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87-537: In recent years, Garma has become an important fixture on the political calendar, attracting business, political, academic, and philanthropic leaders to help shape Indigenous affairs policy through the Key Forum conference. The first Garma was held in 1999 and was little more than a backyard barbecue. Dhapanbal Yunupingu, the daughter of Dr M Yunupingu , said the first event was a small-scale affair. "I remember when Galarrwuy and dad brought us here, and they were standing on

174-507: A Yolngu word referring to a ceremonial site for ritual circumcision , and by extension "any sacred ceremony held in camp". It has also been cited as meaning a "two-way learning process", or "a public ceremony embodying the meeting of fresh and saltwater". The festival has three main aims: One of Garma's main highlights is the nightly bunggul – traditional ceremonial dances performed each day from 4:00 pm until sunset. In these highly significant ceremonies , men, women and children from

261-594: A manually coded language , a signed counterpart of their oral language. This appears to be connected with various speech taboos between certain kin or at particular times, such as during a mourning period for women or during initiation ceremonies for men. Avoidance speech in Australian Aboriginal languages is closely tied to elaborate tribal kinship systems in which certain relatives are considered taboo . Avoidance relations differ from tribe to tribe in terms of strictness and to whom they apply. Typically, there

348-819: A Schools Commission Project of national significance . He was the first Aboriginal person from Arnhem Land to gain a university degree, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in education from Deakin University in 1988. In 1989 he became assistant principal of the Yirrkala Community School. He helped establish the Yolngu Action Group and introduced the Both Ways system at his school, which recognised traditional Aboriginal teaching alongside Western methods. In 1990 he took over as principal of Yirrkala Community School. Also that year he authored "Language and power :

435-698: A Yolngu band including Witiyana Marika on manikay (traditional vocals), bilma (ironwood clapsticks ) and dance, Milkayngu Mununggurr on yidaki ( didgeridoo ), and Gurrumul Yunupingu – his nephew – on keyboards, guitar and percussion. The following year the Yolngu group combined with a balanda (non-Indigenous) group, Swamp Jockeys, which had Andrew Belletty on drums, Stuart Kellaway on bass guitar and Cal Williams on lead guitar. The new collective, Yothu Yindi , performed Aboriginal rock which fused traditional indigenous music and dance with Western popular music. yothu yindi means "child and mother" and refers to

522-435: A ball game called Woggabaliri. The ball was usually made of possum fur, and was played in a group of four to six players in circle. It was a co-operative kicking game to see for how long the ball can be kept in the air before it touches the ground. The Djab Wurrung and Jardwadjali people of western Victoria once participated in the traditional game of Marn Grook , a type of football played with possum hide. The game

609-469: A few areas, women play a drum made from goanna , snake, kangaroo or emu skin. Animal native foods include kangaroo , emu , witchetty grubs and crocodile , and plant foods include fruits such as quandong , kutjera , spices such as lemon myrtle and vegetables such as warrigal greens , bananas and various native yams. Since the 1970s, there has been recognition of the nutritional and gourmet value of native foods by non-Indigenous Australians, and

696-428: A group, and conduct ceremonies. Participation in ceremonies can also be restricted by age, family group, language group, but are sometimes open to all, depending on the purpose of the ceremony. Right of access to songs and dances pertaining to a specific ceremony belong to a certain defined group (known as manikay by the Yolngu peoples of north-east Arnhem Land , or clan songs ); some may be shared with people outside

783-550: A long battle with kidney disease. After his death, the Prime Minister of Australia at the time, Julia Gillard , said: "We have today lost a great Australian voice in the efforts towards reconciliation ." In June 2014, the annual Dr Yunupingu Award for Human Rights was created as one of three awards at the newly-established National Indigenous Human Rights Awards in Sydney , New South Wales . His wife Yalmay delivered one of

870-544: A luckier view. Luckier in that they feel part of Australia, you know By October 2009 he was on a kidney transplant waiting list. He also undertook traditional healing practices. His sister Gulumbu was one of a group of senior Yolngu women who had helped set up Dilthan Yolngunha – a healing place – with the support of the Yothu Yindi Foundation. Yunupingu was one of its first patients. Aboriginal Australian ceremony Australian Aboriginal culture includes

