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72-504: Soviet authorities disbanded the army after part of it broke away to join the allied Ukrainian and Polish armies, followed by Ukrainian celebrations in Odesa . The Red Army shot many of its officers, while others ended up in Polish concentration camps. The Ukrainian Galician Army obtained its arms from Austrian depots and from the demobilized Austrian and German troops who streamed through Galicia by

144-456: A naval base . During the 19th century, Odesa was the fourth largest city of the Russian Empire, after Moscow , Saint Petersburg and Warsaw . Its historical architecture is more Mediterranean than Russian, having been heavily influenced by French and Italian styles. Some buildings are built in a mixture of different styles, including Art Nouveau , Renaissance and Classicist . Odesa

216-684: A Jewish battalion ( Жидівський Курінь УГА ) recruited from Jewish university and high school students in Ternopil and led by Lieutenant Solomon Leimberg  [ uk ] . Formed in June, 1919, it attained a strength of 1,200 men and participated in combat against Polish forces in July 1919 and subsequently against the Bolsheviks . The battalion was decimated by a typhus epidemic in late 1919 and its surviving soldiers were subsequently reassigned to other units within

288-536: A large scale. Despite this, the city grew rapidly by filling the void of those left with new migrants from rural Ukraine and industrial professionals invited from all over the Soviet Union. As a part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, the city preserved and somewhat reinforced its unique cosmopolitan mix of Russian/Ukrainian/Jewish culture and a predominantly Russophone environment with

360-416: A plan that would end up being the city's plan. However, adjacent to the new official locality, a Moldavian colony already existed, which by the end of the 18th century was an independent settlement named Moldavanka . Some local historians consider that the settlement predates Odesa by about thirty years and assert that the locality was founded by Moldavians who came to build the fortress of Yeni Dunia for

432-678: A trade settlement established by the Greek city of Histria . Whether the Bay of Odesa is the ancient "Port of the Histrians" cannot yet be considered a settled question based on the available evidence. Archaeological artifacts confirm extensive links between the Odesa area and the eastern Mediterranean . In the Middle Ages successive rulers of the Odesa region included various nomadic tribes ( Petchenegs , Cumans ),

504-561: Is a warm-water port . The city of Odesa hosts both the Port of Odesa and Port Pivdennyi , a significant oil terminal situated in the city's suburbs. Another notable port, Chornomorsk , is located in the same oblast , to the south-west of Odesa. Together they represent a major transport hub integrating with railways. Odesa's oil and chemical processing facilities are connected to the Russian and other European networks by strategic pipelines . In 2000,

576-686: Is also a Ukrainian naval base and home to a fishing fleet . It is known for its large outdoor market – the Seventh-Kilometer Market , the largest of its kind in Europe. Odesa was a contender for hosting Euro 2012 football matches in, but lost the competition to other cities in Ukraine. The city saw violence in the 2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine during the 2014 Odesa clashes . The 2 May 2014 Odesa clashes between pro-Ukrainian and pro-Russian protestors killed 42 people. Four were killed during

648-427: Is commemorated by a bronze statue , unveiled in 1828 to a design by Ivan Martos . His contributions to the city are mentioned by Mark Twain in his travelogue Innocents Abroad : "I mention this statue and this stairway because they have their story. Richelieu founded Odessa – watched over it with paternal care – labored with a fertile brain and a wise understanding for its best interests – spent his fortune freely to

720-589: Is the third most populous city and municipality in Ukraine and a major seaport and transport hub located in the south-west of the country, on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea . The city is also the administrative centre of the Odesa Raion and Odesa Oblast , as well as a multiethnic cultural centre. As of January 2021, Odesa's population was approximately 1,010,537. On 25 January 2023, its historic city centre

792-747: The Brest-Litovsk Treaty all Bolshevik forces were driven out by 13 March 1918 by the combined armed forces of the Austro-Hungarian Army , providing support to the Ukrainian People's Republic . With the end of the World War I and the withdrawal of armies of Central Powers, the Soviet forces fought for control over the country with the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic. A few months later

