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58-516: The title's original meaning is 'Governor of Galadi (i.e. the western territories of Kanem-Bornu )'. The Galadima in Kanem-Bornu held a powerful position before the 19th-century. Operating from Nguru , the officer acted as an independent vassal of the Mai ('ruler') and was responsible for the western marches of the empire. The Galadima was the only high-ranking courtier of the Mai permitted to reside outside

116-668: A scorched earth policy if necessary for the conquest of fortified towns and other strongholds. Ribāts were built on frontiers, and trade routes to the north were secure, allowing relations to be established with the Pasha of Tripoli and the Turkish empire . Between 1574 and 1583, the Borno sultan had diplomatic relations with the Ottoman sultan Murad III, as well as with the Moroccan sultan Ahmad al-Mansur, in

174-793: A coup without the consent of the other. As the Galadima was a eunuch, the Sarki could rely on him to side with him against the Madawaki. The first Galadima of Sokoto was Doshero bin Mujakka, a Fulani mallam (Islamic scholar) from Katsina . He held the same office in Gobir , but his immediate support for the Sokoto jihad earned him the favour of the Sokoto leaders. His descendents continue to hold this office. The officeholder, alongside

232-537: A different origin. According to the Chronicle, the title was introduced in Kano in the late 11th century by Warisi , the second Sarkin Kano. The earliest notable Galadima was Daudu, who served under the 17th Sarkin Kano, Abdullahi Burja . He frequently led slave raids to the south of Kano, reportedly sending a thousand slaves to the sultan each month. After seven years of raiding, Sultan Abdullahi summoned him back to Kano. Along

290-566: A fortified capital at Ngazargamu , to the west of Lake Chad (in present-day Nigeria ), the first permanent home a Sayfawa mai had enjoyed in a century. So successful was the Sayfawa rejuvenation that by the early 16th century Mai Idris Katakarmabe (1507–1529) was able to defeat the Bulala and retake Njimi , the former capital. The empire's leaders, however, remained at Ngazargamu because its lands were more productive agriculturally and better suited to

348-458: A large cage for a wild animal, with vertical wooden bars." Mai Hummay began his reign in 1075, and formed alliances with the Kay, Toubou, Dabir, and Magumi. He became the first Muslim king of Kanem, having been converted by his Muslim tutor Muhammad Mānī . They remained nomadic until the 11th century, when they fixed their capital at Nijmi . Humai's successor, Dunama I (1098–1151), performed

406-406: A result of administrative disorganization, regional particularism, and attacks by the militant Waddai Empire to the east. The decline continued under Umar's sons. In 1893, Rabih az-Zubayr led an invading army from eastern Sudan and conquered Bornu. Rabih's invasion led to the deaths of Shehu Ashimi , Shehu Kyari , and Shehu Sanda Wuduroma between 1893 and 1894. The British recognized Rabih as

464-588: A very important part in Bornu politics, as eunuchs did in many Muslim courts". During the 17th century and 18th century, Bornu became a centre for Islamic learning. Borno sultans developed a political legitimacy based on their religious charisma, in the context of the rise of Sufism in Sahel. Islam and the Kanuri language was widely adopted, while slave raiding propelled the economy. Around this time, Fulani people invading from

522-514: Is mentioned as one of three great empires in the Sudan region , by Ya'qubi in 872. He describes the kingdom of "the Zaghāwa who live in a place called Kānim", which included several vassal states . "Their dwellings are huts made of reeds and they have no towns." Living as nomads , their cavalry gave them military superiority. In the 10th century, al-Muhallabi mentions two towns in the kingdom, one of which