957-496: A major feature of the Garma program, showcasing the distinctive Arnhem Land sound and providing a platform for new and emerging regional acts as well as more established Top End bands and singers. Crowd favourites such as Bärra West Wind , Sunrize Band ( Maningrida ), Eylandt Band ( Groote Eylandt ), Mambali Band ( Numbulwar ), Garrangali Band ( Baniyala ), Wirrinyga Band ( Milingimbi ) and Wildwater ( Maningrida ), all regularly feature on

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1044-689: A member of the Galpu clan. His oldest sister, Gulumbu Yunupingu (1945 – 9 May 2012), was also an artist and healer. His other sisters are Nyapanyapa and Barrupu, who are also artists. His older brother, Galarrwuy Yunupingu (1948 – 2023), a senior elder of Arnhem Land, was Australian of the Year in 1978, and was an Indigenous land rights campaigner. Yunupingu attended Yirrkala Community School . In 1983, Yunupingu published "Outstation schools at Yirrkala" in Aboriginal Child at School , where he described

1131-540: A number of practices and ceremonies centered on a belief in the Dreamtime and other mythology . Reverence and respect for the land and oral traditions are emphasised. The words "law" and "lore", the latter relating to the customs and stories passed down through the generations, are commonly used interchangeably. Learned from childhood, lore dictates the rules on how to interact with the land, kinship and community. Over 300 languages and other groupings have developed

1218-469: A range of activities and workshops aimed at building cross-cultural bonds and sharing knowledge. There's also a strong emphasis on developing leadership skills for the next generation, and in recent years, participants from the Youth Forum have led the closing Key Forum session, sharing the lessons they have learned over the course of the 4 days and their hopes and dreams for the future. Music has always been

1305-564: A rocket launch site (see below). Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia the Garma festival was cancelled in 2020. The 2021 event was also cancelled, largely due to COVID-19 developments in Victoria , being a growing outbreak in late May. The NT Chief Health Officer decided the remoteness of the north-east Arnhem Land location of the festival posed a public health risk if an outbreak occurred. At

1392-449: A sacred site, whose role it is to care for the site and the spiritual beings who live there, achieved partly by performing ceremonies. The terms “men’s business” and “women’s business” are sometimes used; neither have greater spiritual needs or responsibilities than the other, but jointly ensure that sacred practices are passed on. Men often conduct ceremonies, but women are also guardians of special knowledge, hold great spiritual power within

1479-482: A series of cultural workshops which provide guests with an immersive experience in an authentic bush setting. Workshops include instruction in the local Yolngu Matha language, kinship lessons, 'Learning on Country' walks, spear-making, and basket-weaving. The Garma Youth Forum runs a four-day program for children and youth aged 8–18, including an Education Fair on the first day of the event. Schools from across Australia join with students from local and regional schools for

1566-410: A specific religion, the medical establishment has suggested that "self-willed death", or "bone-pointing syndrome" is more appropriate. In Australia, the practice is still common enough that hospitals and nursing staff are trained to manage illness caused by "bad spirits" and bone pointing. The complete system of Yolngu customary law is the "Madayin", which embodies the rights and responsibilities of

1653-462: A time and place for everyone in the group and community to work together to ensure the ongoing survival of spiritual and cultural beliefs. Certain stories are individually "owned" by a group, and in some cases dances, body decoration and symbols in a ceremony pass on these stories only within the group, so it is vital that these ceremonies are remembered and performed correctly. Men and women have different roles, and are sometimes appointed as guardians of

1740-696: A very important part in the lives and culture of Aboriginal people. They are performed in Arnhem Land and Central Australia with the aim of ensuring a plentiful supply of foods; in many regions they play an important part in educating children, passing on the lore of their people, spiritual beliefs and survival skills ; some ceremonies are a rite of passage for adolescents ; other ceremonies are around marriage, death or burial. Most include dance, song, rituals and elaborate body decoration and/or costume. Ancient Aboriginal rock art shows ceremonies and traditions that are still continued today. Ceremonies provide

1827-663: A wide range of individual cultures. Aboriginal art has existed for thousands of years and ranges from ancient rock art to modern watercolour landscapes. Traditional Aboriginal music developed a number of unique instruments, and contemporary Aboriginal music spans many genres. Aboriginal peoples did not develop a system of writing before colonisation , but there was a huge variety of languages, including sign languages . Cultural traditions and beliefs as well as historical tellings of actual events are passed down in Aboriginal oral tradition , also known loosely as oral history (although

