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56-608: The Gandaki Zone was home to multiple cultures which are unique in themselves. Some, like the Magar and Gurung , have attained fame much like the Gurkha people. Gandaki was divided into six districts; since 2015 these districts have been redesignated as part of Gandaki Province . The Annapurna Conservation Area Project (ACAP) [1] , the first and largest conservation area in Nepal, covers 7,629 square kilometres (2,946 sq mi), some 5.8% of

112-422: A bhangra, a bhoto or a shirt of vest, and the usual Nepali topi. Women wear the phariya or lunghi , chaubandhi cholo or a closed blouse and the heavy patuka or waistband, and the mujetro or shawl-like garment on the head. The ornaments are the madwari on the ears, bulaki on the nose and the phuli on the left nostril, the silver coin necklace"[haari]" and the pote (yellow and Green beads) with

168-634: A Magar language script. Many scholars including MS Thapa have been in forefront to implement the Akkha script to write Magar language in Nepal. New generations have been learning it. Akkha script is said to be closely associated with Brahmi script . As per Nepali census 79% of Magars follow Hinduism though there is high degree of syncretism with Buddhism, Animism and Ancestor Worship. Magars follow Buddhism and Hinduism. The original religions or beliefs of Magar people are Shamanism , Animism , Ancestor worship and northern Nepal's Magar follow Shamanism. Magars are

224-508: A Rana, but with the prefix of his Thapa clan. Thus, a Reshmi Thapa would become a Reshmi Rana. An instance of this is to be found in the 5th Gurkhas, where a havildar, Lachman Thapa, and a naik, Shamsher Rana, descended from the two Thapa [Magars] brothers; but three generations of descendants from one of these brothers having been killed in the battle, Shamsher Rana's ancestors assumed the title of Rana while Lachman Thapa's ancestors not having been killed in battle for three generations remained

280-566: A Thapa. From this custom many Rana sub clans are said to have sprung up, and this would lead one to believe that the Rana-Magar clan was looked up to amongst the Magars. The Rana clan of Magar tribes come from the same stock of Thapa, but when they were separated from their original group and lost for three generations, they settled in a place called lamjung and called themselves by the name of Rana which means chief in khas tradition and language. Thus,

336-571: A bamboo tree. He brought the baby home. This boy grew up and became the ancestor of the Jhankri clan. The language was called "Kaike," meaning "language of the Gods." The first written history about the Magar people dates as far back as 1100 CE. The Magars are one of the oldest known tribes in Nepal. Their ancient homeland was known as Magwar Bisaya , later called Magarat. Magarat bordered from Marsyangdi river to

392-668: A few – Āthaghare, Bagale, Bakabal, Bakheti, Baraghare, Birkatta, Kala, Kammu, Khapangi, Palunge, Puwar/Punwar, Sunari, Sāthighare, Sinjali/Singjali, Saplangi, Midun, Mugmi, Pulami, Darlami, Salami, Jarga, Dhenga, Taramu, Tarami, Tarangi, Tangnami, Byangnasi, Masrangi Gaha Thapa consists of Bucha, Gora, khangaha/khanga. Reshmi Thapa consists of Dangal. Saru Thapa consists of Jhapurluk, Jhendi/Jhedi, Kala. Besides these, Gurbachan, Purbachhaney, Phounja, Chauhan, Pachabhaiya, Khamcha, Khandaluk, Ghale, Baral, Somai, Pithakote, Jhakote, Rakaskoti/Raskoti, Uchai, Samal. In former days, any Thapa who had lost three generations of ancestors in battle became

448-546: A hill town situated between Resunga and Arjun. Currently, there are ten rural municipalities and two municipalities Resunga and Musikot . Gulmi district is divided into total 12 Local level bodies in which two are municipality and ten are rural municipalities as below: There are 76 post offices in the district including one main district post office and 14 area police offices. There are nine telecenters, 11 FM radio stations, and eight cable TV networks. According to Nepal Telecom, there were 82,318 GSM mobile subscribers in

504-720: A palm-leaf manuscript kept in the Kaiser Library, dated 1567 VS (1510), Mukunda Sen is described as a Magar king of Palpa who invaded the Kathmandu Valley in 1581 VS (1524). Thus, in the 17th century, Malla kings of Kathmandu valley were united to fight back the invasion of Magars from Palpa. One of Mukunda Sen's wives was also the daughter of the Magar King of Parkogha: Mahadevi Suvarnamala, and she had four sons: Manishya Sen, Imbarsen, Kuvar and Lohang Sen. Similarly, Gajalaxman Singh, Magar King of Makvanpur, whose daughter Kantivati

