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44-571: (Redirected from General National Archives ) General National Archive (Spanish: Archivo General de la Nación ) is the name of several national archives in Latin America. General Archive of the Nation (Argentina) General Archive of the Nation (Colombia) General National Archive (El Salvador) General National Archive (Mexico) General National Archive (Nicaragua) General Archive of

88-654: A sovereign state and since 1707 as a constituent part of the United Kingdom ) are held in the National Archives of Scotland , established under its present name in 1999, but with roots dating back to the 13th century. Similarly archives relating exclusively to Northern Ireland are held in the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland , established in 1923. There is no national archives as such for Wales , but some important series of records relating exclusively to

132-692: A fit inmate for a National Archive Establishment." He characterized the combination like a melange of the Manuscripts Commission and the Public Record Office, a merger which would happen in the UK some 90 years later. The various national archives of Latin American countries were founded in the 19th and 20th centuries. Much of those archives benefited from the Spanish and Portuguese colonial practice of keeping

176-546: A function of substantiating historical narratives, national archives were purposed towards telling their respective nation's story. For example, the National Historical Archive of Spain as created excluded contemporary records in favor of documenting defunct institutions as a matter of national heritage. Historian Nicholas Dirks has said that national archives are the "primary site of state monumentality." The 19th-century centralization of archives, precursor to

220-697: A number of books on palaeography and diplomatic, and his Manual of Archive Administration (1922; revised edition 1937) became a highly influential work on archival practice in Britain and Ireland. He served as Honorary Secretary of the Surrey Archaeological Society . He took a leading part in establishing its daughter organisation, the Surrey Record Society , in 1912; and thereafter, as secretary and general editor until 1950, in establishing its principles of editing and records publication. He

264-564: A personal capacity, and undertaken to a great degree early in his career. By contrast, in his professional career at the Public Record Office, and in particular as Deputy Keeper from 1947 to 1954, he was often seen as an autocratic and inflexible conservative. Elizabeth Shepherd comments that "it was only after his retirement that the PRO could finally develop a professional archival approach to its work", as Jenkinson did not like individual interpretations or differing viewpoints of his philosophy. Within

308-682: A record on hand of outgoing correspondence. Copies of orders from the monarchy were kept in the General Archive of the Indies or the Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino while the message itself would be sent to the New World and then archived by the respective viceroy in the Americas. The colonial offices would likewise keep a copy of their outgoing message locally while sending the original note to

352-535: A vice-president of the Council. Jenkinson's Manual of Archive Administration was first published in 1922, and republished in a second edition (revised and expanded, but not significantly altered in its principles) in 1937. It was reissued with a new introduction by Roger Ellis in 1965. The book is described by John Ridener as "one of the most widely recognized treatises on the theory of archives and archival work" for introducing continental archival concepts to Britain (and

396-517: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages National archive From the Middle Ages into the Early modern period archives generated by royal and clerical institutions retained proofs of political and genealogical claims as a "bastion of authenticity." The emerging Enlightenment concept of studying history as a science rather than as literature

440-644: The 73rd United States Congress just as the construction of the National Archives Building (started in 1931) was nearing completion. The National Archives and Records Administration has been advertised as an agency of narrative; the archives' façade claims "The Glory and Romance of Our History are Here Preserved." Allen Weinstein said in 2005 that archive employees are "the designated custodians of America's national memory." Hilary Jenkinson Sir Charles Hilary Jenkinson CBE FSA FRHistS (1 November 1882 – 5 March 1961)

484-642: The American Historical Association (AHA) voiced concern over the lack of a national archive, especially in light of continued losses of records. Led by J. Franklin Jameson , the AHA's goal in the establishment of a national archives was the collection of germane documents to substantiate conceptions of national history. After a series of further delays, the National Archives Act of 1934 was passed by

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528-604: The Burning of Washington . Although the reconstruction after the fire did not include the creation of a national archive, an archive at the State Department 's passport office had been in existence as early as the 1820s. There was no serious interest in establishing a national "hall of records" until the late 19th Century and despite some 43 fires in various federal buildings between 1880 and 1915, legislation to create such an archive could not pass Congress. Since its founding in 1884,

572-582: The First World War , he joined the Royal Garrison Artillery , and served in France and Belgium from 1916 to 1918. In 1906, Jenkinson joined the staff of the Public Record Office and worked on the arrangement and classification of the records of the medieval Exchequer . In 1912, he was put in charge of the search room, which he then reorganised in response to criticisms made in the first report of

616-512: The French National School of Paleography and Archival Studies were charged with maintaining records as a factor of accountability to the public. Jenkinson, a luminary of British archival practice, specifically criticized the French and Belgian accessions of isolated private documents into national archives, saying "we cannot think that a stray paper from some dispersed family collection... is

660-488: The Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives Subcommission , playing an important role in archives protection in those countries from the worst of the depredations of war. In 1947, Jenkinson, along with H. E. Bell, advocated the protection and preservation of a country's archives, even during times of war, so that the "sanctity of evidence" may be preserved in the records. From 1947 until his retirement in 1954, Jenkinson served as