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1914-568: Is a type of shaman amongst the Arrernte people , an Aboriginal group in Central Australia . The kurdaitcha may be brought in to punish a guilty party by death. The word may also relate to the ritual in which the death is willed by the kurdaitcha man, known also as bone-pointing. The expectation that death would result from having a bone pointed at a victim is not without foundation. Other similar rituals that cause death have been recorded around

2001-543: Is a word and concept shared by at least one of the nearby peoples, the Anbarra , who also perform a Rom ceremony. Aboriginal ceremonies have been a part of Aboriginal culture since the beginning, and still play a vital part in society. They are held often, for many different reasons, all of which are based on the spiritual beliefs and cultural practices of the community. They include Dreaming stories, secret events at sacred sites, homecomings, births and deaths. They still play

2088-503: Is an avoidance relationship between a man and his mother-in-law, usually between a woman and her father-in-law, and sometimes between any person and their same-sex parent-in-law. For some tribes, avoidance relationships are extended to other family members, such as the mother-in-law's brother in Warlpiri or cross-cousins in Dyirbal . All relations are classificatory – more people may fall into

2175-504: Is based on Aboriginal combat sports that existed in the pre-colonial period before the 19th century. Combining the movements of the traditional kangaroo dance as a warm up ritual, with a style of wrestling that utilizes a yellow 4.5 meter diameter circle that has black and red borders (similar to the Aboriginal flag), Coreeda is often compared to sports as diverse as capoeira and sumo . A popular children's game in some parts of Australia

2262-542: Is believed by some commentators, including Martin Flanagan , Jim Poulter and Col Hutchinson , to have inspired Tom Wills , inventor of the code of Australian rules football . Similarity between Marn Grook and Australian football include jumping to catch the ball or high "marking", which results in a free kick. Use of the word "mark" in the game may be influenced by the Marn Grook word mumarki , meaning "catch". However, this

2349-541: Is lead singer of East Journey . In May 2013, the National Indigenous Music Awards announced that Yothu Yindi were to be honoured at their awards ceremony in August, in which Maymuru was to be backed by original band members. Yunupingu declared "My heart is full of joy. I am so happy to see that in my lifetime Indigenous music has come such a long way. And to have these talented artists come together to honour

2436-493: Is likely a false etymology ; the term "mark" is traditionally used in Rugby and other games that predate AFL to describe a free kick resulting from a catch, in reference to the player making a mark on the ground from which to take a free kick, rather than continuing to play on. There are many Indigenous AFL players at professional level, with approximately one in ten players being of Indigenous origin as of 2007 . The contribution of

2523-597: Is the first known work written in English by an Aboriginal person. While his father, James Unaipon ( c.  1835–1907 ), contributed to accounts of Ngarrindjeri mythology written by the missionary George Taplin in South Australia , David Unaipon (1872–1967) provided the first accounts of Aboriginal mythology written by an Aboriginal person, Legendary Tales of the Australian Aborigines (1924–25), and

2610-481: Is the most internationally recognizable form of Australian art. Several styles of Aboriginal art have developed in modern times including the watercolour paintings of Albert Namatjira , the Hermannsburg School , and the acrylic Papunya Tula "dot art" movement. Painting is a large source of income for some Central Australian communities such as at Yuendumu . Basket weaving has been traditionally practised by

2697-713: The Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976 , the Yolngu landowners were consulted on the possible construction of a new space facility. In 2017, the Gumatj clan, through the Northern Land Council , approved a lease to the Gumatj Corporation for the purposes of operating a sub-orbital rocket launch pad, a first not just for Yolngu but for Australia. The proposed site covers 65 hectares (160 acres), and had by 2019 been sub-leased to Equatorial Launch Australia (ELA) by

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2784-582: The Australian Football League 's current football teams in pre-season tests. The Clontarf Foundation and football academy is just one organisation aimed at further developing aboriginal football talent. The Tiwi Bombers began playing in the Northern Territory Football League and became the first all-Aboriginal side to compete in a major Australian competition. Coreeda is a style of folk wrestling practiced in Australia and

2871-616: The Dreamtime , or Dreaming. The Dreaming is considered to be both the ancient time of creation and the present-day reality of Dreaming. It describes the Aboriginal cosmology , and includes the ancestral stories about the supernatural creator-beings and how they created places. Each story can be called a "Dreaming", with the whole continent criss-crossed by Dreamings or ancestral tracks, also represented by songlines . There are many different groups , each with their own individual culture, belief structure and language . To Aboriginal people, some places are sacred, owing to their central place in