560-469: A part of Lumbini Province , is one of the seventy-seven districts of Nepal . The district, with Tamghas as its headquarters, covers an area of 1,149 km (444 sq mi), had a population of 296,654 in 2001, 280,160 in 2011 and 268,597 in 2016. Gulmi is a hilly district that lies in Lumbini Province. Surrounded by Syangja and Parbat districts on the east, Palpa , and Arghakhanchi on

616-548: A very despotic manner, and the Bhutia conspired to assassinate him. Sheng's queen took revenge and poisoned 1,000 Bhutia people at a place now called Tong Song Fong, meaning "where a thousand were murdered". The Bhutia later drove the Magars out, forcing them to again migrate further south. As part of this migration, one group migrated to Simrongadh, one group moved towards the Okhaldhunga region, and another group seems to have returned to

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672-411: Is known as batuk (commonly known as 'bara'). It is considered to be a traditional food of the Magar people. Shaped like western doughnuts, it is made from black lentils that have been soaked for over twenty-four hours and are grounded to form a thick paste. It is then mixed with salt, pepper and turmeric and fried in oil. A perfect round shape is formed with the help of the palm, and a small distinct hole

728-405: Is located. Resunga, with its rich biodiversity and religious value, Gyawa Kshetra, Charpala, Musikot, Isma Durbar, Wami Taksar, and Purtighat. Ruru (also known as Ridi). The district is also famous for orange farming. Dhurkot rural municipality is a major hub for orange farming. More than 10 Crore worth of orange is sold annually which includes export to India. The district headquarter is Tamghas ,

784-541: Is made in the center. Bhume Puja (also known as Bal puja ) is one of the festivals celebrated by the Kham Magar people from Lumbini and Karnali provinces of Nepal . The term Bhume means 'Earth' in Nepali language . The Kham people practice a religion that worships the land ( bhumi puja ), water sprouts ( shim ), forests ( ban puja ) and weather, asking for better crop yields and cattle. The Kham people believe that

840-667: Is spoken in two major dialects and a number of sub dialects reflecting the geographic distribution of the group. The Western Magars of Rapti Zone speak Magar Kham language. In Dolpa District, Magars speak Magar Kaike language . Magar Dhut language speakers are all Magar clans residing in Twelve Magarat . Similarly Magar Kham language speakers are all Magar clans from Eighteen Magarat . Magar Kaike language speakers are all Magar clans in Karnali zone . Magar Akkha or scripts are used in Sikkim as

896-445: The Shah dynasty was derived from the Magar tribe. He argues that: The family of Gorkha or Gorkha Kingdom which now governs Nepal, although it pretends to come from Chittor , according to Sadhu Ram, a good authority, is, in reality, of the Magar tribe; and, at any rate, these people are now firmly attached to its interests, by having largely shared in the sweets of conquest; and by far

952-450: The sirbandhi , sirphuli and chandra on their heads. These are large pieces of gold beaten in elongated and circular shapes. Maghe Sankranti is considered to be one of the most important annual festivals of the indigenous Magar community. In fact, Maghe Sankranti is the government declared national festival of the Magar community as well as the Tharu community (2009 AD). It is celebrated on

1008-493: The tilhari gold cylinder, [jantar], [dhungri], [naugedi], [phul], kuntha, and also raiya in the hand. Magar males do not wear many ornaments, but some are seen to have silver earrings, hanging from their earlobes, called "gokkul" . The magar girls wear the amulet or locket necklace, and women of the lower hills and the high-altitude ones wear these made of silver with muga stones embedded in them and kantha . The bangles of silver and glass are also worn on their hands along with

1064-555: The 2,013,498 Magar population in Nepal , about 810,315 speak Magar language as their mother tongue while the rest speak Nepali as their mother tongue. The western inhabitants of Nepal did not speak the language in the past. But recently, almost everyone has started learning the language. The Magar languages are rooted in the Bodic branch of the Tibetan family. The Magar language, Magar Kura ,