704-626: The National Library of New Zealand , reflect the 20th-century influence of biculturalism on the interpretation of much older archival material for the purposes of legitimating the nation in view of shared Anglo-Māori history . Although the imperial records donated by Alexander Turnbull were not originally collected to write a national history they have been reinterpreted to explain cultural conflicts in an era of empire-building. Anecdotes from former Soviet Republics such as Uzbekistan evince this mentality of politicization of national archives; that

748-563: The University of Aberdeen . Jenkinson married Alice Violet Rickards in 1910. She died in 1960. Jenkinson died a year later on 5 March 1961 at St Thomas' Hospital , London. They had no children. After his death, Oliver W. Holmes wrote in the American Archivist that Jenkinson's work had become a reference source for all inexperienced staff. Writing in 1980, Roger Ellis and Peter Walne commented that "[n]o one man had more influence on

792-415: The provenance of their records while driven by the local narratives of their benefactors. The 11th United States Congress investigated the state of government records in 1810, finding the records on hand were "in a state of great disorder and exposure; and in a situation neither safe nor convenient nor honorable to the nation." The committee recommended fireproofing and safe storage only four years before

836-556: The 'total archives' concept collecting all manner of Canadiana in contrast to Hilary Jenkinson 's 'organic whole' concept. The mandate of the archive shifted from pure documentation toward social memory. Canada's National Archive (then called the Public Archives) was not created until 1912. The national library was created in 1952 and became a component of the archives with the Library and Archives of Canada Act in 2004. Regardless of

880-465: The 20th century's nationalism, has been opposed by some. Historian Craig Robertson posits that "archives do not neutrally store documents; rather, objects captured through archival practices are transformed into knowledge." He goes on to say that the "historicization of state archives can make explicit how archives create national narratives and, more importantly, national characters, prioritizing and privileging specific stories and peoples." The concept of

924-622: The English-speaking world), along with his own original interpretations. For example, Jenkinson rejected the practice of accepting singular documents into an archive, as well as the acceptance of private papers, which he considered to be a flaw of the French and Belgian philosophies. However, Margaret Procter argues that despite Jenkinson's "iconic" status, his work also rested to a considerable degree on an existing British theoretical tradition. Key elements in Jenkinson's archival theory included

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968-617: The Nation (Peru) General National Archive (Uruguay) General National Archive (Venezuela) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title General National Archive . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_National_Archive&oldid=1254280475 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing Spanish-language text Short description

1012-556: The Royal Commission on Public Records. After his military service, he worked at the War Office until 1920. Returning to the Public Record Office, he reorganised the repairing department and later the repository, to which he moved in 1929. He was appointed secretary and principal assistant keeper in 1938. During 1944 and 1945, he paid several extended visits to Italy, Germany, and Malta as War Office Adviser on Archives, attached to

1056-465: The administration of archives has been common in both dictatorships and democracies. "Canadian Archives are the foundation of Canadian Studies." Thomas Symons The Dominion Archives were created in 1872. Having been created so soon after confederation , the new nation had few records to archive since most colonial records had been taken back to Europe. The first Dominion Archivist, Douglas Brymner , and his successor, Arthur Doughty , practiced

1100-417: The archival profession, Jenkinson's core tenets regarding the objectivity of archives and the archivist as neutral custodian have undergone considerable criticism and revision in recent years. Writing in 1997, Terry Cook commented: "At its most extreme, Jenkinson's approach would allow the archival legacy to be perverted by administrative whim or state ideology, as in the former Soviet Union , where provenance

1144-723: The archives may contain dangerous truth the regime must contain. The National Archives were formed in 2003, as a merger of the much older Public Record Office (created in 1838) and the Historical Manuscripts Commission . The records of England originate in the Chancery Archives and the tax accounting records of the Pipe rolls , the Memoranda Rolls of the Exchequer , and the feet of fines dating back to 1163. Without

1188-453: The archivist as a custodian of records originated in the late 19th century and was championed by Hilary Jenkinson . His concept, that "the Archivist is not and ought not be an Historian" and that the archivist "is the servant of his Archives first and afterwards of the student Public" reflect the idea that archivists should primarily serve as objective custodians of records. This contrasted with

1232-470: The archivist as being a "profession of faith," a serious professional that is uncompromising in their duty. Jenkinson had a number of theoretical differences of opinion with T. R. Schellenberg , his American counterpart, particularly over the question of the archivist's role in appraisal and selection. John Ridener ascribes their differences in outlook to the fact that, in contrast to Schellenberg's concern with modern records management , Jenkinson's theory

1276-572: The constitution of the kingdom, the rights of its public, its laws" ( ergo a new public record). Thus the National Archives served to house practical documents from the First Republic onwards while the National Library of France became the center of historical study. The changing view of the 19th Century began merging the two concepts of the "historically important" records and the "bureaucratic transactional" records. Archivists trained at

1320-668: The deputy keeper (chief executive officer) of the repository at the Public Record Office. During this tenure, he was instrumental in acquiring more facilities in Ashridge, Hertfordshire as further records storage, and facilities in Hayes, Middlesex to serve as temporary housing for records in the process of being transferred to the Public Record Office. Jenkinson lectured on palaeography , diplomatic , and archives in Cambridge, and at King's College London and University College, London . He wrote