2958-499: The Gunditjmara oral histories which tell of volcanic eruptions being some of the oldest oral traditions in existence. An axe found underneath volcanic ash in 1947 was also proof that humans inhabited the region before the eruption of Tower Hill. Australian Aboriginal art has a history spanning thousands of years. Aboriginal artists continue these traditions using both modern and traditional materials in their artworks. Aboriginal art

3045-477: The bushfood industry has grown enormously. Pituri is a mixture of leaves and wood ash traditionally chewed as a stimulant (or, after extended use, a depressant ) by Aboriginal Australians widely across the continent. Leaves are gathered from any of several species of native tobacco ( Nicotiana ) or from at least one distinct population of the species Duboisia hopwoodii . Various species of Acacia , Grevillea and Eucalyptus are burned to produce

3132-587: The federal government and other parties. These included plans for the Gulkula Regional Training Centre, a township lease agreement for Gunyangara , and an agreement with Rio Tinto Alcan on bauxite sales for the Gulkula Mine project. This would be the first Indigenous-owned and -operated mining venture on traditional owner land. In addition, the Corporation discussed the potential hosting of

3219-503: The "mother-in-law" category than just a man's wife's mother. Australian Aboriginal English (AAE) is a dialect of Australian English used by a large section of the Indigenous Australian ( Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander ) population. Australian Kriol is an English-based creole language that developed from a pidgin used in the early days of European colonisation . The pidgin died out in most parts of

3306-436: The 13 Yolngu clan groups perform a dance unique to northeast Arnhem Land. During these performances, the senior holders of the Yolngu songlines share with guests their stories of manikay (song), accompanied by the call of the yidaki ( didgeridoo ) and the rhythm of the bilma ( clapsticks ). In 2014, The Monthly ' s "Best of Australian Arts" edition described the bunggul as "an exhilarating performance" and "an example of one of

3393-451: The 2022 Garma Festival, Anthony Albanese was the first Prime Minister of Australia to attend the festival in five years. After winning the 2022 election earlier that year, he had promised to hold a referendum on an Indigenous Voice to Parliament , so he was greeted with hope and excitement. Linda Burney , the Minister for Indigenous Australians , also attended, along with Pat Dodson . At

3480-563: The 2023 Garma Festival, Anthony Albanese announced the Voice referendum to be held later that year. Other politicians who attended include Attorney-General Mark Dreyfus ; Assistant Minister for Indigenous Health and Indigenous Australians Malarndirri McCarthy ; Marion Scrymgour , MP for Lingiari ; NT Chief Minister Natasha Fyles , and the independent member for Mulka in the NT legislative assembly, Yingiya Mark Guyula , an NT independent. The keynote address

3567-468: The ARIA Albums Chart. A re-recorded version of "Djäpana (Sunset Dreaming)" was issued as the second single from the album and reached No. 13. Yunupingu's work on Tribal Voice was described by Allmusic 's Jonathan Lewis, "[his] voice is suited perfectly to [traditional songs], but it is the rock tracks that are the weak links in this disc. Yunupingu is not a particularly good pop singer, and

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3654-538: The Aboriginal people to the game is recognized by the annual AFL "Dreamtime at the 'G" match at the Melbourne Cricket Ground between Essendon and Richmond football clubs (the colors of the two clubs combine to form the colours of the Aboriginal flag). Testifying to this abundance of Indigenous talent, the Aboriginal All-Stars , an AFL-level all-Aboriginal football side competes against any one of

3741-449: The Bunggul ground, and they said: This is the Garma site, this is where the festival is going to be.' We were only little. Dad picked his camp. My uncles picked their camp. There were five white fellas who came. There were no tents, two cars, and a BBQ. Our chef slept next to the back of the ute in a swag ". At Garma 2017, the Gumatj Corporation entered into several historic agreements with

3828-422: The Gumatj people. ELA will hire out Gulkula Launch Site to aeronautical organisations such as NASA. In May 2019, NASA announced its intention to sign a contract with ELA, and launch four rockets in 2020. The site is seen by NASA as a move from its previous preferred site for rocket launches in Australia at Woomera, which it has not used since 1995. The proximity of a deep-water port is seen as an advantage, reducing

