42-627: Maxwell House International is a brand of flavored instant coffee beverages produced by the Maxwell House coffee division of the Kraft Foods corporation, based in the United States. The product line was introduced in the early 1970s as General Foods International Coffee, a brand owned by General Foods . The first three flavors at launch were Café au lait (later renamed to Cafe Francais), Suisse Mocha, and Cafe Vienna. The line, sold in small tins,
84-420: A dye to stain paper and give the impression of it being aged. As with regular coffee, the green coffee bean itself is first roasted to bring out flavour and aroma. Rotating cylinders containing the green beans and hot combustion gases are used in most roasting plants. When the bean temperature reaches 165 °C (329 °F) the roasting begins. It takes about 8–15 minutes to complete roasting. After cooling,
126-414: A cup of instant coffee was ingested with a meal composed of semipurified ingredients, intestinal absorption was reduced from 5.88% to 0.97%, compared to an absorption of 1.64% with drip coffee. It was also estimated that, when the strength of the instant coffee was doubled, intestinal iron absorption fell to 0.53%. However, there is no decrease in iron absorption when instant coffee is consumed 1 hour before
168-558: A fog-reducing agent. The active ingredient appears to be caffeic acid . Initial experiments on Caffenol were performed in 1995 at the Rochester Institute of Technology ; addition of ascorbic acid began around 2000, yielding the improved Caffenol-C, which is less likely to stain negatives than the original formulation. Experiments have shown that cheaper, less desirable brands of coffee work better for this application than more expensive brands. In crafts, Instant coffee can be used as
210-663: A higher-quality product. Spray drying is preferred to freeze-drying in some cases because it allows larger scale economic production, shorter drying times, and because it produces fine rounded particles. The process produces spherical particles about 300 micrometres (0.012 in) in size with a density of 0.22 g/cm . To achieve this, nozzle atomization is used. Various ways of nozzle atomization can be used each having its own advantages and disadvantages. High speed rotating wheels operating at speeds of about 20,000 rpm are able to process up to 6,000 pounds (2,700 kg) of solution per hour. The use of spray wheels requires that
252-481: A meal, but the same degree of inhibition as with simultaneous ingestion occurs when instant coffee is taken 1 hour after a meal. In the European Union , regulations include the species of coffee bean, geographical origin, processing detail, year of crop, solvents used in decaffeination, and caffeine level. Various institutions govern the coffee industry and help to achieve standardization and release information to
294-529: A method for removing rRNA, mRNA, and even DNA if the extract is from a prokaryote. The most concerning side effects, as with other aminoglycosides , are kidney toxicity and ear toxicity . Transient or permanent deafness may result. The vestibular portion of cranial nerve VIII (the vestibulocochlear nerve ) can be affected, resulting in tinnitus , vertigo , ataxia , kidney toxicity, and can potentially interfere with diagnosis of kidney malfunction. Common side effects include vertigo , vomiting, numbness of
336-511: A more important role in its development. Schatz sued both Dr. Waksman and the Rutgers Research and Endowment Foundation, wanting to be given credit as co-discover and to receive the royalties for the streptomycin. By the end of the settlement, Waksman would receive a 10% royalty, while Schatz got 3% and compensation for his missed royalties. The rest of the lab shared the remaining 7% of the royalties, in which Bugie received 0.2%. Bugie
378-552: A rapid and robust recovery. The first randomized trial of streptomycin against pulmonary tuberculosis was carried out in 1946 through 1948 by the MRC Tuberculosis Research Unit under the chairmanship of Geoffrey Marshall (1887–1982). The trial was neither double-blind nor placebo-controlled . It is widely accepted to have been the first randomized curative trial. Results showed efficacy against TB, albeit with minor toxicity and acquired bacterial resistance to
420-692: Is also convenient for preparing iced coffee like the Greek frappé . In some countries, such as Portugal, Spain, and India, instant coffee is commonly mixed with hot milk instead of boiling water. In other countries, such as South Korea, instant coffee commonly comes pre-mixed with non-dairy creamer and sugar and is called "coffee mix". Said to have been popularised in the UK by GIs during World War II , instant coffee still accounts for over 75 percent of coffee bought to drink in British homes, as opposed to well under 10 percent in