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864-555: The Duc de Richelieu , appointed by Tsar Alexander I as Governor of Odesa in 1803. Richelieu played a role during Ottoman plague epidemic which hit Odesa in the autumn 1812. Dismissive of any attempt to forge a compromise between quarantine requirements and free trade, Prince Kuriakin (the Saint Petersburg-based High Commissioner for Sanitation) countermanded Richelieu's orders. In the period from 1795 to 1814,

936-687: The Golden Horde , the Crimean Khanate , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , and the Ottoman Empire . Yedisan Crimean Tatars traded there in the 14th century. Since the middle of the 13th century the city's territory belonged to the Golden Horde domain. On Italian navigational maps of 14th century on the place of Odesa is indicated the castle of Ginestra, at the time the center of a Gazarian colony of

1008-606: The Odesa massacre . Most of the atrocities were committed during the first six months of the occupation which officially began on 17 October 1941, when 80% of the 210,000 Jews in the region were killed, compared to Jews in Romania proper where the majority survived. After the Nazi forces began to lose ground on the Eastern Front, the Romanian administration changed its policy, refusing to deport

1080-754: The Republic of Genoa . During the reign of Khan Hacı I Giray of Crimea (1441–1466), the Khanate was endangered by the Golden Horde and the Ottoman Turks and, in search of allies, the khan agreed to cede the area to Lithuania. The site of present-day Odesa was then a fortress known as Khadjibey (named for Hacı I Giray, and also spelled Kocibey in English , Hacıbey or Hocabey in Turkish , and Hacıbey in Crimean Tatar ). Khadjibey

1152-746: The UN Group of Experts on Geographical Names in 2012, and adopted by the BGN/PCGN in 2019. This spelling appears in Encyclopædia Britannica and in dictionaries as the spelling for the Ukrainian city. As noted by the Christian Science Monitor , many in the English-language media outlets historically spelled the city Odessa , even after changing the spelling of Kiev to Kyiv, but since

1224-605: The Varangians who established Kievan Rus' in the 9th century, as well as various Italian colonies after the Mongol invasion of Europe . Under Catherine the Great, Russia gained, via the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca , the lands where Mariupol , Kherson , and Mykolaiv would be founded. However, they were all handicapped in various ways relative to how much commercial interest there was. For example,

1296-539: The Verkhovna Rada , the country's parliament, as of 1 January 2022. Settlements with more than 10,000 people are eligible for city status although the status is typically also granted to settlements of historical or regional importance. Smaller settlements are rural settlements ( Ukrainian : селище , romanized :  selyshche ) and villages ( Ukrainian : село , romanized :  selo ). Historically, there were systems of city rights, granted by

1368-492: The uniquely accented dialect of Russian spoken in the city . The city's unique identity has been formed largely thanks to its varied demography; all the city's communities have influenced aspects of Odesan life in some way or form. In the 1991 Ukrainian independence referendum 85.38% of Odesa Oblast voted for independence. Odesa is a city of more than 1 million people. The city's industries include shipbuilding, oil refining , chemicals, metalworking, and food processing. Odesa

1440-462: The " Potemkin Steps "), in one of the most famous scenes in motion picture history. At the top of the steps, which lead down to the port, stands a statue of the Duc de Richelieu . The actual massacre took place in streets nearby, not on the steps themselves, but the film caused many to visit Odesa to see the site of the "slaughter". The "Odesa Steps" continue to be a tourist attraction in Odesa. The film

1512-400: The 1917–21 Revolution [REDACTED] USSR 1922–41 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Romania 1941–44 [REDACTED] USSR 1944–91 [REDACTED] Ukraine 1991–present Odesa was the site of a large Greek settlement no later than the middle of the 6th century BC (a necropolis from the 5th–3rd centuries BC has long been known in this area). Some scholars believe it to have been

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1584-599: The Moldavians owned relatively small plots on which they built village-style houses and cultivated vineyards and gardens. What became Mykhailovsky Square was the center of this settlement and the site of its first Orthodox church , the Church of the Dormition, built in 1821 close to the seashore, as well as a cemetery. Nearby stood the military barracks and the country houses ( dacha ) of the city's wealthy residents, including that of