3915-573: The Mission , 2009) are contemporary contributors to Australian non-fiction. Other voices of Indigenous Australians include the playwright Jack Davis and Kevin Gilbert . Writers coming to prominence in the 21st century include Kim Scott , Alexis Wright , Kate Howarth , Tara June Winch , Yvette Holt and Anita Heiss . Indigenous authors who have won Australia's Miles Franklin Award include Kim Scott , who

4002-400: The Yolngu rise to power at Yirrkala School", detailing his work with Yolngu Action Group. He remained principal until late 1991, leaving to expand his musical career. His wife, Yalmay Yunupingu , taught at the school for around 40 years before her retirement in 2023, and was also a dedicated teacher and mentor in bilingual education. By 1985, with Yunupingu on vocals and guitar, he formed

4089-573: The advantages to Indigenous people by "[determining] their own way of living, provided, they manage budgeting through Isolated Children's Allowance, staffing their schools, developing curriculum, and teacher training". In March 1987 he contributed to the book, Educational needs of the Homelands Centres of the L̲aynhapuy Region, North East Arnhem Land : report of the Balanga ̲na Project :

4176-532: The album concentrated on traditionally based songs like " Djäpana " (Sunset Dreaming), written by former teacher Mandawuy Yunupingu". He was credited on the album as Mandawuy Bakamana Yunupingu and provided vocals, guitar and bilma . The band achieved national recognition for their single, " Treaty ", the remixed version was released in June 1991, which reached No. 11 on the ARIA Singles Chart and stayed in

4263-584: The ash. Traditional healers (known as Ngangkari in the Western jester areas of Central Australia ) are highly respected men and women who not only acted as healers or doctors, but also generally served as custodians of important Dreaming stories. Cultural burning , identified by Australian archaeologist Rhys Jones in 1969, is the practice of regularly and systematically burning patches of vegetation used in Central to Northern Australia to facilitate hunting, to reduce

4350-532: The bill. Djalu Gurruwiwi delivered the first Yiḏaki Masterclass at the inaugural Garma Festival in 1999, and has delivered all subsequent Yiḏaki Masterclasses since. Garma is held at Gulkula , a significant Gumatj ceremonial site in northeast Arnhem Land, in a stringy-bark forest atop an escarpment overlooking the Gulf of Carpentaria . The trees on the escarpment at Gulkula are mainly of one species of stringybark known as Eucalyptus tetradonta . In Yolngu culture

4437-494: The community, but some are never shared. There is a wide range of songs, dances, music, body ornamentation, costume, and symbolism, designed to connect the body with the spiritual world of the ancestors. Ceremonies help to sustain Aboriginal identity as well as the group's connection to country and family. The didgeridoo originated in northern Australia, but is now used throughout the continent. Clapsticks , seed rattles and objects such as rocks or pieces of wood are used; in

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4524-582: The conference agenda changes from year to year to reflect the Garma theme, topics such as Indigenous land rights , Indigenous health , education, economic development and government funding are regularly part of the program. Set in a grove of stringy-bark trees adjacent to the bunggul grounds, the open-air Gapan Gallery features limited edition artworks from a range of local and regional arts centres. Arts centres featured at recent Garma events include Buku-Larrnggay , Bula'Bula Arts , Elcho Island Arts , and Ngukkur Arts Centre. Senior Yolngu men and women provide

4611-594: The cost of transporting rockets and payloads, compared with road transport across the desert . In July 2019, scientists from NASA visited the site, funded by the Northern Territory Government and ELA. The facility is seen as a huge opportunity to boost the economy of the region, providing jobs and pathways for STEM graduates. Dr M Yunupingu Mandawuy Djarrtjuntjun Yunupingu AC , formerly Tom Djambayang Bakamana Yunupingu , and also known as Dr Yunupingu (17 September 1956 – 2 June 2013),

4698-562: The country, except in the Northern Territory , which has maintained a vibrant use of the language, spoken by about 30,000 people. It is distinct from Torres Strait Creole . At the point of the first colonisation, Indigenous Australians had not developed a system of writing, so the first literary accounts of Aboriginal people come from the journals of early European explorers, which contain descriptions of first contact. A letter to Governor Arthur Phillip written by Bennelong in 1796

4785-633: The earliest Aboriginal bands to gain a popular following among Australians of all cultures. In 1997 the State and Federal Governments set up the Aboriginal Centre for the Performing Arts (ACPA) to preserve and nurture Aboriginal music and talent across all styles and genres from traditional to contemporary. Woggabaliri is a traditional Indigenous Australian "co-operative kicking volley game". The Indigenous in areas of and near New South Wales played