1120-581: The ACA. The area harbors rare and endangered wildlife species such as the Snow Leopard, Musk Deer, Tibetan Argali, Impeyan Pheasant and Tragopan Pheasant. The ACA provides a large protected area with the entire habitat gradient from sub tropical Sal forests to perennial snow in which to maintain the Biodiversity and integrity of the central Himalayas. Manasalu conservation area is a recently opened trek taking you into

1176-683: The Earth is God. Earth is considered to be the mother and protector which provides shelter, food and sustenance for everyone. To make the Earth happy, people perform the dance from mid-May through mid-June. The main celebration takes place during the first week of June. Magars have contributed phenomenally in Nepali folk songs and dances. Both men and women take part in folk songs and dances. Gulmi District 28°4′N 83°15′E  /  28.067°N 83.250°E  / 28.067; 83.250 Gulmi District ( Nepali : गुल्मी जिल्ला Listen ),

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1232-581: The Kali Gandaki region, was a Magar King. "Aramudi" derives from the word for 'river' in the Magar language . 'Ari' – 'Source of Water' + 'Modi'– 'River' = 'Arimodi' or 'Aramudi', thus the literal meaning of Aramudi is a source of river . But due to the lack of historical evidence, there are some conflicting ideas among the historians. Sen dynasty of Palpa were Magar Kings as per the hand-written treatise 'Naradsmriti' and history books written in Sikkim. In

1288-821: The King of Magarat ' or 'the King of Magar country'. According to Marie Lecomte-Tilouine, a senior researcher in Social Anthropology at the French National Center for Scientific Research, Prithvi Narayan Shah narrated in his autobiography about praying to a goddess whom he described as 'the daughter of Rana [Magar]. During the time of King Prithvi Narayan, Rana Magars were one of the six-member courtiers ( Tharghar ). Prithvi Narayan Shah in his memories also recalls his Magar dada —the man who looked after him during his childhood. The Scottish contemporary writer, Francis Buchanan-Hamilton , contends in his journal that

1344-665: The Magars. The Magar of the Bahra Magarat east of the Kali Gandaki River are said to have originated in the land of Seem. Two brothers, Seem Magar and Chintoo Magar, fought, and one remained in Seem, while the other left, ending up in Kangwachen, southern Sikkim . The Bhutia people lived at the northern end of this region. Over time, the Magars became very powerful and made the northern Bhutia their vassals . Sintoo Sati Sheng ruled in

1400-520: The Magars. He invariably claims to be a matwali khas or pawai khas. Linguistically, the Magars are divided into three groups. Baraha Magaratis speak Dhut dialect, whereas Athara Magaratis speak Pang and Kaike dialects. Magar Dhut speakers: Rana, Ale, Thapa Magar Kham speakers: Budhathoki, Pun, Roka, Gharti Magar Kaike speakers: Tarali Magar of Dolpa; Budha, Gharti, Roka/Rokaya, Kayat, Jhakri all Magar clans residing in Dolpa and Karnali districts. Of

1456-513: The Pyuthan area during that time. The Magars prospered at such a level during that period that this part of the country was divided into twelve kingdoms/thams ( Barah Magarant or twelve magarat) —each under its own ruler—the members of each supposedly being of common extraction in the male line. Some records show these twelve areas as being Arghak, Khachi , Gulmi , Isma, Musikot, Ghiring, Rising, Bhirkot, Payung, Garhung, Dhor and Satung. Among them,

1512-472: The Southern Program section. While the focus of Jomsom , Manang and Ghandruk, which are also popular areas for trekking, is on integrated tourism management and agro-pastoralism, the programme priorities for Bhujung, Sikles and Lwang are poverty alleviation and integrated agriculture and livestock development, agro-forestry, and community development respectively. Each VDC is assigned responsibilities for

1568-426: The annual cycle of herding livestock up and down from high pastures, a historically important economic activity of the Magars. The occasion is celebrated with a host of gatherings and special invitations to chelibetis , one's daughters and other female members of the family. Traditional Magar songs and dances are also performed. One of the most prominent food items prepared on this day (or any other celebratory occasion)

1624-569: The country's total trekkers. ACAP follows three grass root philosophies: maximum peoples’ participation, sustainability, and its role as a catalyst (facilitator) whereby the local people are involved in all aspects of the conservation and development processes, both as principal actors and prime beneficiaries. The Annapurna Conservation Area supports a high diversity of flora and fauna species. A total of 1,226 species of plants (including 38 orchid species and 9 Rhododendron species), 101 species of reptiles and 22 species of amphibians have been recorded in