1656-563: The Ottomans and eventually settled in the area in the late 1760s, right next to the settlement of Khadjibey , on what later became the Primorsky Boulevard. Another version posits that the settlement appeared after Odesa itself was founded, as a settlement of Moldavians, Greeks, and Albanians fleeing the Ottoman yoke. Under Paul I of Russia , construction of Odesa was stopped, Franz de Voland

1728-726: The Polish forces. A former unit of the Austro-Hungarian Army , the 1st Brigade of Sich Riflemen ( Січові Стрільці ), became the elite force of the Ukrainian Galician Army during the war against Poland. It was formed in 1914 by former members of youth and paramilitary organizations and fought in Galicia and Ukraine against the Russian Empire throughout the First World War. At its peak this brigade had 8,600 men, not all of whom fought in Galicia. The Ukrainian Galician Army fielded

1800-764: The Quarantine Pier at Odesa Commercial Sea Port was declared a free port and free economic zone for a period of 25 years. Odesa is sometimes called the Pearl by the Sea, the Southern Capital, Odesa-mama and the Humour Capital , as well as Southern Palmyra . In 1795 the city was named Odessa in accordance with the Greek Plan of Empress Catherine II. Catherine's Secretary of State Adrian Gribovsky claimed in his memoirs that

1872-669: The Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, as well as the demise of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, allowed Russia to start to fully exploit the ancient Black Sea trade across the coastal area through the steppe across southern and eastern Ukraine, into the hinterland of East Central Europe . Stable commercial activity in this region in practice in the past required both security through the overland routes, and knowledge of where products could go overseas. In antiquity, various Greek colonies had taken this role, followed by

1944-453: The Soviet authorities had been able to evacuate 200,000 people as well as weaponry and industrial equipment. A day later, Odesa was made the capital of Transnistria . Partisan fighting continued, however, in the city's catacombs . Following the siege, and the Axis occupation, approximately 25,000 Odesans were murdered in the outskirts of the city and over 35,000 deported; this came to be known as

2016-471: The Soviet official view that the period was exclusively a time of hardship, deprivation, oppression and suffering – claims embodied in public monuments and disseminated through the media to this day. Subsequent Soviet policies imprisoned and executed numerous Odesans (and deported most of the German population) on account of collaboration with the occupiers. During the 1960s and 1970s, the city grew. Nevertheless,

2088-715: The Turkish fortress of Khadjibey was located. The newly acquired Ochakov Oblast was promised to the Cossacks by the Russian government for resettlement. On permission of the Archbishop of Yekaterinoslav Amvrosiy, the Black Sea Kosh Host, that was located around the area between Bender and Ochakiv , built second after Sucleia wooden church of Saint Nicholas. By the Highest rescript of 17 June 1792 addressed to General Kakhovsky it

2160-1222: The Ukrainian Galician Army. The Army consisted of numerous military formations which later were organized into four Corps. The Corps were further divided into brigades composed of several regular military units. Territorially the West Ukrainian People's Republic was divided into three Military Oblasts centered in Lviv , Ternopil , and Stanyslaviv , with four okruhas (districts) in each. Західно-Українська Народна Республіка 1918–1923. Енциклопедія. Т. 1 : А–Ж. Івано-Франківськ : Манускрипт-Львів, 2018. 688 с. ISBN 978-966-2067-44-6 (Ukrainian) Західно-Українська Народна Республіка 1918–1923. Енциклопедія. Т. 2 : З–О. Івано-Франківськ : Манускрипт-Львів, 2019. 832 с. ISBN 978-966-2067-61-3 (Ukrainian) Західно-Українська Народна Республіка 1918-1923. Енциклопедія. Т. 3 : П - С. Івано-Франківськ: Манускрипт-Львів, 2020.576 с. ISBN 978-966-2067-65-1 (Ukrainian) Західно-Українська Народна Республіка 1918-1923. Енциклопедія. Т. 4 : Т - Я. Івано-Франківськ: Манускрипт-Львів, 2021.688 с. ISBN 978-966-2067-72-9 (Ukrainian) Odesa Odesa (also spelled Odessa )