4872-465: The festival was "Fire, strength, renewal" ( Gurtha-Wuma Worrk-gu ), and Djawa Yunupingu, chair of the Yothu Yindi Foundation (that hosts the festival), said that while the referendum question had been defeated, his people still looked to the future: "After the fire, when the rain comes it renews the land and new growth emerging". No Opposition members attended the festival. The word garma is

4959-409: The frequency of major bush-fires, and to change the composition of plant and animal species in an area. This "fire-stick farming", or "burning off", reduces the fuel-load for a potential major bush fire, while fertilising the ground and increasing the number of young plants, providing additional food for kangaroos and other fauna hunted for meat. It is regarded as good husbandry and "looking after

5046-421: The grey stringy-barks have many names, and one Dhuwa moiety name is "Gadayka". In August, Gadayka is in flower and small native bees turn nectar into honey. Gulkula is connected with the actions of a Yolngu ancestor, Ganbulapula. In his search for honey, Ganbulapula used his walking stick to hit the trees and so disturb the bees. With his hand shielding his eyes from the sun as he looked up, Ganbulapula could see

5133-846: The groundbreaking work of Yothu Yindi makes me proud beyond words. Yow Manymak." His nephew Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu also played in Yothu Yindi. Gurrumul later formed the Saltwater Band and also had a solo career. Other members of the extended Yunupingu family have also performed in Yothu Yindi: Galarrwuy (guitars and vocals); Mangatjay (dance); Yomunu; Gapanbulu ( yidaki ); Gavin Makuma ( yidaki , bilma , vocals); Malngay Kevin ( yidaki , bilma , dancer, vocals); and Narripapa Nicky ( yidaki , dancer). His nephew, Gavin Makuma Yunupingu,

5220-464: The keynote speeches at the inaugural awards ceremony on 24 June. On 17 September 2020, Google celebrated Yunupingu's 64th birthday with a Google Doodle . Yunupingu was married to a fellow teacher, Yalmay Marika Yunupingu of the Rirritjingu clan, also referred to as Yalmay Marika and Yalmay Yunupingu. He is survived by five daughters and five grandsons. One of his grandsons, Rrawun Maymuru,

5307-586: The kinship of north-east Arnhem Land. In the group's early years their performing was restricted to holidays as Yunupingu completed his tertiary studies and then started work as a teacher. By 1988 Yothu Yindi had toured Australia and North America supporting Midnight Oil . Late that year they recorded their debut studio album, Homeland Movement , which appeared in March the following year. Australian musicologist, Ed Nimmervoll , described it "[o]ne side comprised Midnight Oil-like politicized rock. The other side of

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5394-414: The land" by Aboriginal people of the Northern Territory . The Australian Aboriginal languages consist of around 290–363 languages belonging to an estimated 28 language families and isolates , spoken by Aboriginal Australians of mainland Australia and a few nearby islands. The relationships between these languages are not clear at present. Many Australian Aboriginal cultures have or traditionally had

5481-452: The latter has a more specific definition). Some of the stories are many thousands of years old. In a study published in February 2020, new evidence produced using radiometric dating showed that both Budj Bim and Tower Hill volcanoes erupted at least 34,000 years ago. Significantly, this is a "minimum age constraint for human presence in Victoria", and also could be interpreted as evidence for

5568-748: The music is sometimes insipid". Nevertheless both "Treaty" in 1992 and "Djäpana (Sunset Dreaming)" in 1993 charted on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play singles charts, with "Treaty" peaking at No. 6, Tribal Voice peaked at No. 3 on the Billboard Top World Music Albums chart in 1992. In 1991 "Treaty", co-written by Yunupingu, won the inaugural Song of the Year Award at the APRA Music Awards presented by Australasian Performing Right Association . In May 2001 it

5655-625: The mythology of the local people. The words "law" and "lore" are commonly used interchangeably: "law" was introduced by the British, whereas "lore" relates to the customs and stories from the Dreamtime, which has been passed on through countless generations through songlines , stories and dance. Learned from childhood, lore dictates the rules on how to interact with the land, kinship and community. Kurdaitcha (or kurdaitcha man, and also spelled kurdaitcha , gadaidja , cadiche , kadaitcha , or karadji )

