113-516: Battle Creek is a city in northwestern Calhoun County, Michigan , United States, at the confluence of the Kalamazoo and Battle Creek rivers. As of the 2020 census , the city had a total population of 52,731. It is the principal city of the Battle Creek metropolitan statistical area , which encompasses all of Calhoun County. Nicknamed "Cereal City", it is best known as the home of WK Kellogg Co and
226-625: A heavy crude oil from Canada's Athabasca oil sands to the United States. Following the spill, the volatile hydrocarbon diluents evaporated, leaving the heavier bitumen to sink in the water column. Thirty-five miles of the Kalamazoo River were closed for clean-up until June 2012, when portions of the river were re-opened. On March 14, 2013, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ordered Enbridge to return to dredge portions of
339-434: A high school degree and 21.1% had a bachelor's degree or higher. Of those under 65, 11.2% had a disability and 6.1% lacked health insurance. Median household income in 2020 dollars was $ 42,285, which works out to a $ 25,270 per capita income . 22.7% of the population lives in poverty . Median gross rent was $ 770 and the median value of the houses occupied by people who owned them was $ 91,700. The City of Battle Creek has
452-621: A population density (per square mile) of 1,228.6. 89.0% of those households had a computer and 82.8% had broadband internet connection. The city's racial makeup was 68.2% White , 17.3% African American , 0.6% Native American , 3.7% Asian , 8.1% from two or more races, and 7.9% Hispanic or Latino . The median age in the city was 36.3 years. 7.0% of residents were under the age of 5; 25.8% were under 18; 15.2% were 65 and older. 51.5% of residents were female and 6.6% were foreign-born. 10.8% of people ages 5 and up speak at least one language other than English at home. Of persons 25 and up, 89.9% had
565-422: A "moist, pasty, adhesive, and brown" butter or paste. The second patent, No. 604493, granted on May 24, 1898, was for a "Process of Producing Alimentary Products" from "edible nuts, preferably peanuts". The process for making the paste again involved boiling the peanuts, but noted that roasting was a possible alternative. The final substance was heated in sealed cans to obtain "a product differing in many ways from
678-540: A "school of cookery" which taught classes in food preparation for homemakers. She published a cookbook, Science in the Kitchen , containing hundreds of recipes along with discussions of nutrition and household and diet management. Some of its inventive vegetarian recipes use food products created at the sanitarium, such as Nuttolene (a meat pâté made from peanuts), Protose (a combination of nuts and grains), and various types of nut butters. Kellogg believed that most disease
791-548: A Battle Creek Unlimited report, the twenty largest employers in the city are: The Battle Creek Japanese School (バトルクリーク補習授業校 Batoru Kurīku Hoshū Jugyō Kō ), a supplementary weekend Japanese school , holds its classes at the Lakeview School District building. In 1980 the Western Michigan University Center for International Programs developed a program for Japanese expatriate K-12 students that
904-441: A blend of nuts and grain cereals called "Protose". In applying for US patent 670283A , John Harvey Kellogg, "Vegetable-food Compound", issued June 8, 1899 , Kellogg described Protose as a product "which shall possess equal or greater nutritive value in equal or more available form... By proper regulation of the temperature and proportions of the ingredients, various meat-like flavors are developed, which give
1017-479: A broad but largely self-taught education. At age 12, John Harvey Kellogg was offered work by the Whites. He became one of their protégés, rising from errand boy to printer's devil , and eventually doing proofreading and editorial work. He helped to set articles for Health, or how to live and The Health Reformer , becoming familiar with Ellen G. White's theories of health, and beginning to follow recommendations such as
1130-436: A command. To me it is a most wonderful thing that a man's heart goes on beating. It does not beat by means of my will; for I can not stop the heart's beating, or make it beat faster or slower by commanding it by my will. But there is a will that controls the heart. It is the divine will that causes it to beat, and in the beating of that heart that you can feel, as you put your hand upon the breast, or as you put your finger against
1243-502: A commission-manager form of government. Cities that follow this plan of government have an elected commission (or council) that appoints a professionally trained and experienced manager to administer the day-to-day operations of the city and to make recommendations to the city commission. Battle Creek also appoints a City Attorney, who provides legal counsel to the city manager and City Commission. The City Commission makes all policy decisions, including review, revision, and final approval of
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#17328371155121356-424: A dough that was a mixture of wheat, oats , and corn. It was baked at high temperatures for a long period of time, to break down or "dextrinize" starch molecules in the grain. After it cooled, Kellogg broke the bread into crumbs. The cereal was originally marketed under the name " Granula " but this led to legal problems with James Caleb Jackson who already sold a wheat cereal under that name. In 1881, under threat of
1469-462: A household in the city was $ 35,491, and the median income for a family was $ 43,564. Males had a median income of $ 36,838 versus $ 26,429 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 18,424. About 10.7% of families and 14.4% of the population were below the poverty line , including 17.5% of those under age 18 and 11.8% of those age 65 or over. As of the census of 2010, there were 52,347 people, 21,118 households, and 12,898 families residing in
1582-462: A lawsuit by Jackson, Kellogg changed the sanitarium cereal's name to "Granola". It was used initially by patients at the sanitarium, but slowly began to build up a following among former patients. In 1890, John formed the Sanitas Food Company to develop and market food products. The Kelloggs are best known for the invention of the famous breakfast cereal corn flakes . The development of