580-780: The Kano Chronicle . The 2nd Sarki was Warisi son of Bagoda . His mother’s name was Saju. Those who were near him were Galadima Mele, Barwa Jimra, Buram (so called because he was the Sarki’s son), Maidawaki Abdulahi, Sarkin Gija Karmayi, Maidalla Zakar, Makuwu, Magaaiki Gawarkura, Makama Gargi, Jarumai Goshin Wuta, Jarmai Bakushi, Bardai Duna, and Dawaki Surfan. These were the most important chiefs, but there were many more. Gawarkura said, “O Sarki of this land, if you wish to govern it, east and west and south and north, keep close to Gazarzawa, since it

638-705: The Hajj three times before drowning at Aidab . At this time, the army included 100,000 horsemen and 120,000 soldiers. Kanem's expansion peaked during the long and energetic reign of Mai Dunama Dabbalemi (1210–1259). Dabbalemi initiated diplomatic exchanges with sultans in North Africa , sending a giraffe to the Hafsid monarch and arranged for the establishment of a madrasa of al-Rashid in Cairo to facilitate pilgrimages to Mecca. During his reign, he declared jihad against

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696-625: The Sao civilisation . Under the leadership of the Duguwa dynasty , the Kanembu would eventually dominate the Sao, but not before adopting many of their customs. War between the two continued up to the late 16th century. One scholar, Dierk Lange, has proposed another theory based on a diffusionist ideology. This theory was criticized by the scientific community as it seriously lacks direct and clear evidence. Lange connects

754-620: The Waziri , Magajin gari, and Magajin rafi, formed the core of the Caliph's council. By the early 20th-century, the Galadima was responsible for administering about 200 towns and villages scattered all over Sokoto. The Galadima also represented the central government in the Emirate of Katsina . Among other duties, the officeholder was responsible for turbanning all newly appointed Emirs of the Emirate and collecting

812-700: The 'Sultan of Borno', until the French killed Rabih on 22 April 1900 during the Battle of Kousséri . The French then occupied Dikwa , Rabih's capital, in April 1902, after the British had occupied Borno in March. Yet, based on their 1893 treaty, most of Borno remained under British control, while the Germans occupied eastern Borno, including Dikwa, as 'Deutsch-Bornu'. The French did name Abubakar ,

870-660: The 10th century. Kanem comes from anem , meaning "south" in the Teda and Kanuri languages, and hence a geographic term. During the first millennium , as the Sahara underwent desiccation , people speaking Kanembu migrated to Kanem in the south. This group contributed to the formation of the Kanuri . Kanuri traditions state the Zaghawa dynasty led a group of nomads called the Magumi. This desiccation of

928-655: The 17th-century, European slaves are noted to have been imported to Bornu from the Barbary slave trade in Tripoli in Libya. Kanuri tradition states Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan established dynastic rule over the nomads around the 9th century through divine kingship . For the next millennium, the Mais ruled the Kanuri , which included the Ngalaga , Kangu, Kayi, Kuburi, Kaguwa, Tomagra, and Tubu. Kanem

986-458: The Bulala forced Mai Umar b. Idris to abandon Njimi and move the Kanembu people to Bornu on the western edge of Lake Chad. But even in Bornu, the Sayfawa dynasty's troubles persisted. During the first three-quarters of the 15th century, for example, fifteen Mais occupied the throne. Then, around 1460 Ali Gazi (1473–1507) defeated his rivals and began the consolidation of Bornu. He built

1044-732: The Native Administration and served as the District Head of Nguru. In modern Nigeria , the position is largely ceremonial. The Galadima is a member of the Borno Emirate Council , an advisory board composed of traditional title holders who assist the Borno State Government in the cultural preservation of the emirate. The title is usually given to notable individuals from Borno State by the Shehu of Borno. The Galadima title

1102-599: The Pachalik of Tripoli at that time. About two million slaves traveled this route to be traded in Tripoli, the largest slave market in the Mediterranean. As Martin Meredith states, "Wells along the way were surrounded by the skeletons of thousands of slaves, mostly young women and girls, making a last desperate effort to reach water before dying of exhaustion once there." Most of the successors of Idris Alooma are only known from