462-471: Is an aminoglycoside . It works by blocking the ability of 30S ribosomal subunits to make proteins, which results in bacterial death . Albert Schatz first isolated streptomycin in 1943 from Streptomyces griseus . It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines . The World Health Organization classifies it as critically important for human medicine. Streptomycin
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#1732851440164504-411: Is generally less than that of brewed coffee. One study comparing various home-prepared samples came to the result that regular instant coffee (not decaffeinated) has a median caffeine content of 66 mg per cup (range 29–117 mg per cup), with a median cup size of 225 ml (range 170–285 ml) and a caffeine concentration of 328 μg/mL (range 102–559 μg/mL). In comparison, drip or filter coffee
546-406: Is in the control of fireblight on apple and pear trees. As in medical applications, extensive use can be associated with the development of resistant strains. Streptomycin could potentially be used to control cyanobacterial blooms in ornamental ponds and aquaria. While some antibacterial antibiotics are inhibitory to certain eukaryotes, this seems not to be the case for streptomycin, especially in
588-464: Is often given together with isoniazid , rifampicin , and pyrazinamide . It is administered by injection into a vein or muscle . Common side effects include vertigo , vomiting, numbness of the face, fever, and rash. Use during pregnancy may result in permanent deafness in the developing baby. Use appears to be safe while breastfeeding . It is not recommended in people with myasthenia gravis or other neuromuscular disorders . Streptomycin
630-524: Is therefore a useful broad-spectrum antibiotic. Streptomycin was first isolated on October 19, 1943, by Albert Schatz , a PhD student in the laboratory of Selman Abraham Waksman at Rutgers University in a research project funded by Merck and Co. Waksman and his laboratory staff discovered several antibiotics, including actinomycin , clavacin , streptothricin , streptomycin, grisein , neomycin , fradicin , candicidin , and candidin . Of these, streptomycin and neomycin found extensive application in
672-404: Is traditionally given intramuscularly , and in many nations is only licensed to be administered intramuscularly, though in some regions the drug may also be administered intravenously . Streptomycin also is used as a pesticide, to combat the growth of bacteria beyond human applications. Streptomycin controls bacterial diseases of certain fruit, vegetables, seed, and ornamental crops. A major use
714-411: Is used for this process. The coffee concentration in the liquid is then increased by either evaporation or by freeze concentration. The basic principle of freeze drying is the removal of water by sublimation . Since the mass production of instant coffee began in post-WWII America, freeze-drying has grown in popularity to become a common method. Although it is more expensive, it generally results in
756-463: The United States Army . That company later changed its name to Minute Maid . Close to 50% of the world's green coffee is used to produce instant coffee. Instant coffee is available in powder or granulated form contained in glass and plastic jars, sachets , or tins. The user controls the strength of the resulting product by adding less or more powder or granules to the water. Instant coffee
798-478: The dehydrated and packaged solids available at retail used to make instant coffee. Instant coffee solids are commercially prepared by either freeze-drying or spray drying , after which it can be rehydrated. Instant coffee in a concentrated liquid form, as a beverage, is also manufactured. Advantages of instant coffee include speed of preparation (instant coffee dissolves quickly in hot water), lower shipping weight and volume than beans or ground coffee (to prepare
840-421: The mRNA strand. This results in an unstable ribosomal-mRNA complex, leading to premature stopping of protein synthesis, leading to cell death. As human and bacteria both have ribosomes, streptomycin has significant side effects in humans. At low concentrations, however, streptomycin inhibits only bacterial growth. Streptomycin is an antibiotic that inhibits both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and
882-675: The U.S. and France and one percent in Italy. In the United Kingdom, instant coffee granules are sometimes used to enhance the flavour of sauces used in preparing spaghetti Bolognese . Instant coffee is one of the ingredients in Caffenol , a home-made, non-toxic black-and-white photographic developer . The other ingredients in the basic formula are ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and anhydrous sodium carbonate ; some recipes also include potassium bromide as