1695-674: A medical degree. In October 1876, Kellogg became director of the Western Health Reform Institute. In 1877, he renamed it the Battle Creek Medical Surgical Sanitarium , cleverly coining the term "sanitarium" to suggest both hospital care and the importance of sanitation and personal health. Kellogg would lead the institution until his death in 1943. Kellogg was brought up in the Seventh-day Adventist Church from childhood. Selected as
1808-722: A member of several revivalist movements, including the Baptists , the Congregationalist Church , and finally the Seventh-day Adventist Church . He was one of four adherents who pledged substantial sums to convince Seventh-day Adventists Ellen G. White and her husband James Springer White to relocate to Battle Creek, Michigan , with their publishing business, in 1855. He persuaded a Seventh-day Adventist couple, Daniel H. Kress and Lauretta E. Kress , to become doctors at Michigan where he had studied; they were early founders of what became Washington Adventist Hospital . In 1856,
1921-546: A mixture of yeast, barley and wheat, in January 1898. In January 1906, Post introduced "Elijah's Manna", later renaming it Post Toasties Double-Crisp Corn Flakes, and marketing it as a direct competitor to Kellogg's Corn Flakes. John Harvey Kellogg was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2006 for the discovery of tempering and the invention of the first dry flaked breakfast cereal, which "transformed
2034-455: A patent for the "Manufacture of peanut-candy", combining 1 part of a "flavoring paste" made from roasted peanuts with 7 parts of sugar. By 1894, George A. Bayle of St. Louis was selling a "Cheese Nut" snack food containing peanuts and cheese; a peanut-only version was apparently more successful. George Washington Carver is often credited because of his scientific work with peanuts and promotion of their use. Carver and Kellogg corresponded in
2147-515: A protracted discussion, the Native Americans allegedly tried to take food. One of the surveyors shot and seriously wounded one Potawatomi. Following the encounter, the survey party retreated to Detroit . Early white settlers called the nearby stream Battle Creek River and the town took its name from that. Another folk etymology is attributed to the local river, which was known as Waupakisco by Native Americans. The Waupakisco or Waupokisco
2260-707: A protégé of the Whites and trained as a doctor, Kellogg held a prominent role as a speaker at church meetings. Throughout his lifetime, Kellogg experienced pressure from both science and religion regarding his theological views. At the Seventeenth Annual Session of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, October 4, 1878, the following action was taken: WHEREAS, The impression has gone out from some unknown cause that J. H. Kellogg, M.D., holds infidel sentiments, which does him great injustice, and also endangers his influence as physician-in-chief of
2373-778: A six-month medical course at Russell Trall's Hygieo-Therapeutic College in Florence Township, New Jersey . Their goal was to develop a group of trained doctors for the Adventist-inspired Western Health Reform Institute in Battle Creek. Under the Whites' patronage, John Harvey Kellogg went on to attend medical school at the University of Michigan and the Bellevue Hospital Medical College in New York City. He graduated in 1875 with
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#17328371155122486-550: A vegetarian diet. Ellen White described her husband's relationship with John Harvey Kellogg as closer than that with his own children. Kellogg hoped to become a teacher, and at age 16 taught a district school in Hastings, Michigan. By age 20, he had enrolled in a teacher's training course offered by Michigan State Normal School . The Kelloggs and the Whites, however, convinced him to join his half-brother Merritt, Edson White , William C. White , and Jennie Trembley, as students in
2599-435: A well-balanced vegetarian diet favoring low- protein , laxative , and high- fiber foods. He recommended various regimens of specific foods designed to heal particular ailments. Kellogg further believed that natural changes in intestinal flora could be sped by enemas seeded with favorable bacteria. He advocated the frequent use of an enema machine to cleanse the bowel with several gallons of water. Water enemas were followed by
2712-540: Is a free summer music festival held at the Leila Arboretum. Proceeds benefit the Leila Arboretum Society and Kingman Museum . Battle Creek hosts the annual Michigan High School Athletic Association team wrestling, volleyball , baseball , and softball state championships. The town receives quarterly boosts to its economy from the fans who flock there to follow their teams. Each year, Battle Creek hosts
2825-402: Is alleviated by a change in intestinal flora . He posited that bacteria in the intestines can either help or hinder the body; that pathogenic bacteria produce toxins during the digestion of protein which poison the blood; that a poor diet favors harmful bacteria that can then infect other tissues in the body; that the intestinal flora is changed by diet and is generally changed for the better by
2938-641: Is based at the W.K. Kellogg Auditorium in downtown Battle Creek. The symphony is conducted by Anne Harrigan. It is Michigan's longest-running symphony orchestra. The Brass Band of Battle Creek is composed of 31 brass players and percussionists from around the United States and Europe. "Created in 1989 by brothers Jim and Bill Gray, podiatrists and amateur brass players from Battle Creek, MI, the BBBC has grown to cult status in Battle Creek, where BBBC concerts are regularly sold out and waiting lists are created weeks in advance." Leilapalooza - The Leila Arboretum Music Festival
3051-410: Is best known today for the invention of the breakfast cereal corn flakes . Kellogg held liberal theological beliefs radically different from mainstream Nicene Christianity and emphasized what he saw as the importance of human reason over many aspects of traditional doctrinal authority . He strongly rejected fundamentalist and conservative notions of original sin , human depravity , and
3164-458: Is land and 12 square miles (31 km ) (1.7%) is water. The Kalamazoo River oil spill occurred in July 2010 when a pipeline operated by Enbridge (Line 6B) burst and flowed into Talmadge Creek, a tributary of the Kalamazoo River. A six-foot break in the pipeline resulted in the largest inland oil spill, and one of the costliest spills in U.S. history. The pipeline carries diluted bitumen ( dilbit ),
