In January 1903, as the naval blockade of Venezuela continued during the negotiations with presidente Cipriano Castro ,

2257-447: The city to its opposite shore neighbors and the rest of the country through a new system of highways. The project was completed on schedule in 40 months. This bridge construction project was a remarkable feat. Built under very difficult conditions, when completed, it became the longest prestressed concrete bridge in the world. The structure is in constant use and remains today as the most important link between Maracaibo, along with much of

2318-402: The city, indeed all along the coast of Lake Maracaibo, was unhealthy due to the combination of high temperatures with high humidity. Today, control of plagues and the effects of urban development has largely eradicated these health problems. The registered high temperature of the city is 43.6 °C (110.5 °F), and the lowest is 18.8 °C (65.8 °F). Several universities are based in

2379-537: The city: Due to the regionalistic nature of Marabinos, they strongly support their native teams. Maracaibo, and the rest of Zulia, are represented in baseball by the Águilas del Zulia , a Venezuelan winter league team that plays in the Liga Venezolana de Béisbol Profesional , and is based in the Estadio Luis Aparicio El Grande . The city's basketball team is Gaiteros del Zulia , which plays in

2440-410: The civilian population from Venezuela that lived in Bogotá, and triggered a confrontation between both battalions. The Callao battalion defeated the Neogranadine battalion and President Joaquín Mosquera y Arboleda and Vice President Domingo Caycedo y Sanz de Santamaría fled from the capital. On September 5, 1830, General Urdaneta took control of the presidency under the title of "Provisional Chief of

2501-419: The construction of a bridge connecting the two lake shores. Various bridge projects for the spanning of the Lake Maracaibo narrows near the city were in the works. The general's government had decided that this "city of independent thought" should be more "connected" to the rest of the country. Proposals for a bridge design that included rail transport and tourist facilities were seriously considered. The fall of

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2562-437: The culture of Maracaibo is from that of Caracas. Studies of both prove, for example, that Caracas' leading soft drink brand is Coke , while in Maracaibo it is Pepsi . This has made many brands create special localized advertising of their products (including several Pepsi commercials spoken by local celebrities). The Gaita is a style of Venezuelan folk music from Maracaibo. According to Joan Corominas , it may come from gaits,

2623-475: The end of the Venezuelan War of Independence . Urdaneta and Dolores were supporters of Bolívar's cause; so they were forced to flee again, this time to Curaçao . In 1832, they were able to return to Caracas through a license granted to the family by the government of Venezuela , but it stipulated that Urdaneta was not to intervene in the politics of the country. The family moved to Santa Ana de Coro , where

2684-422: The exhaustion his troops had suffered during the march was too great. In view of Urdaneta's service, Bolívar requested at this moment that he be promoted to General Officer. Following the Battle of Carabobo in 1821, with Venezuela independent and after years of service to the patriotic cause, Urdaneta became one of Bolívar's closest friends and collaborators. In 1828 Urdaneta, then Minister of War and presiding over

2745-717: The inlet to the Caribbean, along with three Spanish ships. These were the Magdalena , the San Luis , and the Soledad . He destroyed the Magdalena and burned the San Luis by sending a dummy ship full of gunpowder to explode near them, after which the crew of the Soledad surrendered. By faking a landward attack on the fort, thereby convincing the Spanish governor to shift his cannon, he eluded their guns and escaped. In June 1678, Michel de Grammont ,

2806-605: The intention of developing his studies. He lived several years in Santa Fe, acquiring experience in the administration of military affairs. On July 20, 1810, a junta was formed in Santa Fe: one of the many independence movements that were beginning to take shape across the entire continent following the establishment of the Caracas Junta in April of that year; Urdaneta joined the movement. He

2867-693: The main group were the Añu tribe who built rows of stilt houses all over the northern riviera of Lake Maracaibo. The first Europeans arrived in 1499. The city was founded three times: the first time was during the Klein-Venedig period (1528–1546), when the Welser bankers of Augsburg received a concession over Venezuela Province from Charles I of Spain . In August 1529, the German Ambrosius Ehinger made his first expedition to Lake Maracaibo , which

2928-448: The patriots, led by Rafael Urdaneta , to take back control over the province in the Juana de Ávila Battle, and Morales brought back Spanish rule in 1822 until he was defeated in the Battle of Lake Maracaibo on 24 July 1823, culminating Venezuela's struggle for independence. For about 380 years, Maracaibo remained isolated and separated from the rest of the country. Transportation to the area

2989-646: The province of Socorro . At the time of the nomination, the nominated officials were exercising their jobs, so they were temporarily replaced by members of Congress: Joaquín Camacho , Representative for the Tunja Province , José María del Castillo y Rada and José Fernández Madrid , both Representatives for the Cartagena Province . The triumvirate was inaugurated on October 5, 1814. On January 12, 1815, Congress arrived in Santa Fe de Bogotá , after its army, headed by Simón Bolívar , had forced Cundinamarca into