2232-580: The Ukrainians' generally poor socioeconomic status, the army had a disproportionately low ratio of officers to other ranks. In the Austro-Hungarian Army , ethnic Ukrainians accounted for only two out of 1,000 officers (in comparison, Poles had made up 27/1,000 officers in the Austrian military). As a result, although most of the junior rank officers were Galicians the government of the West Ukrainian People's Republic relied largely on former high-ranking officers of

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2304-474: The army consisted of officers. The Ukrainian Galician Army reached its greatest strength in June 1919, when it had 70,000 to 75,000 men, including reserves. It had very limited cavalry but artillery, consisting of ex-Austrian pieces, was a strong point. The UHA had two or three armored cars and two armored trains. The UHA's air force, organized by Petro Franko (son of the poet Ivan Franko ), fielded 40 airplanes, and until April 1919 enjoyed air superiority over

2376-774: The beginning of Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine more outlets and style guides have been shifting away from Russian transliterations. [REDACTED] Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1415–84 [REDACTED] Ottoman Empire 1484–1789 [REDACTED] Russian Empire 1789–1917 Beginning of 1917–21 Revolution [REDACTED] Russian Provisional Government 1917 [REDACTED] UPR Dec. 1917–Nov. 1918 [REDACTED] OSR Jan.–March 1918 [REDACTED] Ukrainian State March–Dec. 1918 [REDACTED] AFSR Dec. 1918–April 1919 [REDACTED] PWPGU / [REDACTED] UkSSR April–Aug. 1919 [REDACTED] AFSR Aug. 1919–Feb. 1920 [REDACTED] / [REDACTED] / [REDACTED] UkSSR Feb. 1920–Dec. 1922 End of

2448-826: The city faced some Russian bombing attacks . On 23 April 2022, Russian troops bombarded Odesa with cruise missiles. They destroyed both the city's military infrastructure and residential buildings, killing eight people and wounding another eighteen people. In addition, the Russian military destroyed more than 1,000 m of the territory of the cemetery. The city suffered further aerial attacks on regional infrastructure facilities in October 2022, cutting off power to 10,500 households and injuring three people. List of cities in Ukraine There are 461 populated places in Ukraine that have been officially granted city status ( Ukrainian : місто , romanized :  misto ) by

2520-819: The city was occupied by the French Army and the Greek Army that supported the Russian White Army in its struggle with the Bolsheviks. The Ukrainian general Nykyfor Hryhoriv who sided with Bolsheviks managed to drive the Triple Entente forces out of the city, but Odesa was soon retaken by the Russian White Army. By 1920 the Soviet Red Army managed to overpower both the Ukrainian and Russian White Army and secure

2592-411: The city's Euromaidan Coordination Center and a cargo train car were (non-lethally) bombed. Until 18 July 2020, Odesa was incorporated as a city of oblast significance . In July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Odesa Oblast to seven, the city of Odesa was merged into newly established Odesa Raion. In the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine ,

2664-457: The city's map, for example Frantsuzky (French) and Italiansky (Italian) Boulevards, Grecheskaya (Greek), Yevreyskaya (Jewish), Arnautskaya (Albanian) Streets). The Filiki Eteria , a Greek freemasonry -style society that was to play an important role in the Greek War of Independence , was founded in Odesa in 1814 before relocating to Constantinople in 1818. Odesa's cosmopolitan nature

2736-648: The city. The people of Odesa suffered badly from a famine that resulted from the Russian Civil War in 1921–1922 due to the Soviet policies of prodrazverstka . In 1937, around 1,000 Poles were executed in Odesa during the Polish Operation of the NKVD . During World War II , Odesa was attacked by Romanian and German troops in August 1941. The defense of Odesa started on 5 August 1941 and lasted for 73 days. The defense

2808-403: The defunct Russian Army, such as General Mykhailo Omelianovych-Pavlenko , to take on the post of commander and general staff. It also staffed many positions with unemployed Austrian and German officers. For this reason, the German language was the easiest way for officers to communicate with each other and was the dominant language among the staff. Despite these measures, only approximately 2.4% of

2880-431: The domain of the Ottoman Empire in 1529, under the name Hacibey , and remained in it until the Ottomans' defeat in the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) . In 1794, a decree of the Russian empress Catherine II was issued to establish a navy harbor and trading place in Khadjibey , which was named Odessa soon after. From 1819 to 1858, Odesa was a free port . During the Soviet period , it was an important trading port and