3277-524: Is remembered as an advocate of vegetarianism and wrote in favor of it, even after leaving the Adventist Church. His dietary advice in the late 19th century discouraged meat-eating, but not emphatically so. His development of a bland diet was driven in part by the Adventist goal of reducing sexual stimulation. Kellogg was an especially strong proponent of nuts , which he believed would save humanity in
3390-405: Is the explanation of nature, – not a God outside of nature, but in nature, manifesting himself through and in all the objects, movements, and varied phenomena of the universe. ... The tree does not create itself; a creative power is constantly going forward in it. Buds and leaves come forth from within the tree ... So there is present in the tree a power which creates and maintains it, a tree-maker in
3503-611: The Battle Creek Jr. Revolution in 2010. The junior team was sold renamed to the West Michigan Wolves in 2014 before relocating to Lansing in 2017. The Battle Creek Blaze is a not-for-profit, adult football team that plays NFL rules football as a member of the IFL (Interstate Football League). The Blaze organization raises funds and community awareness in the fight against cancer. They are in their sixth season of operation, and won
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3616-641: The Sandy Koufax 13S World Series , for 13-year-old baseball players. In August 2010, Battle Creek was host to the eighth edition of the International H.K.D. Games. The Battle Creek Battle Jacks (formerly Bombers) are a collegiate baseball team, a member of the Northwoods League , who began play in 2007. After a last-place finish in 2010, the Bombers went 47–26 in 2011 and won their first NWL championship. It
3729-412: The Seventh-day Adventist Church . It combined aspects of a European spa, a hydrotherapy institution, a hospital and high-class hotel. Kellogg treated the rich and famous, as well as the poor who could not afford other hospitals. According to Encyclopædia Britannica , his "development of dry breakfast cereals was largely responsible for the creation of the flaked-cereal industry , with the founding and
3842-541: The United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 43.73 square miles (113.26 km), of which 42.61 square miles (110.36 km) is land and 1.12 square miles (2.90 km) is water, making Battle Creek the third largest city in Michigan by area, and one of only three incorporated municipalities in the state over 40 sq mi (100 km) in size. In 1982, at the insistence of Kellogg's ,
3955-470: The atonement of Jesus as "his exemplary life" on Earth rather than the Cross. Kellogg mocked the concepts of original sin and inherent human depravity , frequently joking that "the total depravity which we often hear talked about is, half the time at least, nothing more nor less than total indigestion". Historian Brian C. Wilson writes: One of the most controversial aspects of Kellogg's developing theology...
4068-520: The 1920s and 30s about the use of both peanuts and sweet potatoes . Some form of nut butter, likely made with peanuts, was served to patients at the Battle Creek Sanitarium before October 1895, when Kellogg wrote to Ellen White that "some very excellent preparations from nuts" had entirely replaced butter. Kellogg did not patent peanut butter explicitly, and later stated that this was intentional: "Let everybody that wants it have it, and make
4181-450: The Adventist ministry worried that Kellogg's students and staff were in danger of losing their religious beliefs, while Kellogg felt that many ministers failed to recognize his expertise and the importance of his medical work. There were ongoing tensions between his authority as a doctor, and their authority as ministers. Nonetheless, Kellogg attempted to reconcile science and medicine with religion, rejecting their separation, and emphasizing
4294-537: The Adventists after W. W. Prescott , one of the four members of the commission, argued that it was heretical. When Kellogg arranged to print it privately, the book went through its own trial by fire: on December 30, 1902, fire struck the Herald where the book was typeset and ready to print. When it finally appeared in 1903, the book was sharply criticized by White for what she considered its many statements of pantheism. Over
4407-677: The Battle Creek Bombers. The Michigan Battle Cats / Battle Creek Yankees / Southwest Michigan Devil Rays were a Class A minor league baseball team that played in the Midwest League from 1995 through 2006. The team's home was C.O. Brown Stadium . The Battle Creek Crunch were a member of the Great Lakes Indoor Football League (GLIFL), that began play in 2006. They played one season in Battle Creek before ceasing operations due to financial trouble. The team's home
4520-474: The Ford Motor Company Henry Ford , inventor Thomas Edison , African-American activist Sojourner Truth , and actress Sarah Bernhardt . John Harvey Kellogg developed and marketed a wide variety of vegetarian foods. Many of them were meant to be suitable for an invalid diet, and were intentionally made easy to chew and to digest. Starchy foods such as grains were ground and baked, to promote
4633-474: The IFL North Division Championship in 2010. The Battle Creek Cereal Killers roller derby team began in 2011. Calhoun County, Michigan Calhoun County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan . As of the 2020 Census , the population was 134,310. The county seat is Marshall . The county was established on October 19, 1829, and named after John C. Calhoun , who was at
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4746-622: The Kellogg family moved to Battle Creek to be near other members of the denomination. There John Preston Kellogg established a broom factory. The Kelloggs believed that the Second Coming of Christ was imminent, and that formal education of their children was therefore unnecessary. Originally a sickly child, John Harvey Kellogg attended Battle Creek public schools only briefly, from ages 9–11. He left school to work sorting brooms in his father's broom factory. Nonetheless, he read voraciously and acquired
