126-509: Gairsain ( Hindustani: [ɡɛːrˈsɛːɳ] ) is a town in Chamoli district of the Indian state of Uttarakhand near state's summer capital Bhararisain . A town and Nagar Panchayat , Gairsain is situated at the eastern edge of the vast Dudhatoli mountain range, and is located in Chamoli district almost at the centre of the state, at a distance of approximately 250 kilometres from Dehradun . It
252-404: A sex ratio of 1021 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 83.48%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 20.25% and 3.13% of the population respectively. Languages of Chamoli district (2021) The major predominant first language of the district is Garhwali, which according to the 2011 census was spoken by 90% of the population. Hindi, though widely used a lingua franca,
378-419: A colour to it, and in places with magnesite. it can be mined for use as filler in soap and in the cosmetic industries. In the past various utensils were made of it which, when polished, had the appearance of marble. Copper – The copper mines in the district are extensive and of reputed during the period of Hindus and The Gorkhas rules. All the rich mines have since being exhausted and at present they do not offer
504-471: A distance of approximately 195, 240 and 260 kilometers respectively. An airstrip exists at Gauchar (55 km) but is used only during special occasions. Government is planning the development of an Airport at Chaukhutia , which is situated in Almora district at a distance of 35 km from Gairsain. Gairsain is well connected by roads with all major cities in the state. National Highway 109 passes through
630-439: A fair field for the employment of capital. Iron – Small and sporadic occurrence of iron are known to occur in several parts of district but are of hardly any economic importance. Iron ore, rich in haematite, and magnetic ore, with haematite and siderite, also occur in the district. Graphite – In the past this mineral, also known as plumbago, found mostly in patti Lohba, was used as a dye but no large deposits have been noticed for
756-447: A few having three to five storeys, the very low rooms on the ground floor, which are usually 1.8 metres high, being used for housing the cattle. Each house has in front of it a courtyard called a Chauk. A mud or stone staircase or a wooden ladder leads to the upper storey, the roof being of wood. The height of the upper storey is generally 2.1 metres and the roof is usually a sloping structures of timber covered with Patals (quartzite slabs),
882-465: A former minister of Kumaon Kingdom and king Lalit Shah joined forces to attack Kumaon and captured Almora , the seat of Kumaon Kingdom, expelled the ruling king Mohan Chand and placed his own younger son on the throne. However, later Mohan Chand on (1786–1788) overthrew Pradyumna Shah and retained Kumaon Kingdom. In 1791 Gorkha forces of the Kingdom of Nepal, invaded Kumaon and took control of most of
1008-560: A general restriction on human trafficking in Garhwal , Sirmur and other areas in 1812 A.D. Anti-bribery regulations were issued against regional governors and declared it illegal to give or take any form of bribes or gifts from people. He established Hulak ( postal ) system through a relay of porters up to Yamuna river in Garhwal . Regulations issued in July 1809 states: In areas west of Bheri river and east of Jamuna river , make an estimate of
1134-416: A latter stage of development than its tributaries. This much, however, is known that there has been intense metamorphism . In some parts uplift has been considerable since the mid-Pleistocene epoch, in others there are great stretches of high but subdued topography and elsewhere there are the deepest gorges. The direction of folding in these mountain masses is generally North to South. The geological feature of
1260-504: A long time. Gold – Although no gold mines has been discovered in the district, the sands of Alaknanda and the Pinddar are said to be auriferous to a limited extent. Gypsum – This mineral is found on the bank of some river and was used in the past for the manufacture of saucers and bowls. when ground to a fine powder it is known as Plaster of Paris and can be used for a number of purposes. Lead – Deposits of this metal were fairly numerous in
1386-682: A much lower height from it. Gairsain comes under the Ramganga Soil Conservation Project that was initiated to contain the advancement of siltation in the Kalagarh dam . This project, covering the catchment area of the streams feeding the dam, has its head offices located in Ranikhet . Gairsain is located along an anticlinal thrust plane of the Almora nappe. Construction material like granite , gneisses , slates tiles, and limestone , quartzite
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#17328554141561512-466: A new formed district Rudraprayag . Chamoli, carved as a separate revenue district in 1960 out of the erstwhile Garhwal district, lies in the Central Himalaya and constitutes a part of the celebrated 'Kedar Kshetra'. Chamoli District is surrounded by Uttarkashi in the northwest, Pithoragarh in the east, Bageshwar in the southeast, Almora in the west, Pauri Garhwal in the southwest and Rudraprayag in
1638-539: A result of the Treaty of Sugauli , the British annexed half of the Kingdom of Garhwal ( Pauri Garhwal ) and converted the other half ( Tehri Garhwal ) into a subsidiary princely state. Sudarshan Shah, the heir to the Kingdom of Garhwal received approximately half his ancestral territories, limited to western Garhwal region and received recognition as Raja of a new princely state of Garhwal. The British established their rule over
1764-489: A rod of iron and the country fell into a lamentable decay. Its villages became deserted, its agriculture ruined and its population decreased beyond computation. It is said that two lakhs, (200,000) of people were sold as slaves, while few families of consequence remained in the country; but, to avoid the severity of the tyranny, they either went into banishment or were cut off or forcibly driven away by their tyrant. The Mukhtiyar (prime minister) of Nepal, Bhimsen Thapa imposed
1890-535: A series of encroachments by the Gorkhas on British territory led to the Anglo-Nepalese War in 1814. Sudarshan Shah, son and heir of the defeated ruler of the Kingdom of Garhwal who was in exile in British territory, saw his chance and entered into an alliance with the British in 1812. When the expected war erupted, he joined forces with them in the conquest of the hill territories. At the war's end on 21 April 1815, as
2016-514: A shared past or collective memory. In the Bharat/Jagar of Maula, Jiyarani, a Katyuri princess, as narrated in Doti (modern-day Nepal ) and Uttarakhand (present-day India ) is an example of this common heritage. In the book of Rahul Sankrityayan , Himalaya Parichaya: Garwahl (Allahabad 1953) it is written that, "The kings of Kumaon-Garhwal were called, Kedare Khasamandale which means Kedar region as