2952-407: The end of the 5th and beginning of the 4th centuries BC (the first one, identified with modern Varna in Bulgaria, is the older of the two, founded c. 610 BC). The exact location of this ancient Odessos is unknown, but modern efforts have attempted to localize it 40 km northeast of Odesa, near the village of Koshary , Odesa Oblast., near the Tylihul Estuary . Odessa , the transliteration of

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3024-400: The establishment of the Voznesensk Governorate on 27 January 1795, the Vorstadt was named Tiraspol . The Flemish engineer working for the Russian Empress Catherine the Great , José de Ribas's collaborator Franz de Voland recommended the area of Khadjibey fortress as the site for the region's basic port: it had an ice-free harbor, breakwaters could be cheaply constructed that would render

3096-446: The ethnic connotations of origin. They disappeared completely by World War II . In 1905, Odesa was the site of a workers' uprising supported by the crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin and the Menshevik 's Iskra . Sergei Eisenstein 's famous motion picture The Battleship Potemkin commemorated the uprising and included a scene where hundreds of Odesan citizens were murdered on the great stone staircase (now popularly known as

3168-453: The growth in trade made Odesa Russia's largest grain-exporting port. In 1866, the city was linked by rail with Kyiv and Kharkiv as well as with Iaşi in Romania. The city became the home of a large Jewish community during the 19th century, and by 1897 Jews were estimated to comprise some 37% of the population. The community, however, was repeatedly subjected to anti-Semitism and anti-Jewish agitation from almost all Christian segments of

3240-445: The harbor safe and it would have the capacity to accommodate large fleets. The Namestnik of Yekaterinoslav and Voznesensk, Platon Zubov (one of Catherine's favorites), supported this proposal. In 1794 Catherine issued a Rescript to José de Ribas: "Considering favorable Khadjibey location... I order to establish here a navy harbor and trading pierce..." and invested the first money (26.000 rubles) in construction. Franz de Voland drew up

3312-463: The hundreds of thousands following the collapse of the Central Powers at the end of World War I . However, the centers of Austria's military industry lay far from Galicia, and subsequent difficulty with resupply was a major factor in the Galicians losing their war against Poland. The government of the West Ukrainian People's Republic was well organized and was able to mobilize over 100,000 people by spring 1919, 40,000 of whom were battle-ready. Due to

3384-454: The infrastructure in the 1780s. During the Russian-Turkish War of 1787–1792 , on 25 September 1789, a detachment of Russian forces , including Zaporozhian Cossacks under Alexander Suvorov and Ivan Gudovich , took Khadjibey and Yeni Dünya for the Russian Empire . One section of the troops came under command of a Spaniard in Russian service, Irishman Major General José de Ribas (known in Russia as Osip Mikhailovich Deribas); today,

3456-416: The latter two cities were situated in lowlands near marshes, which provided for poor sanitary conditions in the technology available at that time. The sleepy fishing village of Odesa had witnessed a sea-change in its fortunes when the wealthy magnate and future Voivode of Kiev (1791), Antoni Protazy Potocki , established trade routes through the port for the Polish Black Sea Trading Company and set up

3528-402: The main street in Odesa, Deribasivska Street , is named after him. Russia formally gained possession of the Sanjak of Özi (Ochakiv Oblast) as a result of the Treaty of Jassy (Iaşi) in 1792 and it became a part of Yekaterinoslav Viceroyalty . The Russian Empire took full control of Crimea, as well as land between the Southern Bug and the Dniester , including the Khadzhibey Estuary where

3600-403: The majority of Odesa's Jews emigrated to Israel , the United States and other Western countries between the 1970s and 1990s. Many ended up in the Brooklyn neighborhood of Brighton Beach , sometimes known as "Little Odesa". Domestic migration of the Odesan middle and upper classes to Moscow and Leningrad , cities that offered even greater opportunities for career advancement, also occurred on