4859-733: The SDA led to a major schism: he was disfellowshipped in 1907, but continued to follow many of their beliefs and directed the sanitarium until his death. Kellogg helped to establish the American Medical Missionary College in 1895. Popular misconceptions have wrongly attributed various cultural practices, inventions, and historical events to Kellogg. John Harvey Kellogg was born in Tyrone, Michigan , on February 26, 1852, to John Preston Kellogg (1806–1881) and his second wife Ann Janette Stanley (1824–1893). His father, John Preston Kellogg,
4972-622: The Sanitarium; therefore RESOLVED, That in our opinion justice to the doctor and the Institute under his medical charge, demand that he should have the privilege of making his sentiments known, and that he be invited to address those assembled on this ground, upon the harmony of science and the Sacred Scriptures. This resolution was unanimously adopted, after which the Conference adjourned to
5085-474: The Seventh-day Adventist Church but run by Kellogg, was destroyed by fire on February 18, 1902. Although almost all of the guests escaped safely, property loss was estimated at $ 300,000 to $ 400,000, about twice the insured value. Ellen G. White , who had proclaimed that a cleansing sword of fire was poised over the increasingly "worldly" and business-oriented Battle Creek, was against rebuilding
5198-460: The administration of a pint of yogurt – half was eaten, the other half was administered by enema, "thus planting the protective germs where they are most needed and may render most effective service." The yogurt served to replace the intestinal flora of the bowel, creating what Kellogg claimed was a squeaky-clean intestine . Sanitarium visitors also engaged in breathing exercises and mealtime marches, to promote proper digestion of food throughout
5311-463: The age of 18 living with them, 45.3% were husband and wife families , 14.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 34.8% were non-families, and 28.8% were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.98. In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.2% under age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 24.0% from 25 to 44, 27.7% from 45 to 64, and 14.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age
5424-621: The annual budget, which is proposed annually by the City Manager. The City Manager serves as an "at-will" employee and they work under an employment contract with the commission. All other city employees, except for the City Attorney's staff, are under the supervision of the City Manager. There are five ward commissioners. Residents cast votes for a ward representative, who must live within the area they are representing, as well as for four at-large commissioners. These candidates may live anywhere in
5537-419: The atonement of Jesus , viewing the last in terms of "his exemplary life" on Earth rather than death . Becoming a Seventh-day Adventist as their beliefs shifted towards Trinitarianism during the 1890s, Adventists were "unable to accommodate the essentially liberal understanding of Christianity" exhibited by Kellogg, viewing his theology as pantheistic and unorthodox. Disagreements with other members of
5650-880: The best use of it". Kellogg did, however, apply for two patents relating to "nut butters" in 1895, before anyone else did so. On November 4, 1895, John H. Kellogg applied for two patents that are relevant to the production of peanut butter. Patent No. 567901, granted September 15, 1896, was for a "Food Compound" which produced "an improved article of manufacture, the alimentary product composed of completely digested starch, completely-emulsified vegetable oil such as described, and thoroughly cooked and finely-divided vegetable proteins derived from nuts, as specified." The process described involved taking raw edible nuts, preferably peanuts or almonds, blanching them to remove their skins, and then boiling them for several hours. The nuts were then crushed and passed through rollers to separate out "a fine and comparatively dry and nearly white nutmeal" and
5763-469: The boom-towns surrounding the oilfields in Oklahoma as a broom salesman. Having failed, he returned to work as an assistant to his brother. While working at the sanitariums' laboratory, W.K. spilled liquefied cornmeal on a heating device that cooked the product and rendered it to flakes. He tasted the flakes and added milk to them. He was able to get his brother to allow him to give some of the product to some of
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#17328371155125876-586: The budget but has only limited authority to make laws or ordinances. In Michigan, most local government functions — police and fire, building and zoning, tax assessment, street maintenance, etc. — are the responsibility of individual cities and townships. Calhoun County is a swing county in presidential elections. Beginning in 1964, it has voted for the winner of the national election every time except in 1976 (instead backing native Michigander Gerald Ford ), 2000 , and 2020 . (information as of October 2020) There are 83 recognized Michigan historical markers in
5989-475: The call of the chair. [Note. – In accordance with the foregoing resolution, Dr. Kellogg gave, before a large audience, October 6, an able address on the harmony of science and the Bible, for which the congregation tendered him a vote of thanks.] Kellogg rejected Christian fundamentalism and promoted the tenets of theological modernism. He rejected many of the traditional tenets of Nicene Christianity , viewing
6102-408: The church elected to decentralize, and most of its institutions were relocated. The first Adventist church (rebuilt in the 1920s) is still in operation. World Heavyweight Champion Jack Johnson was once arrested here for marrying his White wife and transporting her across state lines. He was detained in Battle Creek, where he visited a former acquaintance, went for a sleigh ride and spent the night at
6215-486: The city annexed Battle Creek Township, nearly doubling the city's population. Kellogg's even went so far as to threaten to move their headquarters if the annexation failed to occur. As of the census of 2000, there were 53,364 people, 21,348 households, and 13,363 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,246.0 inhabitants per square mile (481.1/km). There were 23,525 housing units at an average density of 549.3 per square mile (212.1/km). The racial makeup of