2142-635: A slave market at Das Bazar in Haridwar. Harak Dev Joshi, a prominent minister from the Kumaon court wrote letters to Fraser, the resident at Delhi describing the atrocities committed by the Gorkhas on the Garhwali people. British writer and explorer Captain F.V. Raper (of the 10th Bengal) has written an eye-witness account of it in the Asiatic Researches (vol. xi.): At the foot of the pass leading from Har Ki Pauri
2268-537: A small as of rotten eggs. Sulphur springs also occur in many parts in the district. Bitumen – The brownish white natural sulphate of alumina known as Shilajit is found in rocks at a fairly high altitude and occur in small lumps which generally have an admixture of red sand and micaceous stone embedded in them. It is used in Ayurvedic medicine and during the season when there is an influx of pilgrims, it fetches good income to those who deal in it. Some other minerals found in
2394-500: A year of ascending to the throne in 1717, subsequently Pradip Shah ascended and his rule led to rising fortunes of the Kingdom, this in turn attracted invaders, like Najib-ud-daula Governor of Saharanpur , who invaded in 1757 along with his Rohilla Army and captured Dehradun. However, in 1770, the Garhwali forces defeated the Rohillas and retrieved possession of the Dun region . 'Harshadev'
2520-638: Is Gauchar Airport , at Gauchar which is approximately 54 km. The town of Gairsain is situated in Chamoli District of Uttarakhand in North India . The town is located at 30°03′N 79°17′E / 30.05°N 79.28°E / 30.05; 79.28 and has an average altitude of 1,650 metres (5,410 ft). The town is 260 km north-east of Dehradun , 170 km south of Badrinath , 140 km north-west of Nainital and approximately 450 km north-east of New Delhi . Gairsain
2646-452: Is a Gurkhali 'chauki' or post, to which slaves are brought down from the hills and exposed for sale. Many hundreds of these poor wretches, of both sexes, from three to thirty years of age, are annually disposed of in the way of traffic. These slaves are brought down from all parts of the interior of the hills, and sold at Haridwar at from 10 to 150 rupees. Scottish travel writer and artist, J. B. Fraser wrote: The Gorkhas ruled Garhwal with
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#17328554141562772-730: Is a district of the Uttarakhand state of India. It is bounded by the Tibet region to the north, and by the Uttarakhand districts of Pithoragarh and Bageshwar to the east, Almora to the south, Pauri Garhwal to the southwest, Rudraprayag to the west, and Uttarkashi to the northwest. The administrative headquarters of Chamoli district is in Gopeshwar . Chamoli hosts a variety of destinations of pilgrim and tourist interest including Badrinath , Hemkund Sahib and Valley of Flowers . Chipko movement
2898-538: Is affiliated to the Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University , Srinagar . PG college Gairsain is now affiliated with Sri dev Suman University Badshahithaul tehri; changes occurred by 2018 when many colleges that were affiliated with HNBGU were transferred to Sdsu. Now in Garhwal region of Uttarakhand it is the second-largest university for study. Chamoli district Chamoli district
3024-422: Is around 15 °C. In summers the maximum temperature is around 26 °C while the minimum temperature is around 16 °C. The winter temperature, however, hovers between 12 and 7 °C. Skies are heavily clouded during the monsoon months and for short spells when the region is affected by the passage of western disturbances. During the rest of the year the skies are generally clear to lightly clouded. There
3150-408: Is available in most parts of the district. Sandstone is found in abundance in the lower hills. Gneiss and chlorite schists which are available throughout the district are frequently used for building purposes. Sulphur – This yellow mineral, also known as brimstone is found in the district as green sulphate of iron and is obtainable from iron pyrites and copper mines, its presence being characterised by
3276-518: Is believed that Hindu God Ganesha wrote first script of vedas in Vayas gufa situated in the last village Mana only 4 km (2.5 mi) from Badrinath . According to Rigveda (1017–19) after Inundation (Jalprlya) Sapt-Rishis saved their lives in the same village Mana. Besides there the roots of vedic literature seems to be originated from Garhwal because the Garhwali language has a lot of words common with Sanskrit . The work place of vedic Rishis are
3402-416: Is considerable. Humidity – The relative humidity is high during monsoon season, generally exceeding 70% on the average. The driest part of the year is the pre monsoon period when the humidity may drop to 35% during the afternoon. During the winter months humidity increases toward the afternoon at certain high stations. Cloudiness – Skies are heavily clouded during the monsoon months and for short spells when
3528-460: Is crisscrossed by several important rivers and their tributaries. Alaknanda , traversing a distance of 229 km. before it confluence with Bhagirathi at Devprayag and constituting the Ganges, is the major river. The Alaknanda originates at a height of 3641 meters below Balakun peak 16 km. upstream from Badrinath form the two glaciers of Bhagirath Kharak and Satopanth. The two glaciers rise from
3654-658: Is currently part of the Garhwal Division of the Uttarakhand state of India which was carved out of Uttar Pradesh in 2000. Former royal palace of the Maharaja of Tehri Garhwal at Narendranagar , now houses the Ananda in the Himalayas spa, established 2000. The flag of Garhwal was known as Badrinathji Ki Pataka or Garuda Dhwaj . It was in use since pre-1803 as a symbol of Garhwal State; and continued to be used from 1803 to 1949 as
3780-497: Is easily accessible from both the Garhwal and the Kumaon divisions, and in a way, acts as the bridge between the two regions. It is being considered as the future Permanent capital of Uttarakhand . Gairsain was envisaged as the state capital during the statehood agitation . However, after the formation of the state on 9 November 2000, Dehradun was made the temporary capital of the state. The Government of Uttarakhand had constituted
3906-643: Is estimated to have cost 150 crores. In the summer, officials travel from Dehradun along with documents to Bhararisain for the assembly session. The complex is kept closed during the snowy winters. Due to being located in a hilly area, Gairsain has neither rail connections nor a proper air connection, however, it is well connected by road. The nearest railhead is located in Ramnagar , which is approximately 150 km from Gairsain. Other nearby Railway stations include Kathgodam (160 km) and Kotdwara (245 km). A railway line connecting Karnaprayag with Rishikesh