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#1732851440164924-425: The beans are then ground finely. Grinding reduces the beans to 0.5-to-1.1-millimetre (0.020 to 0.043 in) pieces. Until here, the process is in general the same as for other types of coffee. To produce instant coffee, the soluble and volatile contents of the beans, which provide the coffee aroma and flavor, have to be extracted. This is done using water. Pressurized water heated to around 175 °C (347 °F)
966-405: The case of anti-fungal activity. Streptomycin, in combination with penicillin, is used in a standard antibiotic cocktail to prevent bacterial infection in cell culture. When purifying protein from a biological extract, streptomycin sulfate is sometimes added as a means of removing nucleic acids and ribonuclear proteins. Since it binds to ribosomes and precipitates out of solution, it serves as
1008-424: The critical roasting process which will determine the coffee's flavour and aroma processes. The main byproduct of the instant coffee production process is spent coffee grounds. These grounds can be used as biomass, for example to produce heat used in the manufacturing process. Roughly two times the mass in spent coffee grounds is generated for each quantity of soluble coffee. The caffeine content of instant coffee
1050-656: The drug. Because streptomycin was isolated from a microbe discovered on New Jersey soil, and because of its activity against tuberculosis and Gram negative organisms, and in recognition of both the microbe and the antibiotic in the history of New Jersey, S. griseus was nominated as the Official New Jersey state microbe . The draft legislation was submitted by Senator Sam Thompson (R-12) in May 2017 as bill S3190 and Assemblywoman Annette Quijano (D-20) in June 2017 as bill A31900. The bill
1092-458: The drying towers have a wide radius to avoid the atomized droplets collecting onto the drying chamber walls. One drawback with spray drying is that the particles it produces are too fine to be used effectively by the consumer; they must first be either steam-fused in towers similar to spray dryers or by belt agglomeration to produce particles of suitable size. In commercial processes, the decaffeination of instant coffee almost always happens before
1134-629: The end of World War II, the United States Army experimented with streptomycin to treat life-threatening infections at a military hospital in Battle Creek, Michigan . The first person who was treated with streptomycin did not survive; the second person survived but became blind as a side effect of the treatment. In March 1946, the third person— Robert J. Dole , later Majority Leader of the United States Senate and presidential nominee—experienced
1176-406: The face, fever, and rash. Fever and rashes may result from persistent use. Use is not recommended during pregnancy. Congenital deafness has been reported in children whose mothers received streptomycin during pregnancy. Use appears to be okay while breastfeeding . It is not recommended in people with myasthenia gravis . Streptomycin functions as a protein synthesis inhibitor . It binds to
1218-615: The powdered substance in Buffalo, New York , at the Pan-American Exposition . George Constant Louis Washington developed his own instant coffee process shortly thereafter, and first marketed it commercially (1910). The Nescafé brand, which introduced a more advanced coffee refining process, was launched in 1938. High-vacuum freeze-dried coffee was developed shortly after World War II , as an indirect result of wartime research into other areas. The National Research Corporation (NRC)
1260-646: The public, including the International Coffee Organization (London), Codex Alimentarius Commission of the UN (Rome), and National Coffee Association (New York). Streptomycin Streptomycin is an antibiotic medication used to treat a number of bacterial infections, including tuberculosis , Mycobacterium avium complex , endocarditis , brucellosis , Burkholderia infection , plague , tularemia , and rat bite fever . For active tuberculosis it
1302-435: The same amount of beverage), and long shelf life —though instant coffee can spoil if not kept dry. Instant coffee also reduces cleanup since there are no coffee grounds, and at least one study has found that it has a lower environmental footprint than drip filter coffee and capsule espresso coffee, on a prepared beverage basis, disregarding quality and appeal of the beverage produced. A concentrated coffee/milk/sugar mixture
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1344-402: The small 16S rRNA of the 30S ribosomal subunit irreversibly, interfering with the binding of formyl-methionyl-tRNA to the 30S subunit. This causes codon misreading, inhibition of protein synthesis, and ultimately death of the cell through mechanisms that are not well understood. Speculation indicates that the binding of the molecule to the 30S subunit interferes with 30S subunit association with