6328-558: The city was 74.7% White , 17.8% Black or African American , 1.9% Asian , 0.8% Native American , <0.1% Pacific Islander , 2.1% from other races , and 2.7% from two or more races. 4.6% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. In the 21,348 households 32.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.9% were married couples living together, 16.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.4% were non-families. 31.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.1% had someone living alone who
6441-445: The city. All commissioners serve two-year terms and all terms begin and end at the same election. The position of mayor was voted on by the electorate until 1961, then was switched to the elected commissioners choosing from amongst themselves as to who would serve as the mayor and vice mayor for the next year. In March 2020, a majority of Battle Creek voters approved an amendment to the city charter to allow residents to directly vote for
6554-403: The city. The population density was 1,228.5 inhabitants per square mile (474.3/km). There were 24,277 housing units at an average density of 569.7 per square mile (220.0/km). The racial makeup of the city was 71.7% White , 18.2% African American , 0.7% Native American , 2.4% Asian , 2.7% from other races , and 4.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 6.7% of
6667-443: The conversion of starch into dextrin . Nuts were ground and boiled or steamed. The foods Kellogg developed also tended to be bland. In this, Kellogg followed the teachings of Ellen G. White and Sylvester Graham who recommended a diet of bland foods to minimize excitement, sexual arousal, and masturbation. Around 1877, John H. Kellogg began experimenting to produce a softer breakfast food, something easy to chew. He developed
6780-599: The county. 42°15′N 85°00′W / 42.25°N 85.00°W / 42.25; -85.00 John Harvey Kellogg Divisions John Harvey Kellogg (February 26, 1852 – December 14, 1943) was an American businessman, inventor , physician, and advocate of the Progressive Movement . He was the director of the Battle Creek Sanitarium in Battle Creek, Michigan , founded by members of
6893-595: The culmination of the global conglomeration brand of Kellogg's (now Kellanova ) ." An early proponent of the germ theory of disease , Kellogg was well ahead of his time in relating intestinal flora and the presence of bacteria in the intestines to health and disease. The sanitarium approached treatment in a holistic manner, actively promoting vegetarianism, nutrition, the use of yogurt enemas to clear "intestinal flora", exercise, sun-bathing, and hydrotherapy , as well as abstinence from smoking tobacco, drinking alcoholic beverages, and sexual activity. Kellogg dedicated
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#17328371155127006-618: The day. Because Kellogg was a staunch supporter of phototherapy , the sanitarium made use of artificial sunbaths . Kellogg was a skilled surgeon, who often donated his services to indigent patients at his clinic. He had many notable patients, such as former president William Howard Taft , composer and pianist Percy Grainger , arctic explorers Vilhjalmur Stefansson and Roald Amundsen , world travellers Richard Halliburton and Lowell Thomas , aviator Amelia Earhart , economist Irving Fisher , Nobel prize winning playwright George Bernard Shaw , actor and athlete Johnny Weissmuller , founder of
7119-412: The face of decreasing food supplies. Though mainly renowned nowadays for his development of corn flakes , Kellogg also invented a process for making peanut butter and developed healthy "granose biscuits" which became popular as far away as Australia and England. The Battle Creek Sanitarium had its own experimental kitchen. There, Ella Eaton Kellogg helped to develop vegetarian foods, and supervised
7232-462: The finished product very characteristic properties." Nuttose and Protose were the first of many meat alternatives. In addition to developing imitation meats variously made from nuts, grains, and soy, Kellogg also developed the first acidophilus soy milk , which was patented in 1934. Kellogg advocated that it be administered to bottle-fed babies, to improve their intestinal fauna and combat bowel infections. Perhaps his most famous patients were
7345-426: The first commercially produced alternative to meat. Nuttose was made primarily from peanuts and resembled "cold roast mutton ". By seasoning or marinating, Nuttose could be made to taste like fried chicken or barbeque. Served with mashed potatoes and vegetables, it could mimic a traditional American meal. On March 19, 1901, Kellogg was granted the first United States Patent for a "vegetable substitute for meat", for
7458-409: The flaked cereal in 1894 has been variously described by those involved: Ella Eaton Kellogg, John Harvey Kellogg, his younger brother Will Keith Kellogg, and other family members. There is considerable disagreement over who was involved in the discovery, and the role that they played. According to some accounts, Ella suggested rolling out the dough into thin sheets, and John developed a set of rollers for
7571-576: The flaked cereal. During their first year of production, the Kelloggs sold tens of thousands of pounds of flaked cereal, marketing it as "Granose". They continued to experiment using rice and corn as well as wheat, and in 1898 released the first batch of Sanitas Toasted Corn Flakes. A modified version with a longer shelf life was released in 1902. By that time, both "Granose Biscuits" and "Granose Flakes" were available. Will Kellogg continued to develop and market flaked cereal. When he proposed adding sugar to
7684-574: The flakes, John would not agree to the change. So, in 1906, Will started his own company, the Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flake Company. This marked the start of a decades-long feud between the brothers. Will's Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flake Company eventually became the Kellogg Company , while John was denied the right to use the Kellogg name for his cereals. They had other competitors as well, including C. W. Post . Post
7797-464: The founding city of Post Consumer Brands . One local legend says Battle Creek was named after an encounter between a federal government land survey party led by Colonel John Mullett and two Potawatomi in March 1824. The two Potawatomi had approached the camp asking for food because they were hungry as the U.S. Army was late delivering supplies promised to them under the 1821 Treaty of Chicago . After