1160-500: The Sahara made some areas around Lake Chad unlivable, causing nomadic peoples from that area to navigate to the places where the empire would eventually be centralized. Kanem was connected via a trans-Saharan slave trade route with Tripoli via Bilma in the Kawar . Slaves were imported from the south along this route. In the 16th-century, Turkish musketeers where imported to Bornu, and in

1218-568: The Sahara resulted in two settlements, those speaking Teda-Daza northeast of Lake Chad, and those speaking Chadic languages west of the lake in Bornu and Hausaland . The origins of Kanem are unclear. The first historical sources tend to show that the kingdom of Kanem began forming around 700 under the nomadic Tebu-speaking Kanembu. The Kanembu were supposedly forced southwest towards the fertile lands around Lake Chad by political pressure and desiccation in their former range. The area already possessed independent, walled city-states belonging to

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1276-454: The Shehu decided to administer Gumel directly, an angry Umar killed the deposed ruler placed under his protection. Consequently, al-Kanemi sent a military campaign against the Galadima, who fortified himself in Wari. Although the Galadima mounted a fierce defense, the siege was ultimately successful. Galadima Umar managed to escape to Sokoto , where he remained for over a year. After making amends with

1334-643: The Shehu of Dikwa Emirate , until the British convinced him to be the Shehu of the Borno Emirate. The French then named his brother, Sanda, Shehu of Dikwa. Shehu Garbai formed a new capital, Yerwa , on 9 January 1907. After World War I , Deutsch-Bornu became the British Northern Cameroons . Upon Shehu Abubakar's death in 1922, Sanda Kura became Shehu of Borno. Upon his death in 1937, his cousin, Shehu of Dikwa Sanda Kyarimi , became Shehu of Borno. As Vincent Hiribarren points out, "By becoming Shehu of

1392-486: The Shehu, he returned to Bornu to resume his post. He established himself at Bundi (today in Nguru , Yobe State ) in western Bornu, but his power had 'sunk to great insignificance', according to Dr Heinrich Barth , a German explorer who visited the kingdom in the 1850s. Under Colonial Nigeria , the Galadima was the only office-holder from pre-colonial Bornu to be recognised by the government. He held an influential position in

1450-502: The administration of the Galadima, Dunama. In 1807, after several successive defeats, Dunama was eventually killed by the Fulani jihadists, who went on to establish emirates, such as Katagum , Misau , Hadejia , and Jemaare , from portions of the region he had previously administered. The successors of Dunama were in constant conflict with the Mais and the Shehu, Muhammad al-Kanemi , resulting in

1508-423: The administrative structure of this new state was adopted from pre-jihad Zazzau. The Sarki (king) retained a staff of eunuchs , who played an important role in the administration of the state. The office of Galadima was assigned to the most senior eunuch public official. Assisted by two other senior eunuchs ( rukuni ), Wombai and Dallatu, the Galadima was responsible for civil administration, which included overseeing

1566-567: The annual tribute from Katsina to Sokoto. Kanem-Bornu The Kanem–Bornu Empire existed in areas which are now part of Nigeria , Niger , Cameroon , Libya and Chad . It was known to the Arabian geographers as the Kanem Empire from the 8th century AD onward and lasted as the independent kingdom of Bornu (the Bornu Empire ) until 1900. The Kanem Empire (c. 700–1380) was located in

1624-435: The army's civil administration. While the Galadima did not participate in wars, he remained in the capital to administer the state. The administration of the capital was divided between the two most senior state officials, the Galadima and the Madawaki ( commander-in-chief ). Each governed half of the capital as a fief, a system designed to neutralise their influence within the state, preventing either from seizing power through

1682-520: The capital of the Kanem kings in the 13th century and Kanem as a powerful Muslim kingdom. Kanuri-speaking Muslims gained control of Kanem from the Zaghawa nomads in the 9th century during a period of ethnic conflict . Kanuri legend states that Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan founded the Sayfawa dynasty . The new dynasty controlled the Zaghawa trade links in the central Sahara with Bilma and other salt mines . Yet,