1386-543: The treatment of numerous infectious diseases. Streptomycin was the first antibiotic cure for tuberculosis (TB). In 1952 Waksman was the recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in recognition "for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic active against tuberculosis". Waksman was later accused of playing down the role of Schatz who did the work under his supervision, claiming that Elizabeth Bugie had
1428-604: The use of antimicrobials against plant pathogens, among several other important contributions to the scientific field, particularly in regard to microbiology. The Rutgers team reported streptomycin in the medical literature in January 1944. Within months they began working with William Feldman and H. Corwin Hinshaw of the Mayo Clinic with hopes of starting a human clinical trial of streptomycin in tuberculosis. The difficulty at first
1470-461: Was estimated to have a median caffeine content of 112 mg, with a median concentration of 621 μg/mL for the same cup size. Regarding antioxidants, the polyphenol content of a 180 ml cup of instant coffee has been estimated to be approximately 320 mg, compared to approximately 400 mg in a cup of brewed coffee of the same size. Instant coffee decreases intestinal iron absorption more than drip coffee. One study estimated that, when
1512-484: Was even producing enough streptomycin to do a trial, because the research laboratory methods of creating small batches had not yet been translated to commercial large-batch production. They managed to do an animal study in a few guinea pigs with just 10 grams of the scarce drug, demonstrating survival. This was just enough evidence to get Merck & Co. to divert some resources from the young penicillin production program to start work toward streptomycin production. At
1554-493: Was filed 28 January 1889 and patented in 1890, by David Strang of Invercargill , New Zealand, under patent number 3518. It was sold under the trading name Strang's Coffee citing the patented "Dry Hot-Air" process. Some modern sources have credited French humorist and writer Alphonse Allais with the invention. The invention was previously attributed to Satori Kato , a Japanese scientist working in Chicago in 1901. Kato introduced
1596-456: Was formed in Massachusetts as a process-development company employing high-vacuum technology. It developed high-vacuum processes to produce penicillin , blood plasma , and streptomycin for US military use. As the war ended, NRC looked to adapt its processes for peacetime uses. It formed Florida Foods Corporation to produce concentrated orange juice powder and originally sold its product to
1638-432: Was marketed as a premium product, and remained a strong seller through the 1990s. "General Foods International Coffees" underwent a name change in late 2005 to simply "General Foods International" in order to accommodate recent additions of non-coffee-based beverages ( Chai latte and Vanilla Creme). In 2009, it began to carry a "From the makers of Maxwell House " secondary label. During the summer of 2010, this product line
1680-597: Was produced for the Union army during the American Civil War under the name Essence of Coffee , a teaspoonful of which was mixed with a cup of hot water. It had the consistency of axle grease, and proved so unpopular with the troops that it was soon discontinued. The brand Camp Coffee , a coffee and chicory essence, was first produced in 1876 by Paterson & Sons Ltd in Scotland. The invention for instant or soluble coffee
1722-706: Was pursuing a master's degree in Waksman's lab at Rutgers University at this time. Prior to this, she received her bachelor's degree in microbiology at New Jersey College for Women. Although Bugie was considered to be the second author on the Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology paper, she was not listed on the patent submission. Bugie's contributions to Wakeman's lab were great. In addition to her work on streptomycin, she also helped develop other antimicrobial substances, had two peer-reviewed publications, and researched
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1764-620: Was rebranded as Maxwell House International Cafés. Instant coffee Instant coffee is a beverage derived from brewed coffee beans that enables people to quickly prepare hot coffee by adding hot water or milk to coffee solids in powdered or crystallized form and stirring. The product was first invented in Invercargill , the largest city in Southland , New Zealand, in 1890. Instant coffee solids (also called soluble coffee , coffee crystals , coffee powder , or powdered coffee ) refers to
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