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Gannat

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Auvergnat ( / ˌ oʊ v ɛ r n ˈ j ɑː / ) or Occitan auvergnat ( endonym : auvernhat ) is a northern dialect of Occitan spoken in central and southern France , in particular in the former administrative region of Auvergne .

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32-506: Gannat ( French pronunciation: [ɡana] ; Auvergnat : Gatnat ) is a commune in the Allier department in central France. Gannat was a sub-prefecture until 1926, with a population of around 5,800 inhabitants. There is a castle (the Château de Gannat ), two churches of which one (Saint-Étienne) is partly Romanesque with a 9th-century Gospel Book . The Cultures du Monde Festival

64-470: A college and hospital. Overlooking the town is the castle rebuilt by Louis II, Duke of Bourbon , and taken by Henry IV during the French Wars of Religion ; it serves as a barracks. Montluçon is twinned with: Administration : Montluçon is a sub-prefecture and has courts, a board of trade arbitration, a chamber of commerce and several schools (general public, private, commercial). Sport : Montluçon

96-458: A smaller aerodrome in Montluçon itself ( Montluçon - Domérat Aerodrome ). The nearest international airports are Clermont-Ferrand Airport and Limoges Airport . Montluçon is linked to French and European road networks, by three major routes: The Gare de Montluçon-Ville railway station is served by three main passenger rail lines. Montluçon's local buses are run by Maelis. The upper town, on

128-428: A whole but allow for defining a boundary: Note that most Occitanists use rather 7 than 8 to define the southern boundary. Note some of the definition boundaries allow defining an internal variation. The most traditional one between Lower or Northern Auvergnat and Upper or Southern Auvergnat is the mutation of s before [k], [p], and [t] (line 9). Lower Auvergnat, defined by Teulat, is the light green area labelled 1 on

160-467: Is a commune in central France on the river Cher . It is the largest commune in the Allier department , although the department's prefecture is located in the smaller town of Moulins . Its inhabitants are known as Montluçonnais . The town is in the traditional province of Bourbonnais and was part of the mediaeval duchy of Bourbon . Montluçon is located in the northwest of the Allier department near

192-469: Is an independent language, distinct from Occitan, has found little resonance with linguists, especially Romance linguists. It is strongly defended by those who espouse the norme bonnaudienne a standardization of Auvergnat. An understanding of the vitality and overall usage of Auvergnat can be garnered from a survey carried out in 2006 in the Auvergne region. The largest group of the two languages spoken in

224-642: Is held every July. The patron saint of Gannat is Saint Procule . The most ancient discoveries in Gannat, ancestors of the rhinoceros from the end of the Oligocene and start of the Miocene , date back 23 million years. Gannat seems to have been a veritable cemetery for these creatures, so many of their remains have been discovered. Also found are fossils of fish, reptiles, tortoises, crocodiles, galliform birds , mammals, marsupials, insectivores, rodents and carnivores. The site

256-404: Is not really a true Auvergnat dialect but rather a vast northern Occitan linguistic area. The word "Auvergnat" is above all a local historiographical creation. According to linguist Jean Roux, "It is by simplification that we use this term, because in no case Auvergnat can be considered as an autonomous linguistic entity". With around 80,000 speakers in the Auvergne region at the beginning of

288-494: Is particularly rich in rhinoceros. From 1854, Duvernoy has even described a specimen as Acerotherium gannatense (the official name is Diaceratherium lemanense ). The most complete rhinoceros skeleton was discovered in 1993 when significant fossils were uncovered at the Sichaux quarry by paleontologist François Escuillié (notable discoverer of a small proboscidian mammal, ancestor of the elephant from 50 million years ago). Escuillié

320-701: Is situated on the D2009 (previously the Route nationale 9 ) between Moulins and Clermont-Ferrand ), D2209 to Vichy and D998 to Néris-les-Bains . It is 18 kilometres west of Vichy and 43 kilometres north of Clermont-Ferrand. Gannat is linked to the A71 autoroute by the 24 km-long A719 autoroute . Gannat is served by the Montluçon - Lapeyrouse and Clermont-Ferrand to Lyon and Bordeaux railway lines (until 2008). Auvergnat dialect Currently, research shows that there