3672-407: The middle of the 6th century BC. It has been researched as a possible site of the ancient Greek settlement of Histria . The first chronicle mention of the Slavic settlement-port of Kotsiubijiv , which was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , dates back to 1415, when a ship was sent from here to Constantinople by sea. After the Grand Duchy lost control, the port and its surroundings became part of

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3744-417: The name from Russian, was the traditional English spelling of the city's name favoured before Ukraine's independence in 1991 (similarly to the spelling of Kyiv versus Kiev). Odesa became the internationally standardized Latin-alphabet transliteration of the Ukrainian name according to the Ukrainian National romanization system , which was adopted for official use by Ukraine's cabinet in 2010, approved by

3816-417: The name was his suggestion. Some expressed doubts about this claim, while others noted the reputation of Gribovsky as an honest and modest man. Odesa is located between the ancient Greek cities of Tyras and Olbia and it was named using a Slavic feminine form for the ancient Greek city of Odessos ( Ancient Greek : Ὀδησσός ; in Roman times, Odessus). This refers to the second ancient Odessos, founded between

3888-464: The official architects who designed buildings in Odesa's central district, such as the Italians Francesco Carlo Boffo and Giovanni Torricelli (see Italians of Odesa ), Moldovanka was included in the general city plan, though the original grid-like plan of Moldovankan streets, lanes, and squares remained unchanged. The new city quickly became a major success although initially, it received little state funding and privileges. Its early growth owed much to

3960-419: The population of Odesa increased 15 times over and reached almost 20 thousand people. The first city plan was designed by the engineer F. Devollan in the late 18th century. Colonists of various ethnicities settled mainly in the area of the former colony, outside of the official boundaries, and as a consequence, in the first third of the 19th century, Moldavanka emerged as the dominant settlement. After planning by

4032-426: The population. Pogroms were carried out in 1821, 1859, 1871, 1881 and 1905 . Many Odesan Jews fled abroad after 1882, particularly to the Ottoman region that became Palestine , and the city became an important base of support for Zionism . Until the 1870s, Odesa's Italian population grew steadily. From the following decade this growth stopped, and the decline of the Italian community in Odesa began. The reason

4104-708: The protests, and at least 32 trade unionists were killed after a trade union building was set on fire after Molotov cocktails exchange between sides. Polls conducted from September to December 2014 found no support for joining Russia. Odesa was struck by three bomb blasts in December 2014, one of which killed one person (the injuries sustained by the victim indicated that he had dealt with explosives). Internal Affairs Ministry advisor Zorian Shkiryak said on 25 December that Odesa and Kharkiv had become "cities which are being used to escalate tensions" in Ukraine. Shkiryak said that he suspected that these cities were singled out because of their "geographic position". On 5 January 2015

4176-427: The remaining Jewish population to extermination camps in German occupied Poland , and allowing Jews to work as hired labourers. As a result, despite the events of 1941, the survival of the Jewish population in this area was higher than in other areas of occupied eastern Europe. A Soviet medal , "For the Defence of Odesa" , was established on 22 December 1942. It was one of the first four Soviet cities to be awarded

4248-506: The same end – endowed it with a sound prosperity, and one which will yet make it one of the great cities of the Old World". In 1819, Odesa became a free port, a status it retained until 1859. Odesa became home to an extremely diverse population of Albanians, Armenians, Azeris, Bulgarians, Crimean Tatars, Frenchmen, Germans (including Mennonites), Greeks, Italians, Jews, Poles, Romanians, Russians, Turks, Ukrainians, and traders representing many other nationalities (hence numerous "ethnic" names on

4320-432: The territorial lords, which defined the status of a place as a misto or selo . In the past, cities were self-governing and had several privileges. The list of cities is roughly ordered by population and the 2022 estimates are compared to the 2001 Ukrainian census , except for Chernobyl for which the population is an unofficial estimate. The cities with special status are shown in italic . The average population size

4392-426: The title of " Hero City " in 1945. (The others were Leningrad , Stalingrad , and Sevastopol ). The city suffered severe damage and sustained many casualties over the course of the war. Many parts of Odesa were damaged during both its siege and recapture on 10 April 1944 , when the city was finally liberated by the Red Army . Some of the Odesans had a more favourable view of the Romanian occupation, in contrast with