7910-555: The greater sales and public profile of W.K. Kellogg's company. Inspired by Kellogg's innovation, C. W. Post invented Grape-Nuts and founded his own cereal company in the town. Battle Creek has been nicknamed "the Cereal City." In the turbulent 1960s, Battle Creek was not immune to the racial issues of the day. Dr. Martin Luther King spoke here, as did Sen. Hubert Humphrey , President Lyndon B. Johnson , and Heavyweight Champion of
8023-491: The house of patrolman John Patterson, Battle Creek's first African American police officer. Federal authorities from Chicago took him into custody the next day. The city was noted for its focus on health reform during the late 1800s and early 1900s. The Battle Creek Sanitarium was founded by The Seventh-Day Adventist Church and the Dr. John Harvey Kellogg . In addition to some of his sometimes bizarre treatments that were featured in
8136-443: The large institution. Although she apparently wrote a manuscript testifying against the rebuilding in 1902, it was not sent to Kellogg at that time, and Kellogg did not directly consult her about his plans. With support of the board of directors, he not only rebuilt the institution, but doubled its size. The new building was designed by architect Frank Mills Andrews of Ohio and opened on May 31, 1903. Designed to be fireproof,
8249-515: The last 30 years of his life to promoting eugenics and segregation . Kellogg was a major leader in progressive health reform, particularly in the second phase of the clean living movement . He wrote extensively on science and health. His approach to "biologic living" combined scientific knowledge with Adventist beliefs, promoting health reform, and temperance . Many of the vegetarian foods that Kellogg developed and offered his patients were publicly marketed: Kellogg's brother, Will Keith Kellogg ,
8362-538: The mayor; the first general election for mayor, since 1961, was held in November 2020. The mayor presides over the commission meetings and appoints commissioners and residents to special committees. He may also form special committees to explore community challenges or potential policies. The vice mayor stands in if the mayor is unavailable. As of 2017, the city levies an income tax of 1 percent on residents and 0.5 percent on nonresidents. As of October 2023, according to
8475-434: The movie The Road to Wellville , Kellogg also funded organizations that promoted eugenics theories at the core of their philosophical agenda, which was seen as a natural complement to euthenics . The Race Betterment Foundation was one of these organizations. He also supported the " separate but equal " philosophy and invited Booker T. Washington to speak at the Battle Creek Sanitarium in order to raise money. Washington
8588-473: The new brick building was six stories high, with an elegant frontage extending 550 feet along Washington Avenue, and three wings opening out behind. It included, among other things, a solarium and palm court, and it cost more than $ 700,000. Kellogg used proceeds from his book The Living Temple to help pay the costs of reconstruction. The book's printing was opposed by a commission of the General Council of
8701-745: The next few years, there was increasing conflict between Kellogg, General Conference President A. G. Daniells and others. In 1907, Kellogg was "disfellowshipped", as part of a schism that split the church. Kellogg retained control of the Battle Creek Sanitarium and the American Medical Missionary College, and continued to promote Adventist ideas of health and well-being at those institutions. In later life, Kellogg spoke positively of Seventh-day Adventists and Ellen G. White's prophetic ministry, despite their struggles. In 1941, in response to critic E. S. Ballenger, Kellogg admonished Ballenger for his critical attitude to Mrs. White. Mrs. White
8814-505: The original paste" with a consistency resembling cheese. By 1898, the Kelloggs were marketing a wide variety of nut-based foods through the Sanitas Nut Food Company. Kellogg marketed nut butters as a nutritious protein substitute for people who had difficulty chewing on solid food. Because peanuts were the least expensive nut available, they rapidly dominated the nut butter market. Joseph Lambert, who had worked for Kellogg at
8927-455: The patients at the sanitarium, and the patients' demand for the product exceeded his expectations to the point that W.K made the decision to leave the sanitarium. Along with some investors, he built a factory to satisfy the demand for his " corn flakes ". It was during this time of going their separate ways for good that Dr. John Harvey Kellogg sued his brother for copyright infringement. The U.S. Supreme court ruled in W.K. Kellogg's favor, due to
9040-458: The population were below the poverty line , including 23.9% of those under the age 18 and 5.8% of those age 65 or over. The county government operates the jail , maintains rural roads, operates the major local courts, keeps files of deeds and mortgages, maintains vital records , administers public health regulations, and participates with the state in the provision of welfare and other social services. The county board of commissioners controls
9153-429: The population. In the 21,118 households 33.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.1% were married couples living together, 18.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 38.9% were non-families. 32.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size
9266-458: The presence of God in nature against secularization , his co-religionists saw his descriptions of the presence of God in nature as evidence of panentheistic tendencies (Everything is in God). Kellogg rejected their religious criticisms, asserting that his views on indwelling divinity were simply a restatement of the omnipresence of God, and not pantheism. His theological views went against many of
9379-483: The presence of God within God's creation of living things. The heart is a muscle. The heart beats. My arm will contract and cause the fist to beat; but it beats only when my will commands. But here is a muscle in the body that beats when I am asleep. It beats when my will is inactive and I am utterly unconscious. It keeps on beating all the time. What will is it that causes this heart to beat? The heart can not beat once without