352-658: Is strong (41%) and is stronger still with the 35 and under demographic (58%). 71% of the region's inhabitants are favorable to the idea of maintaining the regional language and culture, with a stronger result in the 35-and-unders (76%). To achieve this desire, different institutions are expected to play a role (in percentage of those surveyed): The following are authors who have published in Auvergnat: Poets using Auvergnat: Songwriters using Auvergnat: Montlu%C3%A7on Montluçon ( French: [mɔ̃lysɔ̃] ; Occitan : Montleçon [munləˈsu] )

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384-514: Is written mainly in French but which contains an Auvergnat section of 66 lines. Auvergnat had been replaced by French in official usage in the Montferrand already in 1388. French had also supplanted Auvergnat as the language of the upper classes, but it remained the language of rural communities. The effective borders of Auvergnat do not completely coincide with those of the current Region of Auvergne or

416-619: The Oligocene and early Miocene of the region have been significant not just regionally but throughout France, Europe and internationally. From primitive occupation to the Gallo-Roman period Motorway building work around Gannat has allowed the discovery of quartz works which date back 800,000 years. Deposits at Clos de Montsala have revealed bifaces and bone fragments indicating the presence of hunters around 300,000 years ago. A structure composed of small limestone blocks containing numerous horse bones as well as an original stone works are

448-614: The Second World War , the Germans occupied the Dunlop tyre plant (even though Montluçon was in the free zone ) to exploit the research laboratory to synthesize rubber, since natural rubber could not be imported by Germany. The manufacturing of tyres for Luftwaffe aircraft was also of interest for the Germans. For this reason, the Allies bombed the site on 12–16 September 1943, as well as part of

480-550: The 21st century, it is considered to be severely endangered . Auvergnat falls under the following categories and subcategories: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Gallo-Iberian, Gallo-Romance, Occitan. Several troubadours were from the Auvergne, including Castelloza , Dalfi d'Alvernhe , the Monje de Montaudon , the Vesques de Clarmon , Peire d'Alvernhe , Peire Rogier and Pons de Capduelh . They did not, however, compose in

512-681: The Atlantic coast. Montluçon is close to the Méridienne verte (an architectural project marking the Paris meridian) and to the Greenwich meridian. Montluçon is also close to the geographic centre of Metropolitan France . Montluçon was built in the Middle Ages . The first mention of a place called Monte Lucii (Mont de Lucius ) dates from the eleventh century. Guillaume, son of Archambaud IV of Bourbon, built

544-515: The Auvergnat dialect, but in the standard literary register of Old Occitan . Official documents in Auvergnat become common around 1340 and continue to be found down to 1540, when the transition to French was complete. The high point for the use of Auvergnat as an official language was between 1380 and 1480. There is a passion play , Passion d'Auvergne , first performed in Montferrand in 1477, that

576-405: The Auvergne region is referred to as patois (78% of the population) compared with other regional terms, with certain cultural identities emerging, such as auvergnat (10%), occitan (8%), bourbonnais (5%) or langue d'oc (4%). The regional language, whether Occitan (in the whole of the Auvergne region) or Oïl (the north of Allier), represents a strong presence in the region: A large part of

608-499: The castle in a defensible position on a small rocky hill on a bend in the river Cher . The town, which formed part of the duchy of Bourbon , was taken by Henry II in 1171, and by Philip Augustus in 1181; the English were finally driven out in the 14th century. In the 14th century, Louis II de Bourbon re-built the castle and walls. Montluçon and other Bourbon lands reverted to the French crown in 1529, and Henry IV further improved

640-518: The defenses. Montluçon became the administrative seat of the area in 1791, then entered the industrial era thanks to the presence of coalpits 12 km (7 mi) distant in Commentry , the Canal de Berry in 1830 and the railway in 1864. These transport links allowed the import of ore and export of coal, wood and manufactured goods. The population grew from 5000 inhabitants in 1830 to 50 000 in 1950. During

672-726: The frontier of the Centre-Val de Loire and Nouvelle-Aquitaine regions. Montluçon is linked with surrounding regions and towns via four main road axes, plus the highway A71 from Orléans to Clermont-Ferrand ; through a railway linking in the North Vierzon then Paris (3-5h). Formerly the canal de Berry linked Montluçon towards the north. Montluçon is 106 kilometres (66 miles) south of Bourges , 340 km (211 miles) from Paris, 95 km (59 mi) from Clermont-Ferrand , 280 km (174 mi) (3h) from Lyon , 150 km (93 mi) (2h) from Limoges and 400 km (249 mi) from