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4464-433: The work of the Duc de Richelieu , who served as the city's governor between 1803 and 1814. Having fled the French Revolution , he had served in Catherine's army against the Turks. He is credited with designing the city and organizing its amenities and infrastructure, and is considered one of the founding fathers of Odesa, together with another Frenchman, Count Andrault de Langeron , who succeeded him in office. Richelieu

4536-458: Was declared a World Heritage Site and added to the List of World Heritage in Danger by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee in recognition of its multiculturality and 19th-century urban planning. The declaration was made in response to the bombing of Odesa during the Russian invasion of Ukraine , which has damaged or destroyed buildings across the city. In classical antiquity a large Greek settlement existed at its location no later than

4608-455: Was documented by the great Russian poet Alexander Pushkin , who lived in internal exile in Odesa between 1823 and 1824. In his letters, he wrote that Odesa was a city where "the air is filled with all Europe, French is spoken and there are European papers and magazines to read". Odesa's growth was interrupted by the Crimean War of 1853–1856, during which it was bombarded by British and Imperial French naval forces. It soon recovered and

4680-454: Was first mentioned in 1415 in Polish chronicles by Jan Długosz , when a ship with grain sailed from there to Constantinople. By the middle of the 15th century, the settlement was depopulated. Khadjibey came under direct control of the Ottoman Empire after 1529. In the mid-18th century, the Ottomans rebuilt the fortress at Khadjibey (also known as Hocabey), which was named Yeni Dünya (literally "New World"). A series of wars between

4752-404: Was located in the area. The first census that was conducted in Odesa was in 1797 which accounted for 3,455 people. Since 1795, the city had its own city magistrate, and since 1796 a city council of six members and the Odesa Commodity Exchange. In 1801, in Odesa had opened the first commercial bank. In 1803, the city accounted for 9,000 people. In their settlement, also known as Novaya Slobodka,

4824-400: Was made at Odesa's Cinema Factory , one of the oldest cinema studios in the former Soviet Union . Following the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 during Ukrainian-Soviet War , Odesa saw two Bolshevik armed insurgencies, the second of which succeeded in establishing their control over the city; for the following months, the city became a center of the Odesa Soviet Republic . After signing of

4896-424: Was mainly one, namely the gradual integration into the Slavic population of Odesa, i.e. Russians and Ukrainians. Surnames began to be Russianized and Ukrainianized . The revolution of 1917 sent many of them to Italy, or to other cities in Europe. In Soviet times , only a few dozen Italians remained in Odesa, most of whom no longer knew their own language. Over time they merged with the local population, losing

4968-419: Was ordered to establish the Dniester Border Line of fortresses. The commander of the land forces in Ochakiv Oblast was appointed Graf (Count) Suvorov-Rymnikskiy . The main fortress was built near Sucleia at the mouth of river Botna as the Head Dniester Fortress by Engineer-Major de Wollant . Near the new fortress saw the formation of a new "Vorstadt" (suburb) where people moved from Sucleia and Parkan. With

5040-399: Was organized inside the city itself. Lyudmila Pavlichenko , the famous female sniper, took part in the battle for Odesa. She recorded 187 confirmed kills during the defense of Odesa. Pavlichenko's confirmed kills during World War II totaled 309 (including 36 enemy snipers). The city fell to the Axis on 16 October 1941, and it was henceforth subject to Romanian administration. By that time,

5112-402: Was organized on three lines with emplacements consisting of trenches, anti-tank ditches and pillboxes. The first line was 80 kilometres (50 miles) long and situated some 25 to 30 kilometres (16 to 19 miles) from the city. The second and main line of defense was situated 6 to 8 kilometres (3.7 to 5.0 miles) from the city and was about 30 kilometres (19 miles) long. The third and last line of defense

5184-482: Was removed from the project, and José de Ribas was implicated in a plot to assassinate the Emperor. After Paul's assassination in 1801, the city resumed construction, and used a plan largely from de Voland's work. It was thus one of the few master planned cities in the Russian Empire. In 1795, Khadjibey was officially renamed with the feminine name " Одесса ( Odessa )" after a Greek colony of Odessos that supposedly

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