5742-624: The overarching law of the land, which is "lasting and alive... my backbone". It covers ownership of land and waters and the resources within this region; it controls production trade; and includes social, religious and ethical laws. These include laws for conservation and farming of flora and fauna. Observance of Madayin creates a state of balance, peace and true justice, known as Magaya . Rom includes bush crafts such as basket-weaving and mat -making, and stories which teach history, hunting, spear-making, gathering food , building shelters and rafts, various rituals, and taking care of others. "Rom"

5829-431: The owners of the law, or citizens ( rom watangu walal , or simply rom ). Madayin includes the rom, as well as the objects that symbolise the law, oral rules, names and song cycles, and the sacred places that are used to maintain, develop and provide education in the law. Rom can be roughly translated as "law" or "culture", but it embodies more than either of these words. Galarrwuy Yunupingu has described Rom watangu as

5916-399: The paperbark tree that still burn and throw off heat after a fire has died down'; Yunupingu depicts a solid rock that, having travelled from freshwater, stands in salty waters, its base deep in the earth. I am Gudjuk the fire kite". His father was Munggurrawuy Yunupingu ( c.  1907 –1978), a Gumatj clan leader and artist. His mother, Makurrngu – one of Munggurrawuy's 12 wives – was

6003-750: The school. Yunupingu was appointed Australian of the Year for 1992 by the National Australia Day Council . In 1993, he was one of six Indigenous Australians who jointly presented the Boyer Lectures "Voices of the Land" for the International Year for the World's Indigenous People . In April 1998, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Queensland University of Technology . Yunupingu

6090-491: The tiny black bees hovering around their hive in the hollow of a tree; he looked upwards to trace the flight of bees. A link is established through honey and the actions of both the Yirritja and Dhuwa moiety ancestors, with people and land and sea-country across northeast Arnhem Land. The significance of bees and honey is manifested in sacred designs that identify the body of cultural knowledge associated with honey. In 1964, many of

6177-538: The top 50 for 20 weeks. Mandawuy and Galarrwuy had wanted a song to highlight the lack of progress on a treaty between Aboriginal peoples and the federal government. The song contains words in Gumatj, Yunupingu's variety of Yolngu matha . It was written by Australian musician, Paul Kelly , with Yothu Yindi members Yunupingu, Kellaway, Williams, Gurrumul, Mununggurr and Marika. The associated album, Tribal Voice appeared in October 1991, which peaked at No. 4 on

6264-662: The trees on the escarpment at Gulkula were bulldozed and then burnt by the Department of Works so the Gove Down Range Guidance and Telemetry Station could be built. At the time, the Yolngu owners had no rights in Australian law, and they were unable to prevent the European Launcher Development Organisation from installing a rocket tracking station on the ceremonial site. The purpose of the station

6351-399: The women of many Aboriginal peoples across the continent for centuries. For many Aboriginal cultures, the night sky is a repository of stories and law. Songlines can be traced through the sky and the land. Stories and songs associated with the sky under many cultural tents. Aboriginal Australians ' oral tradition and spiritual values build on reverence for the land and on a belief in

6438-417: The world. Victims become listless and apathetic, usually refusing food or water with death often occurring within days of being "cursed". When victims survive, it is assumed that the ritual was faulty in its execution. The phenomenon is recognized as psychosomatic in that death is caused by an emotional response—often fear—to some suggested outside force and is known as " voodoo death ". As this term refers to

6525-478: The world’s oldest musical traditions. We must do everything to recognise its enormous value to our lives as Australians". Held over three days, the Garma Key Forum has become an important platform for the discussion and debate of Indigenous issues and policy, attracting political, business, academic, and philanthropic leaders from Australia and overseas. It is an important political event for this reason. Although

6612-461: Was a prominent advocate of reconciliation between all Australians. Yunupingu and the band established the Yothu Yindi Foundation in 1990 and since 1999 promoted the annual Garma Festival . From May 2007 the foundation has supported the Dilthan Yolngunha (Healing Place), which uses traditional healing practices and mainstream medicine . Yunupingu died on 2 June 2013, aged 56 following

6699-486: Was a teacher and musician, and frontman of the Aboriginal rock group Yothu Yindi from 1986. He was an Aboriginal Australian man of the Yolŋu people , with a skin name of Gudjuk . Yunupingu was a singer-songwriter and guitarist with the band. Yothu Yindi released six albums between 1989 and 2000, and their top 20 ARIA Singles Chart appearances were " Treaty " (1991) and " Djäpana (Sunset Dreaming) " (1992). The band