3050-418: The state of Zulia, and the rest of Venezuela. François de Pons , an agent to the French government in Caracas, provides some historical insight into the people of Maracaibo in his travel journal ( de Pons 1806 ). The following excerpts describe the local population of Maracaibo: He also notes the appreciation of literature, the arts, education, and culture among the people of Maracaibo: Maracaibo has become

3111-470: The strait that connects Lake Maracaibo to the Gulf of Venezuela . It is the second-largest city in Venezuela, after the national capital, Caracas , and the capital of the state of Zulia . The population of the city is approximately 2,658,355 with the metropolitan area estimated at 5,278,448 as of 2010 . Maracaibo is nicknamed "The Beloved Land of the Sun" ( Spanish : La Tierra del Sol Amada ). Maracaibo

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3172-566: The union between New Granada and Venezuela, so he forced Santander to lifelong exile instead. However, conflicts such as this one, in addition to the assassination of Antonio José de Sucre in 1830, ultimately led to the collapse of Gran Colombia and; therefore, the union for which Bolívar had sacrificed so much to maintain since independence was achieved. Throughout his life, Urdaneta also served as Chief of Army Staff and as Minister of War and Navy. Bolívar called him "El Brillante" ("The Brilliant" ), for his remarkable sense of strategy in battle;

3233-426: The zone made Nikolaus Federmann evacuate the village in 1535 and move its population to Santa Marta near the then capital of Venezuela Province , Santa Ana de Coro . A second attempt by Captain Alonso Pacheco in 1569 suffered a brief setback when the city had to be evacuated in 1573 due to ferocious attacks by native local tribes. The European settlement returned a short while later, in 1574, however, for which it

3294-447: Was bitterly opposed by the indigenous Coquivacoa . After winning a series of bloody battles, he founded the settlement on 8 September 1529. Ehinger named the settlement New Nuremberg ( German : Neu-Nürnberg ) and the lake after the valiant chieftain Mara of the Coquivacoa, who had died in the fighting. The city was renamed Maracaibo after the Spanish took possession. The lack of activity in

3355-657: Was decisive for the patriot victory at the Battle of Taguanes against the royalist forces of Colonel Julián Izquierdo. Following the patriot victory and the establishment of the Second Republic of Venezuela , in the report before the New Granada Congress at Tunja , Bolívar described Urdaneta as: "worthy of recommendation and deserving of all esteem from the government for the valor and intelligence with which he distinguished himself in action." From that moment on he led numerous military actions, among which stand out

3416-448: Was incorporated into the first battalion of the patriot army of New Granada on November 1, 1810, as a lieutenant, and the following year fought in the Campaña del Sur of New Granada. Following the Battle of Santa Fe in 1813, he was captured by the royalists and imprisoned for a few months before being liberated. Simón Bolívar had been exiled from Venezuelan territory after the collapse of

3477-413: Was not until the first decades of the 17th century that the first town was settled. Petroleum was discovered in 1917, leading to a large increase in population from migration. Maracaibo is served by La Chinita International Airport . The General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge connects Maracaibo to the rest of the country. The name Maracaibo is said to derive from the brave cacique (indigenous chief) Mara,

3538-574: Was possible through the lake via boats and ferries. Commerce and culture flowed between Maracaibo and the Caribbean Sea, particularly the Dutch Antilles, Colombian coastal cities, Cuba, Hispaniola and later on Miami, New York and Hamburg. This isolation from the rest of Venezuela was both a challenge and an advantage. The very nature of the city's location made for a population known for their independent thought and character. The history of this region

3599-470: Was re-founded by Captain Pedro Maldonado under Governor Diego de Mazariegos 's command and assuming the name of Nueva Zamora de Maracaibo. "Nueva Zamora" comes from Mazariego's place of birth, Zamora, in Spain. Since its definite foundation, the town began to develop as a whole. It is based on the western side of Lake Maracaibo , the dominant feature of the oil-rich Maracaibo Basin . Favored by prevailing winds and

3660-426: Was required. An executive, consisting of a triumvirate, was created in 1814 after a royalist army from Pasto and Popayán defeated one from Cundinamarca (which had not accepted the Union and, in fact, had even sent troops against it). Congress nominated Manuel Rodríguez Torices , President of the State of Cartagena ; José Manuel Restrepo , Antioquia 's Secretary of State ; and Custodio García Rovira , Governor of

3721-578: Was visited by Pope John Paul II in 1985. Since November 2000, its Archbishop has been Ubaldo Ramón Santana Sequera . In 2019, power outages and widespread poverty caused a citywide wave of violence and looting, resulting in mass emigration, most of which was headed to the United States. Zulia's main income comes from oil extraction and refining, agriculture (coffee, rice, maize, cassava, cocoa, sugar cane), livestock production, and mining (clay, limestone, coal and sand ). The municipality of Maracaibo

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