9492-470: The pulse, an evidence of the divine presence that we have within us, that God is within, that there is an intelligence, a power, a will within, that is commanding the functions of our bodies and controlling them… He further elaborated these ideas in his book The Living Temple (1903): There is a clear, complete, satisfactory explanation of the most subtle, the most marvelous phenomena of nature, – namely, an infinite Intelligence working out its purposes. God
9605-401: The purpose. According to others, John had the idea in a dream, and used equipment in his wife's kitchen to do the rolling. It is generally agreed that upon being called out one night, John Kellogg left a batch of wheat-berry dough behind. Rather than throwing it out the next morning, he sent it through the rollers and was surprised to obtain delicate flakes, which could then be baked. Will Kellogg
9718-606: The removal of the Potawatomi to a reservation, began about 1831. Westward migration from New York and New England had increased to Michigan following the completion of the Erie Canal in New York in 1824. Most settlers chose to locate on the Goguac prairie, which was fertile and easily cultivated. A post office was opened in Battle Creek in 1832 under Postmaster Pollodore Hudson. The first school
9831-401: The river to remove submerged oil and oil-contaminated sediment. The 2010 United States Census indicates Calhoun County had a 2010 population of 136,146. This is a decrease of -1,839 people from the 2000 United States Census . Overall, the county had a -1.3% growth rate during this ten-year period. In 2010 there were 54,016 households and 35,220 families in the county. The population density
9944-477: The sanitarium, began selling a hand-operated peanut butter grinder in 1896. In 1899, his wife Almeida Lambert published a Guide for Nut Cookery . Kellogg credited his interest in meat substitutes to Charles William Dabney , an agricultural chemist and the Assistant Secretary of Agriculture. Dabney wrote to Kellogg on the subject around 1895. In 1896, Kellogg introduced but did not patent "Nuttose",
10057-514: The state of Michigan, with 358. Nick Buckley wrote in the Battle Creek Enquirer : "The 2020 Census is critical for Battle Creek. Falling below the 50,000-resident threshold would mean a change from "urbanized area" to "urban cluster" and a loss of federal entitlement funding." Between the 2010 and 2020 censuses, Battle Creek's population grew from 52,347 to 52,731. There were 20,690 households and 2.40 residents per house, giving Battle Creek
10170-552: The time Vice President under Andrew Jackson , making it one of Michigan's Cabinet counties . County government was first organized on March 6, 1833. Calhoun County comprises the Battle Creek Metropolitan Statistical Area and is included in the Kalamazoo -Battle Creek- Portage Combined Statistical Area . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 718 square miles (1,860 km ), of which 706 square miles (1,830 km )
10283-401: The traditional tenets of Nicene Christianity . As Seventh-day Adventist beliefs shifted towards orthodox Trinitarianism during the 1890s, Adventists within the denominations were "unable to accommodate the essentially liberal understanding of Christianity" exhibited by Kellogg, viewing his theology as pantheistic and unorthodox. What came to be referred to as the "Pantheism Crisis" of 1903
10396-426: The tree, a flower-maker in the flower, – a divine architect who understands every law of proportion, an infinite artist who possesses a limitless power of expression in color and form; there is, in all the world about us, an infinite, divine, though invisible Presence, to which the unenlightened may be blind, but which is ever declaring itself by its ceaseless, beneficent activity. At the same time that Kellogg defended
10509-408: The typical American breakfast". John H. Kellogg is one of several people who have been credited with the invention of peanut butter. Rose Davis of Alligerville, New York has been reported to have made a peanut spread as early as 1840, after her son described Cuban women grinding peanuts and eating the paste on bread. In 1884, Marcellus Gilmore Edson (1849–1940) of Montreal , Canada obtained
10622-468: The world Muhammad Ali . African Americans were subjected to " stop and frisk " procedures while walking, and housing covenants were in full force. No Blacks worked in the school systems, and only a few Blacks held mid-level manager posts in the local corporate sector. The Federal government sector was better at the Federal Center, and less so at the local Veterans' Administration Hospital. According to
10735-582: Was Kellogg Arena . The Battle Creek Belles , a member of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League , played two seasons, 1951 and 1952, before relocating to Muskegon . The Battle Creek Revolution were a member of the All American Hockey League , a low-level professional minor league, from 2008 to 2011. The team's home was Revolution Arena . The organization also started a junior hockey team called
10848-435: Was 192.8 per square mile (74.4 square kilometers). There were 61,042 housing units at an average density of 86.4 per square mile (33.4 square kilometers). The racial and ethnic makeup of the county was 79.8% White, 10.7% Black or African American, 0.5% Native American, 1.6% Asian, 4.5% Hispanic or Latino, 0.1% from other races, and 2.7% from two or more races. There were 54,016 households, out of which 31.2% had children under
10961-420: Was 2.41 and the average family size was 3.04. The median age in the city was 36.3 years. 26.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.9% were from 25 to 44; 25.5% were from 45 to 64; and 13.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.9% male and 52.1% female. As of April 2013, Battle Creek had the fifth largest Japanese national population in
11074-448: Was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 95.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.5 males. The 2010 American Community Survey 1-year estimate indicates the median income for a household in the county was $ 42,921 and the median income for a family was $ 49,964. Males had a median income of $ 25,712 versus $ 18,298 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 20,661. About 11.7% of families and 16.2% of