1740-556: The capital while the king went to war. His deputy was the Dallatu, who was primarily responsible for supervising the arrangements of war camps. Under the Sokoto Caliphate, Zazzau went through some administrative changes. The Galadima was part of the electoral college and the emir's war-council. [1]: 95  It was one of the few high-ranking offices reserved for non-relatives of the emir, not longer reserved for only eunuchs. However, this rule

1798-464: The context of political tensions in the Sahara. The Borno sultan allied with the Moroccan sultan against the Ottoman imperialism in the Sahara. Ibn Furtu called Alooma Amir al-Mu'minin , after he implemented Sharia , and relied upon large fiefholders to ensure justice. The Lake Chad to Tripoli route became an active highway in the 17th century, with horses traded for slaves. An intense diplomatic activity has been reported between Borno and

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1856-454: The creation of Kanem–Bornu with the departure from the collapsed Neo-Assyrian Empire c. 600 BC to the northeast of Lake Chad. He also proposes that the lost state of Agisymba (mentioned by Ptolemy in the middle of the 2nd century ) was the antecedent of the Kanem Empire. Climate change ensured the rise of the early Kanem–Bornu Empire, as desertification that increased the spread of

1914-561: The empire is mainly known from the Royal Chronicle, or Girgam , discovered in 1851 by the German traveller Heinrich Barth . Remnant successor regimes of the empire, in form of Borno Emirate and Dikwa Emirate , were established around 1900 and still exist today as traditional states within Nigeria. Kanem was located at the southern end of the trans-Saharan trade route between Tripoli and

1972-683: The empire until the mid-17th century when its power began to fade. By the late 18th century, Bornu rule extended only westward, into the land of the Hausa of modern Nigeria . The empire was still ruled by the Mai who was advised by his councilors ( kokenawa ) in the state council or nokena . The members of his Nokena council included his sons and daughters and other royalty (the Maina) and non-royalty (the Kokenawa, "new men"). The Kokenawa included free men and slave eunuchs known as kachela . The latter "had come to play

2030-406: The empire's capital, Birni Gazargamu . The title was hereditary, although there is some evidence suggesting that the Mai occasionally selected a successor. The available evidence suggests that the title originated in the 1600s. According to a chronicle found in Bornu, the first Galadima was the son of a Bornu Mai by a slave mother. Ashamed to acknowledge his son, the Mai sent the mother and child to

2088-403: The execution of one and the flight of another. Finally, a successor named Umar decided to cooperate with the Bornu leadership. In 1828, after the ruler of Gumel was deposed by the Shehu, he was delivered to the Galadima for safekeeping. Although Gumel had fallen under the Galadima's jurisdiction before the jihad years, Umar had not exercised any real authority over the settlement for years. When

2146-588: The frontier'. Civil discord was said to follow his opening of the sacred Mune. By the end of the 14th century, internal struggles and external attacks had torn Kanem apart. War with the Sao brought the death of four Mai: Selemma , Kure Ghana es-Saghir , Kure Kura al-Kabir , and Muhammad I , all sons of 'Abdullāh b. Kadai . Then, war with the Bulala resulted in the death of four Mai in succession between 1377 and 1387: Daud Nigalemi , Uthmān b. Dawūd , Uthmān b. Idris , and Abu Bakr Liyatu . Finally, around 1387

2204-520: The house of the Makinta, a palace slave, where the boy was raised. When he reached maturity, his father accepted him and granted him the 'west' as a fief. By the late 18th-century, the Galadima was responsible for overseeing the easternmost areas of Hausaland , including Shira , Teshena , Hadejia , and Auyo . When the Sokoto jihad erupted in Bornu in the early 1800s, it began in the Fulani settlements under