1680-469: The east. No dates are given. The origins of the Kaike Magars end up with the mystical tales told and retold by local people. According to one of these stories, the Kaike Magars were the sons of a woman who had fled from an unspecified village of Kalyal kingdom. She subsequently gave birth to her child, a son. The boy, when he grew up, captured an angel while she was bathing with her friends. As time went by,

1736-462: The first day of Magh (tenth month of the Nepali calendar, in mid-January), a time that marks the transition from winter to spring. According to the Magar terminology, Maghe Sakranti commemorates the end of udheli (literally 'down'), which is a period that lasts for six months starting from mid-July, and the initiation of ubheli ('up'), the period lasting for another six months starting from the mid-January. The down and up periods probably correspond to

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1792-468: The greatest part of the regular troops of that family is composed of this nation. He further contended on Shah family that: The family pretends to be of the Pamar tribe; but it is alleged, as I have already explained, that this is a mere fable, and that, on the arrival of the colony from Chitaur, this family were Magars. Many prominent historians of Nepal have claimed that Aramudi, an eighth-century ruler of

1848-549: The heart of the western Nepal Himalayas. From Gorkha, you trek up the wild Budhi Gandakhi river, through rough gorges slicing between Himachuli (7,890 m). The trails are steep but the sight of the peak of Manaslu (8,156 m) and the trek towards the Larkya La (5,153 m) is worth the effort. After the hike through the pass a steep descent into the Marsyangdi valley follows. Finally, a walk along the river through small villages and then across

1904-576: The hills to work and live abroad in countries like the United Kingdom , Hong Kong , Singapore , Malaysia , Brunei , India and Myanmar . A significant number of Magar population can also be found in countries like the United Arab Emirates , Japan , Australia , Saudi Arabia , the United States of America and South Korea . There are several mythical stories describing the origins of

1960-423: The inhabitants of Rana Magar became the lamjung village. The Matwala Khas are generally the progeny of a Khas of Western Nepal and karnali with a Magar woman of Western Nepal. If the woman happens to belong to the khas mixed Rana clan of the Magar tribe, progeny is then called a Bhat Rana. The Matwala Khas doesn't wear the sacred thread. They eats pork and drinks alcohol, and in every way assimilates himself with

2016-513: The kingdoms of Gorkha and Musikot, the Magars even seem to have taken part in their own initial defeat, revealing both the weakness of their ethnic solidarity at that time and the presence of clan rivalries. As mentioned in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal founded by Sir William Jones in 1784, the city of Gorkha was originally the residence of Chitoria (Chitorey) Magars, and the city

2072-616: The local belief system; their dhami (the faith healer or a kind of shaman) is called Dangar and their jhankri (another kind of faith healer or shaman) was the traditional spiritual and social leader of the Magars. Magars have an informal cultural institution, called Bhujel , who performs religious activities, organizes social and agriculture-related festivities, brings about reforms in traditions and customs, strengthens social and production system, manages resources, settles cases and disputes and systematizes activities for recreation and social solidarity. Men wear kachhad or wrap-on-loincloth,

2128-574: The main Gurkha tribes. The first home of the Magars was to the west of the Gandaki River and, roughly speaking, consisted of that portion of Nepal which lies between and around about Gulmi , Arghakhanchi , and Palpa . This part of the country was divided into twelve districts known as Bahra Magarat (Confederation of Twelve Magar villages), which included the following regions of that period: Argha , Khanchi , Bhirkot, Dhor, Garhung, Ghiring, Gulmi, Isma, Musikot, Rising, Satung , and Pyung. During

2184-576: The main priests of the famous Manakamana Temple in Gorkha District, Budha Subba Temple in Dharan and Alamdevi temple (Nepal's former Shah Kings' mother Goddess or family deity) in Syangja District. In Manakamana Temple, specially, the priest must be a descendant of Saint Lakhan Thapa Magar, who is described as a spiritual guide for Ram Shah , and he had a very close relationship with the queen, who