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4032-400: Is found around the town. The types of soil found here are generally the same as found in the hilly areas comprising gravel sand, sandy loam, clayey loam, heavy clay and calcareous soils. The soils maybe divided into 3 categories. One is the red soil found on the slopes and generally sandy is grayish brown when dry and reddish when moist. The brown soils , found in the forests and fields near
4158-398: Is greater than the state ratio of 189 people per square kilometer. The number of men in the city is 3,582 while the number of women is 3,556, which gives it a sex ratio of 100.73%. Literacy rate of the town is 87.27 percent. Gairsain, initially a small hamlet, had a recorded population of 2,895 in 1981. The population subsequently rose to 4,228 in 1991 and 6,258 in 2001. Its nearby Bhararisain
4284-523: Is just 25 km (16 mi) away is regarded as Tapsthali (place where one practices Hindu religious austerities ) of King Pandu . In Kedar-khand Puran this land is regarded the land of lord Shiva . The authentic script about the history of Garhwal is found only 6th AD onward. Some of the oldest examples of these are the trishul in Gopeshwar, lalitsur in Pandukeshwar. The Narvaman rock script in siroli
4410-582: Is most known for taking part in the Battle of Bhangani on 18 September 1688, where combined forces of many Rajas of the Shivalik Hills (Pahari rajas) fought with 10th Sikh Guru Gobind Singh 's army. During his reign, Sikh Guru and the ex-communicated eldest son of Har Rai , Ram Rai settled here, upon recommendations of Aurangzeb , which eventually led to the establishment of modern town of Dehradun . Fateh Shah died in 1716, and his son Upendra Shah died within
4536-428: Is of an average quality is crystalline in nature, and is found associated with crystalline dolomites and sometimes with soapstone. The Magnesium carbonate found here is also of average quality and its mineralisation has also been reported to occur in the district. Soapstone (or steatite) – This white saponaceous stone resembling pipe clay is obtained in as lenticular body and is associated with mineral pyrites, which adds
4662-504: Is one of the four Mathas established by Aadi Sankaracharya. In Bharat varsh other these are Dwarika, Puri and Sringeri. He also reinstated idol of Lord Badrinath in Badrinath (town), before this the idol of Badrinath was hidden in Narad-Kund by the fear of Budhas. After this ethicist of vaidic cult started to pilgrim Badrinath . According to Pt. Harikrishna Raturi, King Bhanu Pratap
4788-545: Is procured which can be used as mortar. There are two distinct ranges of limestone hills in the district, the first, north of the Alaknanda in Nagpur, the second, running from Lohba patti to the Pinddar and again to the Alaknanda in patti Bacchansyun in district Garhwal. Reserves of dolomite exists in the district and tufaceous deposits are also found near several Nullahs. Building stone – Stone which can be used for building purposes
4914-597: Is situated in the center of the state; although it comes within the administrative limits of the Garhwal division , the boundary of Kumaon division starts approximately 15 kilometers from the town. The town is located on the mountains of the Dudhatoli range, and forms its western limit. Gairsain is also the headquarter of the Gairsain Tehsil – one of the six district subdivisions of Chamoli district . The Gairsain Tehsil
5040-420: Is snowfall in the months of January and February. The snowfall is usually between 5 and 120 cm, and the snow accumulates for a day or two. The average annual rainfall occurring in the town is 1435 mm. Most of the rainfall occurs during the period between June and September when 70 to 80 percent of the annual precipitation is accounted for. Its location on the southern slopes of the outer Himalayas allows
5166-463: Is spread over an area of 501 square kilometres (193 sq mi) and is bound by the Karnaprayag Tehsil on its North, Tharali Tehsil on its East, Chaukhutia Tehsil of Almora district on its south and Thalisain Tehsil of Pauri Garhwal district on its West. Gairsain has an unusually gentle topography compared to the other areas of equivalent altitude in the Garhwal region. The slope of
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5292-517: Is still unstable. Although any movement or tremor of the Earth's crust in the district is not produced by volcanic activity, the Chaukhamba peak a pair to be the crater of an extinct volcano. As the elevation of the district ranges from 800 m to 8,000 m above sea level the climate of the district vary largely depending on the altitude. The winter season is from about mid November to March. As most of
5418-445: Is the first language of 5.1%, while smaller communities include speakers of Bhotia (1.6%), Nepali (1.4%), Kumaoni (1%) and Rongpo 40). ). The houses in the district have not been built according to any town planning scheme but have been put up haphazardly in clusters on level ground at places where water springs are accessible or on the bank of the river in the valley. The houses are built of stones and are generally double-storeyed,
5544-763: Is under construction, and upon its completion, the Karnaprayag railway station (47 km) will be the nearest railway station to Gairsain. There have also been plans to link Chaukhutia to Ramnagar with a Rail line, which would be instrumental in bringing Gairsain on the Railway map. In May 2019, the Ministry of Railways sanctioned the survey of a new railway track which would connect Gairsain with Tanakpur , Bageshwar , Chaukhutiya, and Karnaprayag. The nearby operational airports are located in Pantnagar , Pithoragarh and Dehradun at
5670-549: The Garhwal Kingdom , with Devalgarh as its capital, which he later shifted to Srinagar . At the beginning of the 18th century, the bulk of this area was included in the domain of Fateh Shah, the Raja of Garhwal . He was followed by Dilip Sah, Upendra Sah and Pradeep Sah for over half a century. In the beginning of 1803, a severe earthquake occurred in Garhwal, destroying many houses and killing many people and cattle. Soon after this
5796-480: The Kumaon District . In 1919, this area came into prominence as a centre of political activity under the leadership of Anusuya Prasad Bahuguna, a leader who held public meetings against coolie-begar system . In 1930 the civil disobedience movement was made one occasion for launching individual Satyagraha against British Government. In 1947 the area along with rest of country won independence from British rule when it
5922-728: The Rishiganga and Dhauliganga rivers to rise. One dam at the Rishiganga Hydroelectric Project was destroyed and another, the Dhauliganga Hydropower Project at Reni village, suffered a partial collapse. Initial reports said eleven people were dead and 170 missing. Water levels on the Alaknanda also rose. Five bridges were destroyed, and flood alerts were issued for Pauri, Tehri, Rudraprayag, Haridwar, and Dehradun regions. In order to reduce rising water levels on