1364-471: The establishment of the profession of archivist in Great Britain than Sir Hilary Jenkinson". Terry Eastwood in 2003 called Jenkinson "one of the most influential archivists in the English-speaking world". Jenkinson influenced University College, London 's decision to establish an archives diploma course, and would later present its first lecture. Such a course provided advancement towards his desire for

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1408-637: The following: Jenkinson saw "the good Archivist" as "perhaps the most selfless devotee of Truth the modern world produces". "His Creed, the Sanctity of Evidence; his Task, the Conservation of every Scrap of Evidence attaching to the Documents committed to his charge; his Aim, to provide, without prejudice or afterthought, for all who wish to know the Means of Knowledge." He further reaffirmed this position by designating

1452-582: The former more desirable for preservation. Schellenberg desired a forward-thinking practicality in the approach to archival appraisal that took into consideration the needs of future patrons (in stark contrast to Jenkinson's conservative approach), while maintaining Jenkinson's notions of record relatedness, evidentiary value, and "truth" in archival holdings. In a private letter, Schellenberg dismissed Jenkinson as "an old fossil". Jenkinson's greatest influence on archival theory and practice emerged from his publications, teaching and other activities undertaken in

1496-495: The funding to archive this mass of records, many were destroyed in the early 19th century. The English Public Record Office Act 1877 specified the arbitrary date of 1715, for records too old to be discarded thereby describing contemporaneous constructions of historical importance. The Office of Public Sector Information (successor to Her Majesty's Stationery Office) was merged into the archives in 2006. In addition, archives relating exclusively to Scotland (both historically as

1540-581: The government of Wales (for example, those of the Court of Great Sessions ) have been transferred to the custody of the National Library of Wales . Although the U.S. National Archives Establishment was not created until 1934, it was preceded by numerous private and state archives, including the Massachusetts Historical Society , the first organized collection of American records created in 1791. The value of United States state archives centered on

1584-625: The home office in Europe. Roscoe R. Hill opined in 1945 that although very old records had been kept in Latin American archives, the archives themselves were mismanaged and the climate damaged many documents. The retention of records by so many government agencies as well as provincial offices has resulted, in Hill's words, that "in no country is the national archive really national in scope." The national archives of New Zealand and its sister organization,

1628-452: The prior practice of archives serving to embellish the histories of politicians and other wealthy patrons. The retention of records in a national archive would then become a universal bureaucratic norm rather than the retention of a select few records for a predetermined purpose. Jenkinson also specified that rather than holding source documents piecemeal, that the integrity of an organic archive group must be maintained. Political impact on

1672-416: The relative newness of the archive, Canadians reacted to the 1945 disappearance of papers from the archives about Igor Gouzenko as if it were a disturbing case of collective memory -loss. Public response to reportage from The Halifax Herald indicated that the archives were already seen as both a matter of government accountability and as an element of national identity. The National Archives of France

1716-550: Was a British archivist and archival theorist , regarded as the figure most responsible for bringing continental European concepts of archival theory to the English-speaking world. Born in Streatham , London, Jenkinson was the son of William Wilberforce Jenkinson, a land agent, and Alice Leigh Bedale. He was educated at Dulwich College and Pembroke College, Cambridge , graduating with first class honours in Classics in 1904. During

1760-840: Was a founder (1932), Joint Honorary Secretary (1932–47) and Vice-President (1954–61) of the British Records Association ; President of the Jewish Historical Society of England (1953–55); and President of the Society of Archivists (1955–61). He also played an important role in the setting up of the National Register of Archives in 1945. He served as the British representative on the UNESCO committee convened in 1948 to establish an International Council on Archives , later becoming

1804-471: Was created informally on July 29, 1789 by the Revolutionaries to document the prior Ancien Régime . The crown's Treasury of Charters as well as private records from the clergy were collected for historical value as those parties were deemed irrelevant to French society. Separately, as of September 9, 1790, the new regime collected contemporaneous documents as "the depository of all acts that establish

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1848-454: Was founded on "medieval record structures", and was unsuited to dealing with the increased bulk of modern records. To Schellenberg, it was a matter of quality in the archives. Having an undisturbed and impartial bulk in appraisal and accession does not, in his philosophy, serve the main purpose of the modern archives: making available useful material to patrons. Some records have higher evidentiary value, while others fall short on worth, making

1892-411: Was influenced by Leopold von Ranke and brought archives into the limelight of serious historical study. In the late 18th century, the storage of old records was divided. Business records in the archives courantes went the way of records management while documents of cultural import in the archives historiques formed the core of Western-conceived archives. As the popularity of archives increased as

1936-521: Was undermined by the establishment of one state fonds and archival records attained value solely by the degree to which they reflected the 'official' view of history." Jenkinson was appointed CBE in 1943 and knighted in 1949. As well as being a member of the Society of Archivists of Great Britain, he was an honorary member of the Society of American Archivists . He was granted an honorary fellowship at University College, London , and an honorary LLD at

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