2262-538: The independent state of Nigeria. A remnant of the old kingdom was (and still is) allowed to continue to exist, in subjection to the various Governments of the country as the Borno Emirate . Warisi (king) Warisi was the King of Kano from 1063 to 1095. He was the son of Bagauda and Saju. Warisi was succeeded by his son Gijimasu . Below is a biography of Warisi from Palmer 's 1908 English translation of

2320-409: The journey, Daudu was said to have stopped every three miles to build a town. By the time he reached the kingdom's capital, he had founded twenty-one towns. The Sultan appointed him as the ruler of the towns he founded, which Daudu named 'Ibdabu'. During the 19th century, the position was second in importance only to the emir. It was usually reserved for a senior son or brother of the emir. The Galadima

2378-522: The meagre information provided by the Diwan . Some of them are noted for having undertaken the pilgrimage to Mecca , others for their piety. In the eighteenth century, Bornu was affected by several long-lasting famines. The Sultanate of Agadez was independently operating the Bilma salt mines by 1750, having been a tributary since 1532. The administrative reforms and military brilliance of Aluma sustained

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2436-402: The police, prisons, markets, and supplies to the capital and the army. The Galadima was also part of the royal electoral council, which decided the succession of the state. The Galadima also officiated at the marriages and naming ceremonies of the Sarki's children. As head of the state police, the Galadima used his personal residence as a place for punishing offenders. His deputy, Dallatu, headed

2494-491: The pre-19th century Zazzau Kingdom , the office of the Galadima was assigned to a slave of the Sarki (ruler). Despite their status, the officeholder wielded significant power within the kingdom. They were part of the electoral college responsible for selecting new kings and served on the Council of State, which governed the kingdom alongside the Sarki. Additionally, the Galadima led the kingdom's police force. The Galadima administered

2552-446: The present countries of Chad, Nigeria and Libya . At its height, it encompassed an area covering not only most of Chad but also parts of southern Libya ( Fezzan ) and eastern Niger , northeastern Nigeria and northern Cameroon . The Bornu Empire (1380s–1893) was a state in what is now northeastern Nigeria, in time becoming even larger than Kanem, incorporating areas that are today parts of Chad, Niger and Cameroon. The early history of

2610-491: The principal trade commodity was slaves. Tribes to the south of Lake Chad were raided as kafirun , and then transported to Zawila in the Fezzan, where the slaves were traded for horses and weapons. The annual number of slaves traded increased from 1000 in the 7th century to 5000 in the 15th. According to Richmond Palmer , it was customary to have "the Mai sitting in a curtained cage called fanadir, dagil, or tatatuna ...

2668-439: The raising of cattle. Ali Gaji was the first ruler of the empire to assume the title of Caliph. Bornu peaked during the reign of Mai Idris Alooma (c. 1564–1596), reaching the limits of its greatest territorial expansion, gaining control over Hausaland, and the people of Ahir and Tuareg. Peace was made with Bulala, when a demarcation of boundaries was agreed upon with a non-aggression pact . Military innovations included

2726-584: The region of Lake Chad . Besides its urban elite, it also included a confederation of nomadic peoples who spoke languages of the Teda – Daza group, the Toubou people or Berber people In the 8th century , Wahb ibn Munabbih used Zaghawa to describe the Teda-Tubu group, in the earliest use of the ethnic name. Al-Khwarizmi also mentions the Zaghawa in the 9th century , as did ibn al-Nadim in his Al-Fihrist in

2784-410: The surrounding tribes and initiated an extended period of conquest with his cavalry of 41,000. He fought the Bulala for seven years, seven months, and seven days. After dominating the Fezzan, he established a governor at Traghan and delegated military command amongst his sons. As the Sayfawa extended control beyond Kanuri tribal lands, fiefs were granted to military commanders, as cima , or 'master of