6048-497: The non-regulation system . Since the capital Srinagar was now part of the British Garhwal, a new capital was established at Tehri , giving the name of Tehri state (popularly known as Tehri Garhwal). Sudarshan Shah died in 1859, and was succeeded by Bhawani Shah, who in turn was succeeded by Pratap Shah in 1872. The kingdom had an area of 4,180 square miles (10,800 km ), and a population of 268,885 in 1901. The ruler
6174-433: The 2nd century BC. Later this region came under the rule of Katyuri kings , who ruled unified Kumaon and Garhwal regions from Katyur Valley, Baijnath , starting 6th century AD and eventually fading by the 11th century AD, after their fall Kurmanchal was divided into numerous small principalities and they eventually lost the control over garhwal region and the region fragmented into several small forts (garh). Huen Tsang ,
6300-513: The Alaknanda, the flow of the Bhagirathi River was stopped. In 2022 Chamoli district has a population of 691,605, roughly equal to the nation of Maldives . This gives it a ranking of 559th in India (out of a total of 640 ). The district has a population density of 49 inhabitants per square kilometre (130/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 5.6%. Chamoli has
6426-509: The Chinese traveller, who visited the region around 629 AD, mentions a Kingdom of Brahmapura in the region. Based on the testimony of inscriptions (the earliest dating back to the 4th century AD), literary accounts, and local traditions it may be suggested that Far-Western Region of Nepal and Uttarakhand formed one single polity for centuries under the Katyuri kings. Therefore, both regions inherit
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#17328554141566552-590: The Chinese traveller, who visited the region around 629 AD, mentions a kingdom of Brahampura in the region. Gairsain remained under the sway of Parmar Rajputs of Garhwal during the Medivial period. The Garhwal state was founded in 823 AD, when Kanakpal, the prince of Malwa , on his visit to the Badrinath Temple , met the King Bhanu Pratap, a chieftain of Chandpur Garhi. The King later married his only daughter to
6678-620: The Dikshit Commission under the chairmanship of Justice V. N. Dixit, whose work was to carry out a study among various cities of Uttarakhand, in order to find the most suitable place for the capital of Uttarakhand. The Dikshit Commission narrowed down the search to 5 cities: Dehradun , Kashipur , Ramnagar , Rishikesh and Gairsain; and after taking 8 years, submitted its 80-page report to the Uttarakhand Assembly on 17 August 2008. The commission found Dehradun and Kashipur eligible for
6804-565: The Dixit Commission for the search of a permanent capital; but the commission in its report had noted that "the interim capital, Dehradun , is a more suitable place as the permanent capital owing to the factors like its distance from national capital, centralised population and safety from natural calamities". A three-day-long assembly session of Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly was held at Gairsain from 9 to 12 June 2014. With this event, hopes are high that its stature might be raised to that of
6930-644: The Garhwal Kingdom (1946–1949), accepted the sovereignty of the Union of India . Tehri Riyasat was merged into the Garhwal District of United Provinces (later renamed to Uttar Pradesh ) and was given the status of a new district, the Tehri Garhwal district . Subsequently, on 24 February 1960, the state government separated one of its tehsils which was given the status of a separate district named Uttarkashi . It
7056-417: The Garhwal in 1804 up to 1815 this region remain under Gorkha rule. Meanwhile, the king of Panwar dynasty Raja Sudarshan Shah contacted east India Company and sought help. With the help of British he defeated Gorkas and merged the eastern part of Alaknanda and Mandakini along with the capital srinagar in British Garhwal from that time this region was known as British Garhwal and the capital of Garhwal
7182-509: The Gorkha leaders Amar Singh Thapa , Hastidal Chutariya and some others invaded Garhwal with a large and well equipped army. Amar Singh Thapa was appointed Governor of the region. The Gorkhas were defeated by the British forces in the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814 , and Gairsain along with other parts of Kumaon and Garhwal was ceded to the British in the Treaty of Sugauli . In 1839 the district of Garhwal came into existence after being separated from
7308-425: The Gorkha onslaught from 1795. Garhwal had not yet recovered from the famine when a devastating earthquake struck the region. The Garhwal kings went into exile in British territory as the Gorkhas began their twelve-year rule over Garhwal region. The Gorkhas ruled Garhwal with an iron fist. Their excessive taxation policy, iniquitous judicial system, slavery, torture and lack of civilised administrative set up made
7434-566: The Gorkha rulers extremely unpopular amongst their subjects. Cultivation declined rapidly and villages were deserted. During the Gorkha rule, a revenue settlement for Garhwal was undertaken in 1811. The rates were so high that the land-owners found it difficult to honour, and the Gorkhas sold hundreds of their family members into slavery in satisfaction of the arrears. If a person or his family members were not purchased as slaves in auction, such people were sent to Bhimgoda near Har Ki Pauri , Haridwar for selling. The Gorkhas are said to have established
7560-399: The Gorkhas. The Battle of Khurbura took place on Magh 20, 1860 V.S. (January 1804) where the Gorkhas were under the command of Bada Kaji Amar Singh Thapa . Several causes are attributed to this defeat. Garhwal was perpetually in political turmoil since the time of Raja Jayakrit Shah and this was sapping the vitality of the kingdom. Nature also played havoc in the form of a famine before
7686-537: The Legislative Assembly of the state during budget session that Bhararisain (14 km from Gairsain) would be declared the summer Capital of the state. An official notification to this effect was issued on 8 June 2020 by the government after the then governor, Baby Rani Maurya gave her assent to the move. The Gairsain division was announced in March 2021. It was proposed to be the third administrative division of
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#17328554141567812-463: The Parmar rulers of Garhwal. Mola Ram the 18th century painter, poet, historian and diplomat of Garhwal wrote the historical work Garhrajvansh Ka Itihas (History of the Garhwal royal dynasty) which is the only source of information about several Garhwal rulers. Manabendra Shah was the last Maharaja of Tehri Garhwal before the princely state joined the newly independent India in 1947. He succeeded to