11187-435: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.04. In the city, 27.2% of the population was under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.2 males. The median income for
11300-415: Was a Seventh-day Adventist until mid-life, and gained fame while being the chief medical officer of the Battle Creek Sanitarium, which was owned and operated by the Seventh-day Adventist Church. The sanitarium was operated based on the church's health principles. Adventists believe in promoting a vegetarian diet, abstinence from alcohol and tobacco, and a regimen of exercise, all of which Kellogg followed. He
11413-424: Was a pivotal moment in the church's history. Kellogg's theological views were only one of the issues involved: operation of the sanitarium was equally if not more important. Control of the sanitarium and its finances had been a source of contention for some time, especially as the institution expanded and attracted more affluent patients. Tensions came to a head when the Battle Creek Sanitarium, originally owned by
11526-636: Was born in Hadley, Massachusetts ; his ancestry can be traced back to the founding of Hadley, Massachusetts, where a great-grandfather operated a ferry. John Preston Kellogg and his family moved to Michigan in 1834, and after his first wife's death and his remarriage in 1842, to a farm in Tyrone Township. In addition to six children from his first marriage, John Preston Kellogg had 11 children with his second wife Ann, including John Harvey and his younger brother, Will Keith Kellogg . John Preston Kellogg became
11639-415: Was filed on May 31, 1895, and issued on April 14, 1896, to John Harvey Kellogg as Patent No. 558,393. Significantly, the patent applied to a variety of types of grains, not just to wheat. John Harvey Kellogg was the only person named on the patent. Will later insisted that he, not Ella, had worked with John, and repeatedly asserted that he should have received more credit than he was given for the discovery of
11752-415: Was its decidedly non-Christocentric focus. While "God" is mentioned one hundred times, "Jesus Christ" is mentioned only briefly, twelves times, and is treated as something of a peripheral character. Kellogg defended "the harmony of science and the Bible" throughout his career, but he was active at a transitional time, when both science and medicine were becoming increasingly secularized . White and others in
11865-588: Was sponsored by Battle Creek Unlimited (BCU); the classes were held in the company facility at Fort Custer Industrial Park. FM radio stations that originate or can be heard over the air in Battle Creek: AM radio stations that originate or can be heard over the air in Battle Creek: Battle Creek is home to the Music Center, which serves South Central Michigan. The Battle Creek Symphony Orchestra
11978-737: Was supposedly a reference to a battle or fight fought between indigenous tribes before the arrival of Europeans. However, Virgil J. Vogel, professor emeritus of history and social science at Harry S. Truman College in Chicago, believes the native name has "nothing to do with blood or battle". In about 1774, the Potawatomi and the Ottawa Native American tribes formed a joint village near the future Battle Creek, Michigan. The first permanent European settlements in Battle Creek Township, after
12091-434: Was tasked with figuring out what had happened, and recreating the process reliably. Ella and Will were often at odds, and their versions of the story tend to minimize or deny each other's involvement, while emphasizing their own part in the discovery. The process that Kellogg had discovered, tempering, was to be a fundamental technique of the flaked cereal industry. A patent for "Flaked Cereals and Process of Preparing Same"
12204-524: Was taught in a small log house about 1833 or 1834. Asa Langley built the first sawmill in 1837. A brick manufacturing plant, called the oldest enterprise in the township, was established in 1840 by Simon Carr and operated until 1903. The township was established by act of the legislature in 1839. In the antebellum era , the city was a major stop on the Underground Railroad , used by fugitive slaves to escape to freedom in Michigan and Canada . It
12317-494: Was the author of the speech " The Atlanta Compromise ", which solidified his position of being an accommodationist while providing a mechanism for southern Whites (and their sympathizers), to fund his school ( the Tuskegee Institute ). W. K. Kellogg had worked for his brother in a variety of capacities at the B.C. Sanitarium. Tired of living in the shadow of his brother John Harvey Kellogg, he struck out on his own, going to
12430-419: Was the chosen home of noted abolitionist Sojourner Truth after her escape from slavery. Battle Creek figured prominently in the early history of the Seventh-day Adventist Church . It was the site of a Protestant church founding convention in 1863. The denomination's first hospital, college, and publishing office would also be constructed in the city. When the hospital and publishing office burned down in 1902,
12543-480: Was the first championship in Battle Creek since 2000, when the Michigan Battle Cats won the Midwest League championship. The team's home is C.O. Brown Stadium . In 2011, the team signed a five-year lease, which guarantees the team's ten-year anniversary in Battle Creek in 2017. Actor Tyler Hoechlin , who starred alongside Tom Hanks in the critically acclaimed film Road to Perdition , previously played for
12656-463: Was treated at the Battle Creek Sanitarium between February 6 and November 9, 1891, and later by Christian Scientists whom he credited with his successful treatment. He settled in Battle Creek, opened his own sanitarium, the LaVita Inn, in March 1892, and founded his own dry foods company, Post Holdings . Post started selling Postum coffee substitute in 1895. He issued Grape-Nuts breakfast cereal,
12769-443: Was unquestionably an inspired woman. In spite of this fact, she was human and made many mistakes and probably suffered more from those mistakes than any person ever did. Nevertheless, I knew the woman was sincere and honest and that the influence of her life was immensely helpful to a vast multitude of people, and I have not the slightest desire in any way to weaken in the smallest degree the good influence of her life and work. Kellogg
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