2240-526: The management, utilization and protection of all natural resources within their respective territory. The biological diversity of the Annapurna Region is equally rivaled by its rich cultural diversity. Since the first trekker came to the Annapurna Sanctuary in 1957, the natural and cultural features of ACAP have made it the most popular tourist destination in Nepal, drawing more than 60 per cent of

2296-475: The medieval period, the whole area from Palpa to Rukum Rolpa was called the Magarat , a place settled and inhabited by Magars. Another confederation of eighteen Magar kingdoms, known as Athara Magarat , also existed and was originally inhabited by Kham Magars . At the time of the 2021 Nepal census , 2,013,498 people (6.9% of the population of Nepal) identified as Magar. The frequency of Magar people by province

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2352-464: The middle and western regions also played an important role in Nepal's formative history. Their kingdom was one of the strongest of west Nepal in and around Palpa District during the time of the 22 Baisi Rajya and 24 Chaubisi Rajya principalities (17th and early 18th centuries) . In the 16th century, Palpa ruler Mukunda Sen briefly invaded the Kathmandu valley. King Dalsur Ghale Magar (1604-1615 BS )

2408-733: The most powerful kings were those of Gulmi, Argha, Khachi. Broadly speaking, the twelve Magarat consisted of present-day Argha, Khanchi, Gulmi, Isma, Musikot, Ghiring, Baldengadhi, Rudrapurgadhi, Deuchuli, Tanahang/Tanu-hyula (Tanahu), Kanhu, Ligligkot, Gorkhakot, (Bahakot), Targhakot (Takukot), and Makawanpur areas. Similarly, Athara (eighteen) Magarat consisted of the following regions: Dhurkoi (Gulmi), Gharkoi (Arghakhachi), Paiya (Parbat), Sinkhang ( Myagdi ), Narikoi (Pyuthan), Balungbang (Pyuthan), Jangkoi (Rolpa), Rukumkoi (Rukum), Chhilikoi (Dang), Bhaba (Dailekh), Borekoi (Jajarkot), Tarakoi (Dolpa), Timarkoi (Jumla), Jural (Doti), Bunkot, Bahrakot, Lu Nanya (Dadeldhura) and Ru-pal (Dadeldhura). The Magars of

2464-565: The negative impacts of tourism and enhance the living standards of the local people. Some of the activities of ACAP: ACAP is spread over five districts of the Western Development Region of Nepal and covers 55 village development committees (VDCs). ACAP is divided into seven unit conservation offices located in the field - Jomsom , Manang , Lho Manthang in the Northern Program section and Bhujung, Lwang, Sikles and Ghandruk in

2520-446: The religious functions linked to the very source of Thakuri power. Most Magars also follow a form of Tibetan Buddhism , with priests known as Lama Guru, forming the religious hierarchy. Buddhism is an important part of the culture even in the southern districts, where the Magars have developed a syncretic form of religion that combines earlier shamanistic and Buddhist rituals with Hindu traditions. Animists and shamanism form part of

2576-404: The river leads you to the magnificent Pokhara valley. 28°10′N 84°30′E  /  28.167°N 84.500°E  / 28.167; 84.500 Magar people The Magars , also spelled Mangar and Mongar , are a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group native to Nepal and Northeast India , representing 6.9% of Nepal's total population according to the 2021 Nepal census . They are one of

2632-1136: The same customs, and are in every way equal as regards to social standing. Each tribe is subdivided into many sub-clans. Arghali, Durungchung, Hiski, Hungchen, Limel, Pade, Rakhal, Suyal, Sirpali. Gamal, Jugjali, Pahari, Thami, Arkali, Ulange, Karmani, Kosila, Gamal, Chini, Jiyali, Thami, Janjali, Darlasi, Deowal, Namjali, Pare, Pahare, Pojange, Barkabiri, Balkoti, Ramjali, Romkhami, Sinjali/Singjali, Jujali, Lamichhane, Khame, Doyal. Chitorey, Chitaurey Dagami, Galami, Kalikotey, Pahari or Panre, Phagami, Rangu, Rawal, Rajali, Sawangi, Sene, Surai, Sinjapati, Sijapati, Talaji, Tirukia, Wale, Thini, Bhujel. Birkali, Baijali, Burduja, Paija, sain, Chochangi, Sinjali, Dut, Purja, Garbuja, Ramjali, Tilija, Armaja, Phungali, Sanangi, Sothi, Sutpahare, Khame, Khoroja, Thane, Tirke, Sabangi, Pahare, Gaura, Phagami/Fagami, Balali, Batha, Saureni, Sherpunja. Aachhami, Aslami, Bangling, Chumi, Gyangmi/Gyami, Kharka/Khadka, Kyapchaki/Kepchaki, Lungeli, Makkim, Maski, Marchu, Palli, Ruchal, Shrees, Surjabansi/Suryabangsi, Limel, Deuka, Jung, Fewali, Basista Jelbangi, Dununge, Ramjali, Bajhangi, Baijali. To name