7938-469: The South, occupied by ranges of lower altitude, consists essentially of sedimentary and low grade metamorphic rock also intruded by later volcanic rocks. Geologically very little is known of the first division which consists of rocks such as quartzites, marbles and various types of micaceous schists and gneisses which a few sporadic occurrences of garnet, graphite, iron, kyanite, mica and vein quartz. The division to
8064-519: The Uttarakhand assembly was organized for the first time in this assembly building that was completed in 2014. In May 2014, a decision was taken by Uttarakhand government to constitute 'Gairsain Development Council' by merging the blocks of Gairsain in Chamoli and Chaukhutia in Almora , and by the end of the year, there were plans to develop Gairsain as the Summer capital of Uttarakhand. Gairsain
8190-425: The amount required for payment to Hulaki porters employed for the transport of mail on the basis of sum sanctioned in the previous order and the sum required according to arrangements made this year for different areas and submit a report accordingly. The royal court sent the following orders regarding abolition of slave trading: Let not there be injustice in any matter. We had sent orders previously also banning
8316-613: The ancient name of Garhwal and Kumaon. The earliest reference to places in this region are in the Skanda Purana as ' Kedarakhanda ' and in the Mahabharata as ' Himavat ' to describe the area that contained Gangadwar ( Haridwar and Kankhal ), Badrinath , Gandhamardan, and Kailash . Traditionally the region finds mention in various Hindu scriptures as Kedarkhand being home to the Garhwali people . The Kuninda Kingdom also flourished around
8442-496: The area fell under the empire of Kushanas and later on under the sway of Shilvarman, a powerful king who styled himself lord of the mountains. In course of time the Katyuri dynasty became a virtually indigenous ruling family of this region. Katyuri Kings ruled the present area from 9th to 11th centuries. The Katyuris were replaced by Chand Kings in Kumaon , while Garhwal was fragmented into several small principalities. Huen Tsang ,
8568-486: The capital, noting "the interim capital, Dehradun , is a more suitable place as the permanent capital owing to the factors like its distance from national capital, centralised population and safety from natural calamities" and considering the odd geographical conditions, seismic data and other factors, disfavoured Gairsain as the permanent capital. Although, the whole state, baring plains, is in Seismic Zone-5 In 2012,
8694-457: The cattle sheds are made at some distance from the villages. The houses are built in rows of half a dozen or so and strikingly picturesque in their fort like appearance. The staple grains consumed by the people of the district are wheat, rice, maze, mandua and jhanjora, the last three being coarse grains generally eaten by the poorer sections. The pulses consumed are urad, gahat , bhatt, soontha , tur, lopia and masor. The Hindus of
8820-414: The chand pur Gari rock script by king Kankpal authenticates the history and culture of Garhwal. It is believed that about 300 BC, Khasa invaded Garhwal through Kashmir Nepal and Kuman. A conflict grew due to this invasion a conflict took place between these outsiders and natives. The natives for their protection built small forts called Garhi . Later on, Khasa defeated the native totally and captured
8946-453: The colours represent the snow of the Himalaya and the forests of the state. In the centre the crest of the coat of arms is placed – an eagle with expanded wings (Garuda) is the vehicle of Lord Badrinath / Vishnu with emphasis on Garhwal being God's own abode. "As Garuda is where Lord Vishnu is, it celebrates association of Garhwal with Lord Vishnu. As Lord Himself has a role sustaining the world,
9072-473: The country was declared independent in 1947, the inhabitants of Tehri Riyasat (Garhwal State) started their movement to free themselves from the clutches of the Maharaja Narendra Shah (Panwar). Due to this movement, the situation became out of his control and it was difficult for him to rule over the region. Consequently, the 60th king of Panwar dynasty, Manabendra Shah , the last ruling Maharaja of
9198-402: The district are antimony, arsenic, lignite or brown marble, mica and silver. Physiographically the district, which lies in a region of tectonic or folded and overthrust mountain chains, has strata are structurally marked by complex folds, reverse faults, overthrusts and nappes of great dimensions, all these as well as frequent earthquake of varying intensity give region to believe that the region
9324-455: The district form two major divisions which lies North and south of an imaginary line extending east-southeast between the villages of Haling in Joshi math and Comarket in the adjoining District of Pithoragarh. The Northern division, which is occupied by higher ranges and snow-covered peaks consist entirely of medium to high grade metamorphic rocks and is intruded by later volcanic rocks. The division to
9450-494: The district mostly vegetarian by habit and preference and although the Muslims, Christians and Sikhs are generally non-vegetarian, those not able to afford eating meat daily due to want of fund or local unavailability often resulting to a vegetarian diet. Garhwal Kingdom Garhwal kingdom was an independent Himalayan kingdom in the current north-western Himalayan state of Uttarakhand , India, founded in 823 CE by Kanak Pal
9576-453: The earliest King of this area seems to have been Kubera , the Lord of Yakshas . They were suppressed by Asuras who seem to have principally ruled over what is now Ukhimath . Prithu appears to have been the first King from the plains to visit these parts. After the Mahabharata war , Nagas , Kunindas , Kiratas , Tanganas and Khasas exercised control over this region. For more than a century
9702-478: The eastern half of the Garhwal region, which lies east of Alaknanda and Mandakini river , which was later on known as British Garhwal and Dehradun , along with Kumaon , which was merged with British India as a result of the Treaty of Sugauli . The former Kumaon Kingdom was joined with the eastern half of the Garhwal region and was governed as a chief-commissionership, also known as the Kumaon Province , on
9828-518: The eastern slopes of Chaukhamba (7140 meters) peak, Badrinath peak and its satellite peaks. These peaks separates the Gangotri group of glaciers in the west. The major portion of the Alaknanda basin falls in Chamoli district. From its source up to Hallang (58 km), the valley is treated as upper Alaknanda valley. The remaining part of the area is known as lower Alanknanda valley. While moving from its source,
9954-404: The first time in the newly constructed, grand Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly building at Bhararisain , some 14 km away from Gairsain. Many important legislations were passed during the session. The assembly also resolved to hold the next budget session at Bhararisain. A Vidhan Sabha complex was built at Bhararisain, around 14 km from the town. Covering 47 acres, the assembly building