6786-642: Was born as Tom Djambayang Bakamana Yunupingu on 17 September 1956 in Yirrkala , Arnhem Land , an Aboriginal reserve in the northeastern part of the Northern Territory . He was a member of the Gumatj people, one of sixteen groups of the Yolngu people . His skin name was Gudjuk, but his name was changed to Mandawuy in 1990 when a family member with the same name died, in line with Yolngu custom. He described his names as "Mandawuy" means 'from clay'; Djarrtjuntjun means 'roots of

6873-450: Was given by cultural leader Mayatili Marika, and Linda Burney also addressed the corporate dinner. Opposition leader Peter Dutton declined his invitation to Garma. After the 2023 referendum had failed to pass, Albanese was more subdued, and spoke about more practical measures he was planning, to empower Indigenous Australians economically. The new Indigenous Australians minister, NT Senator Malarndirri McCarthy , also attended. The theme of

6960-518: Was inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame in 2012. In 1989 Yunupingu became assistant principal of the Yirrkala Community School and was principal for the following two years. He helped establish the Yolngu Action Group and introduced the both-ways education system, which recognised traditional Aboriginal teaching alongside Western methods. His wife Yalmay Yunupingu taught alongside him at

7047-736: Was jailed in 2002 over the death of Betsy Yunupingu, his cousin. Another nephew, Nicky Yunupingu, died by suicide in July 2008. Yunupingu was diagnosed with diabetes and high blood pressure, which in turn contributed to advanced kidney failure , for which he received haemodialysis three times a week in Darwin . His condition was announced in 2007 following his attendance in January at a rehabilitation clinic after years of beer drinking – between one and four cartons (i.e. two to eight gallons, or 9 to 36 litres) daily, according to his psychiatrist. By December 2008 he

7134-510: Was joint winner (with Thea Astley ) in 2000 for Benang and again in 2011 for That Deadman Dance . Alexis Wright won the award in 2007 for her novel Carpentaria . Melissa Lucashenko won the Miles Franklin Award in 2019 for her novel Too Much Lip . Aboriginal people have developed unique musical instruments and folk styles. The didgeridoo is often considered the national instrument of Aboriginal Australians; however, it

7221-485: Was listed in the APRA Top 30 Australian songs of all time. Yothu Yindi completed four more studio albums, Freedom (November 1993), Birrkuta - Wild Honey (November 1996), One Blood (June 1999) and Garma (November 2000). They toured Australia, North America, New Zealand, United Kingdom, Papua New Guinea and Hong Kong. Yunupingu strove to achieve a better understanding of Aboriginal culture by balanda and

7308-399: Was resigned to the fact that he may die without having seen the longed-for settlement between white and black Australia: I'm still waiting for that treaty to come along, for my grandsons, ... Even if it's not there in the days that I am living, it might come in the days that I am not living. I know a treaty will change things, my grandsons will have a different view, a much more positive view,

7395-635: Was the first Aboriginal author to be published. The Yirrkala bark petitions of 1963 are the first traditional Aboriginal document recognised by the Australian Parliament . Oodgeroo Noonuccal (1920–1993) was a famous Aboriginal poet, writer and rights activist credited with publishing the first Aboriginal book of verse: We Are Going (1964). Sally Morgan 's 1987 memoir My Place brought Indigenous stories to wider notice. Leading Aboriginal activists Marcia Langton ( First Australians documentary TV series, 2008) and Noel Pearson ( Up from

7482-613: Was to track the path of rockets launched from Woomera in South Australia , and its state-of-the-art technology was operated by mainly Belgian scientists. In September 2020, the original twenty-tonne satellite tracker, which had been stored at Woomera for decades, was returned to the Gove Peninsula, to be restored and put on display at the Gove Airport headquarters of the Arnhemland Historical Society. In 2017, per

7569-484: Was traditionally played by peoples of Northern Australia, and only by the men. It has possibly been used by the people of the Kakadu region for 1500 years. Clapping sticks are probably the more ubiquitous musical instrument, especially because they help maintain rhythm. More recently, Aboriginal musicians have branched into rock and roll , hip hop and reggae . Bands such as No Fixed Address and Yothu Yindi were two of

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