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704-520: The historical region of Auvergne but can be described as follows: There are strong oppositions between Pierre Bonnaud (for whom the Auvergnat is a language of its own, see the light orange line on the map – note it is including the easternmost part of the Marchois dialect) and for instance Roger Teulat. Light blue area labelled fr is for French-Langue d'Oïl. Light purple area labelled frp is for Francoprovençal. These are not characteristic of Auvergnat as

736-670: The map. Upper Auvergnat, defined by Teulat, is the light brown-yellow area labelled 2 on the map. A broader area (light yellow) is generally defined. A Northwestern Auvergnat may be defined as well by 5 and 6. The Northeastern (East of 5 and 6, North of 9) has, according to Bonnaud, a stronger influence from French phonetics (a bit like Marchois). Auvergnat is most often categorized in the Northern Occitan dialect group, along with Limousin and Vivaro-Alpine . There are two primary distinctions in Auvergnat: The suggestion that Auvergnat

768-430: The most decorated woman of World War II, led her small army of resistance fighters in the countryside around Montluçon. Wake died on 7 August 2011 aged 98, and on 11 March 2013, her ashes were scattered in a small wood outside Montluçon. The ceremony was followed by a civic reception in the town. There is a small airport 30 km (19 mi) from Montluçon ( Montluçon - Guéret Airport ) with flights mainly for Paris, and

800-501: The nearby town Saint-Victor , causing 36 deaths and injuring more than 250 civilians. A notable act of resistance occurred in the city on 6 January 1943 when a mob of citizens overran guards supervising a massive deportation of men to Germany in accordance with the Service de Travail Obligatoire (Obligatory Work Service) plan that sent able Frenchmen to fill vacancies in German factories during

832-545: The only remains of a small group of hunters who came from the north 17,000 years ago. The discovery of fossils, silos, wells, ceramics, bronze or blue glass bracelets, enclosures with entrances, ashes and wood charcoal show that the region was already widely occupied by from the final Bronze Age to the Second Iron Age . After the resistance of the Gauls at Gergovie and the defeat of Vercingétorix at Alésia in 52BC, Gannat

864-509: The population that understands or speaks even a little or, moreover, fluently, neither know how to write nor read in that language. Language learning is found to be essential within the home, according to the survey, (grandparents noted as 61%, or other family members at 50%) with a very weak result from the schools (10%). Herein is found the problem of language-transmission when dependent upon State sponsorship. 40% of adults who did not teach their language to their children report regretting it at

896-515: The right bank of the Cher , consists of steep, narrow, winding streets, and preserves several buildings of the 15th and 16th centuries. The lower town, traversed by the Cher, is the industrial zone. The church of Notre-Dame dates from the fourteenth century, the church of St Pierre partly from the 12th. The town hall, with a library, occupies the site of an old Ursuline convent, and two other convents are used as

928-428: The time of the survey. This feeling is reported more strongly among the 35 or less demographic, at 58%. The desire to learn the local language is reported strongly, with increasing representation among the young, reported at 23%. According to the survey the desire to incorporate local language learning in schools is as follows: Haute-Loire (53%), Puy-de-Dôme (51%) et Cantal (74%). The desire to teach to their own children

960-505: The war. All the men who were to be deported managed to escape into the countryside, evading the forced industrial service awaiting them in the Reich. Since 1945, traditional industry (blast furnaces and glassware) has declined. Today Montluçon has chemical industries, tyre manufacture ( Dunlop ), and electronics ( Sagem ), and more recently a technopole at La Loue was established for high-tech companies. New Zealand-born SOE agent Nancy Wake ,

992-487: Was behind the establishment of the Rhinopolis Association in 1994 and founder of Eldonia, a society for those specialising in the renovation of fossils and whose activities are linked to Rhinopolis. The Rhinopolis Association is still active in the Gannat quarries and, since the 1990s, has discovered numerous rhinoceros bones. Gannat is a very important locality for paleontology . Studies on the fossilised fauna of

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1024-648: Was occupied by Romans interested in the riches of the Limagne . They developed cultivation by draining the soil. The Gauls were "Romanised" little by little and many Gallo-Roman structures can be found in surrounding communes. Artisans flourished to satisfy Roman demand. Discoveries from the first century AD include thirty moulds, vases, an oven and two pottery medicine jars. Construction materials were imported and exchanged for local craft or agricultural products. Urban centres developed, as well as roads, linking Clermont to Menat, Biozat, Vichy, Gannat, Bègues and Chantelle. Gannat

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