10080-483: The foot of Gair Village. In the ancient Indian literature, this area has been celebrated as Kedar Kshetra. The other tradition envisages that Himalayan country is said to be made up of five divisions one of which is Kedar Khanda which has been specifically dealt within the Kedar Khand section of Skand Puran. The Kunindas and Kiratas are also reported to have been inhabitants of this region. According to Hindu tradition
10206-496: The fortress town. Kanak Pal and his descendants of Panwar dynasty, gradually conquered all the independent fortresses (Garhs) belonging to its 52 small chieftains, and ruled the whole of Garhwal Kingdom for the next 916 years, up to 1804 AD. In 1358, the 37th ruler, Ajay Pal, brought all the minor principalities for the Garhwal region, under his own rule, and founded the Garhwal Kingdom, with Devalgarh as its capital, which he later shifted to Srinagar . Balbhadra Shah (r. 1575–1591),
10332-513: The forts. Khasa confined Garhwal of hundreds of Garhi in to fifty-two Garhi only. One vashudev general of khasas established his regime on the northern border of garhwal and founded his capital in joshimath then Kartikeypur. Vashudev katyuri was the founder of katyura dynasty in Garhwal and they reign Garhwal over hundreds of years in this period of katyuri regime Aadi Sankaracharya visited Garhwal and established Jyotrimath (now in Chamoli) which
10458-462: The hill country, expelling or subduing most of the rajas. After defeating Kumaon, Gorkha Kingdom attacked Garhwal and Garhwali forces suffered heavy defeat, and Pradyumna Shah first escaped from Srinagar to Dehradun and then to Saharanpur to organise forces, but was eventually killed in the Battle of Khurbura (Dehradun) in January 1804 while his brother, Pritam Shah, was taken in captivity to Nepal by
10584-575: The kingdom against invaders and repelled an attack of Mughal army led by Najabat Khan in 1640, and in time received the nickname of 'Nakti Rani' as she used to chop off the noses of any invader to the kingdom, as the Mughal invaders of the period realised. Monuments erected by her still exist in Dehradun district at Nawada. The next important ruler was Fateh Shah , remained the King of Garhwal from 1684 to 1716, and
10710-504: The land in the lower regions or 'khet' is around 30 degrees while along the higher slopes it is around 40 degrees. According to the Bureau of Indian Standards , the town falls under seismic zone 5 , in a scale of 2 to 5 (in order of increasing vulnerability to earthquakes). The source of the Ramganga River , "Diwali Khal", is located near the town; The river flows besides the town, although at
10836-402: The monsoon currents to enter through the valley. The effectiveness of the rains is, among others, related to low temperature which means less evapotranspiration from the surrounding forests and vegetation cover – indicating that the soil moisture in the area is well preserved. The relative humidity is moderately high during the monsoon season around 60 percent but the unpleasant effect is offset by
10962-407: The past but it is found in somewhat inaccessible places and has long since ceased to be worked. Slate – This dense, fine grained metamorphic rock, which is produced from a fine clay, can be split into thin, smooth plates and is quarried throughout the district. It is suitable for roofing purposes, the thin dark blue slates being somewhat inferior in quality. Limestone – By burning this mineral, lime
11088-407: The permanent capital of the state, in the near future. According to tradition, the name Gairsain is derived from the Garhwali words; Gair (गैर) meaning 'at some depth' and Sain (सैण) meaning 'rolling plains', referring to the somewhat flat land at some depth in otherwise hilly terrain. An adjoining village is named Gair (गैड़) and some attribute the name Gairsain as the deep plain area at
11214-424: The prince and subsequently handed over his kingdom, the fortress town. Kanakpal and his descendants of Parmar dynasty, gradually conquered all the independent fortresses (Garhs) belonging to its 52 small chieftains, and ruled the whole of Garhwal Kingdom for the next 915 years, up to 1804 AD. In 1358, the 37th ruler, Ajay Pal, brought all the minor principalities for the Garhwal region, under his own rule, and founded
11340-682: The progenitor of the Panwar dynasty that ruled over the kingdom uninterrupted until 1803 CE. The kingdom was divided into two parts during the British Raj , namely: the princely state of Garhwal and the Garhwal District of British India . During this period, the princely state of Garhwal was one of the States of the Punjab Hills which became part of the Punjab Hill States Agency although it
11466-571: The prominent pilgrim places in Garhwal specially in chamoli like Atrimuni Ashram in Anusuya about 25 km (16 mi) from chamoli town and work place of Kashyap Rishi at Gandhmadan parwat near Badrinath . According to Aadi-Puran, vedvyasa scripted the story of Mahabhrat in Vyas Gufa near Badrinath . Pandukeshwar, a small village situated on the Rishikesh Badrinath high-way from where Badrinath
11592-466: The rains is, among others, related to low temperature which means less evapotranspiration and forest or vegetation cover. However, the effectiveness is neither uniform nor even positive in areas where either the vegetational cover is poor and/or has steep slopes or the soils have been so denuded that their moisture absorption capacity has become marginal. Rain gauging stations put up at seven locations by Meteorological department of Govt. of India, represent
11718-457: The region is affected by the passage of western disturbances. During the rest of the year the skies are generally clear to lightly clouded. Winds – Owing to the nature of terrain local affect are pronounced and when the general prevailing winds not too strong to mask these effect, there is a tendency for diurnal reversal of winds, the flow being anabatic during the day and katabatic at night, the latter being of considerable force. Chamoli district
11844-427: The region is situated on the southern slopes of the outer Himalayas, monsoon currents can enter through the valley, the rainfall being heaviest in the monsoon from June to September. Rainfall – Most of the rainfall occur during the period June to September when 70 to 80 percent of the annual precipitation is accounted for in the southern half of the district and 55 to 65 percent in the northern half. The effectiveness of
11970-445: The residence of Khas people ". The royal dynasty of Garhwal started with Kanak Pal . Garhwal Kingdom was founded in 823 AD, when Kanak Pal, the prince of Malwa (present day Madhya Pradesh ), on his visit to the Badrinath Temple , met Raja Bhanu Pratap, the ruler of Chandpur Garhi, one of the 52 Garhs of Garhwal. Raja Bhanu Pratap had no sons. The King married his only daughter to the prince and subsequently handed over his kingdom,