2842-537: The title of Shehu within Bornuan society and quickly supplanted the rule of the Mais who became figurehead monarchs. In the year of 1846, the last mai , in league with the Ouaddai Empire , precipitated a civil war, resulting in the death of Mai Ibrahim, the last mai. It was at that point that Kanemi's son, Umar , became Shehu, thus ending one of the longest dynastic reigns in international history. By then, Hausaland in

2900-402: The use of mounted Turkish musketeers, slave musketeers, mailed cavalrymen, footmen and feats of military engineering as seen during the siege of the fortified town of Amsaka. This army was organized into an advance guard and a rear reserve while often using shield wall methods as well. The Bornu army was transported via camel or large boats and fed by free and slave women cooks, and often employed

2958-450: The west were able to make major inroads into Bornu during the Fulani War . By the early 19th century, Kanem–Bornu was clearly an empire in decline, and in 1808 Fulani warriors conquered Ngazargamu . Usman dan Fodio led the Fulani thrust and proclaimed a jihad (holy war) on the irreligious Muslims of the area. His campaign eventually affected Kanem–Bornu and inspired a trend toward Islamic orthodoxy. Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi , who

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3016-415: The west, was lost to the Sokoto Caliphate , while the east and north were lost to the Wadai Empire . Although the dynasty ended, the kingdom of Kanem–Bornu survived. Umar eschewed the title mai for the simpler designation shehu (from the Arabic shaykh ), could not match his father's vitality, and gradually allowed the kingdom to be ruled by advisers ( wazirs ). Bornu began a further decline as

3074-430: The whole of Borno, Sanda Kyarimi reunited under his rule a territory which had been divided since 1902. For 35 years two Shehus had co-existed." In 1961, the Northern Cameroons voted to join Nigeria, effectively rejoining the territories of the kingdom of Bornu. The lands of the Bornu state were thus absorbed into the new Northern Nigeria Protectorate , in the sphere of the British Empire , and eventually became part of

3132-432: Was Mānān . Their king was considered divine, believing he could "bring life and death, sickness and health". Wealth was measured in livestock , sheep, cattle, camels and horses. From al-Bakri in the 11th century onwards, the kingdom is referred to as Kanem . In the 12th century Muhammad al-Idrisi described Mānān as "a small town without industry of any sort and little commerce". Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi describes Mānān as

3190-530: Was also responsible for administering the towns of Dawakin Kudu and Tsakuwa. Under colonial Nigeria, the Galadima was a member of the Native Authority Council and was in charge of central departments like police, works, health, and the city of Kano. The officeholder was also responsible for all the over 500 ward-heads of Kano City. Several Emirs previously held the title of Galadima before their appointment, such as Ibrahim Dabo , Abdullahi Maje Karofi , Abdullahi Bayero , Muhammed Tukur , and Muhammad Inuwa . In

3248-408: Was imported from Bornu during the period where the empire had extended its influence across most of the Hausa Kingdoms in the 16th-century. In many of the Hausa states, the office of Galadima acted as a sort of vizier , and was sometimes assigned to the heir apparent . While the Galadima title is generally believed to have originated in Bornu during the 16th century, the Kano Chronicle suggests

3306-420: Was occasionally ignored by certain emirs. [1]: 114  The position retained its status as the most senior public office in the Zazzau government. After the Sokoto Jihad in 1804, the Zazzau Hausa state transitioned into an emirate that owed allegiance to the Sokoto Caliphate. The state's ousted rulers ( masu sarauta ) fled south and, in 1828, founded the town of Abuja , named after its founder, Abu Ja . Much of

3364-411: Was of mixed Kanuri and Shuwa Arab heritage from Fezzan contested the Fulani incursions into Bornu. Al-Kanemi was a Muslim scholar who had put together an alliance of mostly Shuwa Arabs , and Kanembu within the region. He eventually built in 1814 a capital at Kukawa (in present-day Nigeria). After the creation of his capital at Kukawa, Al-Kanemi quickly amassed a large following within Bornu and adopted

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