2688-459: The son and his angel bride had three sons. These sons were the ancestors of the Buddha, Roka, and Gharti clans. The origin of the fourth major clan is different. One of the three sons was a shepherd who kept losing the same female goat every day, so one day he followed her when she wandered away from the rest of the herd. He discovered that she was giving her milk to a baby boy living in the hollow part of

2744-502: The south, Baglung on the north, and Pyuthan on the west. Gulmi is widely known for introducing coffee farming to Nepal. It is also a major exporter of organic coffee. Gulmi is rich in natural resources such as cobalt. Festivals such as Maghe Sankranti and other festivals are popular among both tourists and locals. The major destination with huge potential for tourism includes Bichitra Cave in Dhurkot, historical Kingdom of Dhurkot durbar

2800-469: The total land area of Nepal. Launched in 1986 as an innovative concept in the protected area management system of the country, the conservation area embraces multiple land use principles of resource management that combine environmental protection with sustainable community development. Traditional subsistence activities are woven into a framework of sound resource management, supplemented by conservation, development and alternative energy programmes to minimize

2856-535: Was a king of Liglig-Kot until Dravya Shah captured LigligKot and became the king. Ganga Ram Rana Magar also helped Drabya Shah. Ligligkot is also considered the foundation of the Gorkha Kingdom and the foundation of our nation . After Dravya Shah captured LigligKot from Magar King Dalsur Ghale Magar, he captured Gorkhakot, the last Magarat area, from the Magar King, Mansingh Khadka Magar in BS 1616 Bhadra 25. In

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2912-578: Was as follows: The frequency of Magar people was higher than national average in the following districts: Magars are scattered throughout the cities of India in Darjeeling , Sikkim , Assam and many others. The Gurkha recruitment in the Indian Gorkha Regiment , British Gurkha Regiment and the Gurkha Contingent of Singapore Police gave a huge opportunity to the hard working Magars of

2968-566: Was built by them. To this day, large numbers of Chitoria/Chitorey Magars are found in the Gorkha District . Additionally, in the Manakamana Temple located in Gorkha , it is mandatory for a priest to be a Magar; specifically, the priest must be a descendant of Saint Lakhan Thapa Magar, who is described as a spiritual guide for Ram Shah , and he had a very close relationship with the queen, who

3024-555: Was considered an incarnation of the Goddess Durga Bhawani, an incarnation of Parvati. Similarly, Bhirkot, Gahraukot, Khilung, Nuwakot, Satahukot, Sarankot, Dhor, Lamjung, Gorkha Kalika, Salyankot Dhading also have Magar priests from Saru, Baral, Saru, Saru, Pulami, Chumi, Darlami, DudhrRana, Bhusal/Maski, Saru/Rana Magar clan respectively. The main priests of Kalika, the goddess protecting the kingdoms of Lamjung and Gorkha , were also Bohara Magars. Magars have been in charge of

3080-485: Was considered an incarnation of the Goddess. Interestingly, the main priests of Kalika, the goddess protecting the kingdoms of Lamjung and Gorkha, were also Bohara Magars; it is striking to note how the Magars have been in charge of the religious functions linked to the very source of Thakuri power. The 18th-century king, Prithvi Narayan Shah , the founder of the modern Kingdom of Nepal announced and loved to call himself '

3136-487: Was married to Abhaya Sen (Magar King) of Palpa. From her was born the great king of kings Bhattarajadeva. Around 1700, the ruler of Baldeng (near present-day Butwal) was overthrown by Palpa and other chaubisi states, and he was supposedly a Magar king. Magars are divided into the following Eight tribes (clans) listed here in an alphabetical order: Ale, Budha/Budhathoki, Chitorey/Chitaurey, Gharti, Pun, Rana, Roka, Thapa. These tribes all intermarry with each other, have

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