12096-435: The river flows in a narrow deep gorge between the mountain slopes of Alkapuri, from which it drives its name. All along its course, it drains its tributaries: The rivers of Chamoli district, generally flow with great force in steep and narrow channels often resulting in excessive erosion and collapse of the banks. On 7 February 2021 a part of Nanda Devi, a Himalayan glacier, broke away at Joshimath. This caused water levels in
12222-517: The ruler Ajay Pal, who is said to have consolidated 52 principalities to form the kingdom in the 14th century. After this conquest the domain under Ajay Pal is said to have been called 'Garhwal', possibly due to the numerous forts in the region. The name of the region and its people prior to Ajay Pal is unknown though some historians like Atkinson have alluded to ‘ Khasadeśa ’ (Land of the Khasas ) and Sircar has stated that ‘ Strīrājya ’ (Kingdom of Women) as
12348-453: The sale of the children of the subjects, but it seems that the practice has not been abandoned. You are, therefore, ordered to maintain checkposts and do whatever is necessary to put an end to the practice. Any person who is caught while trafficking in human beings shall be punished according to the previous order. The occupation of the kingdom by the Gorkhas went unopposed from 1803 to 1814 until
12474-477: The settled land mass of Chamoli district. Temperature – The details of temperature recorded at the meteorological observatories in the district show that the highest temperature was 34 °C and lowest 0 °C. January is the coldest month after which the temperature begin to rise till June or July. temperature vary with elevation. During the winter cold waves in the wake of western disturbances may cause temperature to fall appreciably. Snow accumulation in valleys
12600-461: The snowy range described in ancient books as Bahirgiri, one of the three divisions of the Himalayan mountains. Chamoli, the district of "Garhwal" the land of forts. Today's Garhwal was known as Kedar-khand in the past. In puranas Kedar-khand was said to be abode of Hindu God. It seems from the facts vedas puranas , Ramayna and Mahabharat that these Hindu scriptures are scripted in kedar-khand. It
12726-450: The south of the imaginary line is better known geologically and consists of rocks such as gneisses, limestone, phyllites, quartzite, sericite-biotite schists and slates. The minerals that are found in the district are the following: Asbestos – This is of the amosite variety and can be used for the production of asbestos, cement bricks, laboratory asbestos sheet and paper, but is not considered to be of economic importance. Magnestic – This
12852-450: The state after Garhwal and Kumaon , and would include the districts of Almora , Bageshwar , Chamoli and Rudraprayag . However, the status was put on 'hold' by Uttarakhand Cabinet in April 2021. Gairsain is just about 16 km from the Almora district border along National Highway 87 . The nearest railway station to Gairsain is Ramnagar which is 150 km away. The nearest airport
12978-695: The state capital started rising across the state. In 2000, the Uttarakhand Mahila Morcha took out a rally demanding Gairsain be made the state capital. Several public demonstrations followed this rally, and in a similar event held in Srinagar in 2002, the Gairsain Rajdhani Aandolana Samiti (Gairsain Capital Movement Committee) was established. Taking these movements into consideration, the Uttarakhand government constituted
13104-464: The state government decided to set up an integrated township at Bhararisain . The entire complex was proposed to be developed on the green city concept, which would be equipped with several modern facilities on its sprawling campus including "residential apartments and commercial complexes, dispensaries, and schools, besides parks and playgrounds for children and youth". On 4 March 2020, the chief minister of Uttarakhand, Trivendra Singh Rawat announced in
13230-556: The state of Garhwal is sustained by support of God. It is in a pose with expanded wings which shows readiness and preparation to soar high. Thus it gives a meaning of divinity, majesty and ambitious preparedness with readiness to embark on great undertakings." This verse was used with special fervour in Garhwal due to the Flag being Garuda Dhwaj. The verse was used by ruler of princely state himself while bidding farewell to state forces. According to Atkinson, there are four chronological lists of
13356-515: The symbol of princely state of Garhwal, (a.k.a. Tehri Garhwal / Garhwal Raj). After 1949, this flag is the symbol of Royal family and Lord Badrinath. The colour scheme is two equal stripes of white (top) and green (bottom) horizontally placed and the symbol used was Garuda (the celestial vehicle of Lord Vishnu ). White stands for purity, peace, tranquillity with snow as an additional meaning for Himalayan state. Green stands for agriculture, greenery, prosperity and progress. According to Filcher11 (1984),
13482-694: The then Chief Minister of Uttarakhand , Vijay Bahuguna organized a cabinet meeting in Gairsain. After the success of this meeting, the foundation stone of a new building for the Uttarakhand Assembly was set in the GIC Ground in the year 2013. The same year, Bhoomi Poojan Program was organized for the Vidhan Sabha Bhavan in Bhararisain , located about 14 km away from Gairsain. A three-day session of
13608-638: The throne when his father Narendra Shah abdicated throne (on health grounds) on 26 May 1946. Manabendra Shah known as 'Bolanda Badri' (living incarnation of Lord Vishnu ) was the 60th guardian of the temple of Badrinath in Garhwal . After serving on the Burma Front during the Second World War and retiring as a Lieutenant Colonel from the British Indian Army , Manabendra Shah ruled the 4,800-square mile only Tehri Garhwal State from 1946 until 1949, but
13734-494: The town, and connects with the cities of Haldwani , Almora , Ranikhet , Dwarahat and Karnaprayag . Private bus operators as well as state transport buses ply to and from the town. Taxi services are also available to destination like Chaukhutia , Ramnagar and other major towns and cities. Gairsain has one Degree College – the Government Degree College Gairsain, which was established in 2001, and
13860-522: The town, varies in colour from brown to dark brown depending on the quantity of organic matter contained therein. The podsol soils , clayey in texture, are generally found along the terraced fields. Gairsain has a subtropical highland climate (Cwb) under the Köppen climate classification . The city is situated at an elevation of 1650 metres, and as a result, the climate of the area is largely dependent on its high altitude. The annual average range of temperature
13986-467: The unraveling of the story of their structure has only just begun, and in many cases no dating of the rocks is yet possible, though they include ancient and relatively recent crystalline intrusive, rocks and Sediment sediments allied to the peninsular part of India. The section of the range in the district is deeply cut into by the headwaters of the Aleksandra river, this trunk stream seeming to have reached
14112-401: The well off use corrugated galvanised iron sheets. Generally the upper storey has a veranda in front of the upper rooms. The houses in the higher regions are two to three storeys with balconies all round and paved courtyard in front where people do their threshing, weaving, spinning and other house hold works. A few houses have five or six storeys, the topmost being used as the kitchen. At times
14238-522: The west. The geographical area of the District is around 7,520 km (2,900 sq mi). The geology of the region shows that the Himalayas are amongst the youngest mountains in the world. During early Mesozoic times the land mass now covered by them was occupied by the great Tethys sea . The probable date of the commencement of the elevation of the Himalayas is about the close of the Mesozoic era, but
14364-481: The winds which make it less oppressive. During the winter months the humidity increases towards the afternoon generally. The driest part of the year is the pre monsoon period when the humidity may drop to 35 percent during the afternoon. According to the 2011 census of India, Gairsain town is spread over an area of 7.53 sq. km, and the total population residing in the town is 7,138, which gives it population density of 947.94 persons per square kilometer of area, which
14490-481: Was declared summer capital of Uttarakhand in June 2020. Ex-Chief Minister Vijay Bahuguna promised to undertake numerous developmental projects in Gairsain, during his first visit to the town. He promised that an airstrip would be laid in Gairsain. In addition, one session of the legislative assembly will be held annually in Gairsain. A session of Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly was held on 17 and 18 November 2016 for
14616-562: Was first started in Chamoli. The name "Chamoli" is derived from the Sanskrit word chandramoli which stands for "One who wears the moon on his head" denoting the Hindu god Shiva. The region covered by the district of Chamoli formed part of the Pauri Garhwal district till 1960. It occupies the northeastern corner of the Garhwal tract and lies in the central or mid-Himalayas in the very heart of
14742-523: Was given the status of a Nagar Panchayat in 2015–2016. At the time of its establishment, the city was spread over an area of 7.53 sq. km, and had a population of 7,138 according to the 2011 Census of India . The proposal to develop Gairsain as the Summer capital of the state gained much acceptance by 2017. Another session of the Uttarakhand Cabinet was held in Gairsain in 2017 and the following year,
14868-486: Was given the title of Raja, but after 1913, he was honoured with the title of Maharaja . The King was entitled to an 11 gun salute and had a privy purse of 300,000 Rupees. In 1919, Maharaja Narendra Shah shifted the capital from Tehri to a new town, which was named after him, Narendranagar . During the Quit India Movement people from this region actively worked for the independence of India. Ultimately, when
14994-446: Was inaugurated in Gairsain in 1991. The same year, three BJP ministers and MLAs supported the demand of a separate Uttarakhand state in a public meeting held in the town. The Uttarakhand Kranti Dal, in the year 1992, formally declared Gairsain as the capital of the proposed state of Uttarakhand. UKD, In the honour of Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali, named this proposed capital region as Chandranagar . A hunger strike, which lasted for 157 days,
15120-568: Was not under the Punjab Province administration. The princely state of Garhwal or Independent Garhwal consisted of the present day Tehri Garhwal district and most of the Uttarkashi district . This former state acceded to the Union of India in August 1949 CE. The exact origin of the word 'Garhwal' is unknown, though it is believed to be derived from the title ‘ Garh-wala ’ (Owner of Forts) given to
15246-422: Was organised in the year 1994 in order to pressurise the government to announce Gairsain as the capital of Uttarakhand. The same year, a committee headed by Ramashankar Kaushik, which was constituted by then Mulayam Singh Yadav Government, recommended the creation of the hill state of Uttarakhand with Gairsain as its capital. After the formation of Uttarakhand on 9 November 2000, the demand for declaring Gairsain as
15372-518: Was part of the district British Garhwal also called Pauri Garhwal . Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali was the first person to propose Gairsain as the capital of a hill state in the 1960s. This place eventually began to be projected as the capital of the proposed state during the Uttarakhand state movement . In 1989, Dr. D.D. Pant and Bipin Tripathi accepted Gairsain as the proposed capital of Uttarakhand. An office of Directorate of Higher Education and Diet
15498-804: Was proud of having been one of the first to sign the Instrument of Accession , which he had helped to negotiate, with the Government of India . After the independence of India , he was a long-serving member of the Parliament of India , first as an Indian National Congress MP and later as a Bharatiya Janata Party MP. He represented Tehri Garhwal constituency eight times in the Lok Sabha . Manabendra Shah also served as Indian ambassador to Ireland from 1980 to 1983. His son Manujendra Shah campaigned unsuccessfully to succeed to his father's Lok Sabha seat representing
15624-423: Was set up at Tehri instead of Srinagar. In the beginning British ruler kept this area under Dehradun and Saharanpur . But later on the British established a new district in this area and named it Pauri. Today's chamoli was a tehsil of the same. On 24 February 1960, tehsil Chamoli was upgraded to a new district. In October 1997, two complete tehsil and two other blocks (partially) of district chamoli were merged into
15750-438: Was the first Raja of Garhwal to use the title Shah. The capital was shifted to Srinagar by Mahipat Shah who ascended to the throne in 1622, and further consolidated his rule over most parts of Garhwal, though he died early in 1631, though his seven-year-old son, Prithvi Shah ascended to the throne after him, the Kingdom was ruled by Mahipat Shah's wife, Rani Karnavati for many years to come, during which she successfully defended
15876-452: Was the first ruler of Panwar dynasty in Garhwal who founded Chanpur-Garhi as his capital. This was the strongest garh (fort) of the fifty-two in of garhwal. The devastating earthquake of 8 September 1803 weakened the economic and administrative set-up of Garhwal state. Taking advantage of the situation, Gorkhas attacked Garhwal under the command of Amar Singh Thapa and Hastidal Chanturia. They established there, reign over half of
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