102-452: GL , Gl , or gl may refer to: Businesses and brands [ edit ] Air Greenland , IATA airline designator Germanischer Lloyd , a classification society GlobalLogic , a Digital Product Engineering Services company Government and military [ edit ] GreenLeft , a Dutch political party Green-Libertarian , a North American political philosophy Gwardia Ludowa ,
204-472: A diagonal relationship . At room temperature, the surface of beryllium forms a 1−10 nm-thick oxide passivation layer that prevents further reactions with air, except for gradual thickening of the oxide up to about 25 nm. When heated above about 500 °C, oxidation into the bulk metal progresses along grain boundaries. Once the metal is ignited in air by heating above the oxide melting point around 2500 °C, beryllium burns brilliantly, forming
306-687: A travel agency specialised in Greenlandic tourism. Air Greenland's domestic airport network includes 12 civilian airports within Greenland. Outside Greenland, the airline currently operates year-round transatlantic flights to Keflavík International Airport in Iceland and Copenhagen Airport in Denmark. It also offers seasonal service to Billund and Aalborg in Denmark, as well as Iqaluit in Canada. Nuuk Airport
408-507: A 2-3-2 configuration. Air Greenland offers flexible and restricted economy class on all flights operated with fixed-wing aircraft, with complimentary snacks and drinks. On transatlantic flights to Copenhagen, both economy class and premium class seats are available, with in-flight meals served in all classes. Air Greenland publishes a quarterly Suluk ( Kalaallisut : "Wing") in-flight magazine, with general information about current political and cultural events in Greenland and with news from
510-714: A 2003 television drama Green Lantern , any of a number of similarly themed DC Comics characters Guiding Light , an American soap opera Gurren Lagann , a 2007 Japanese anime People [ edit ] G. L. Peiris , Sri Lankan politician and academic Gary Lightbody , lead singer of Snow Patrol George Lucas , American film director Places [ edit ] GL postcode area , UK Geauga Lake , an amusement park in Ohio, US that closed in 2007 Gelnica District , Slovakia Bergisch Gladbach , Germany (vehicle registration plate for Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis ) Canton of Glarus , Switzerland Gloucester ,
612-402: A Be-Be bond, which formally features beryllium in the +1 oxidation state, has been described. Beryllium's chemical behavior is largely a result of its small atomic and ionic radii. It thus has very high ionization potentials and strong polarization while bonded to other atoms, which is why all of its compounds are covalent . Its chemistry has similarities to that of aluminium, an example of
714-571: A Polish resistance group during World War II Grenade launcher , a military weapon Language [ edit ] Galician language (ISO 639 alpha-2 language code) Good Luck , in Internet slang Palatal lateral approximant , a digraph in Italian Miscellaneous media [ edit ] Girls' love , an anime and manga jargon term for lesbian fiction Golden Lovers , a Japanese professional wrestling team Good Luck!! ,
816-446: A bookkeeping ledger in which accounting data are posted from journals, and aggregated from subledgers such as accounts payable and accounts receivable, cash management, fixed assets, purchasing and projects Gloss (annotation) , a brief notation of the meaning of a word in a text Leather Union , a former German trade union Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
918-700: A city in the South West of England Gorkhaland , the name given to the area around Darjeeling and the Duars in north West Bengal in India Governor Livingston High School , a high school in New Jersey Greenland (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 and FIPS PUB 10-4 territory code) Science and technology [ edit ] GL , a symbol for provability logic .gl , the country-code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Greenland Degrees Gay-Lussac ,
1020-436: A complex is in competition with the metal ion-hydrolysis reaction and mixed complexes with both the anion and the hydroxide ion are also formed. For example, derivatives of the cyclic trimer are known, with a bidentate ligand replacing one or more pairs of water molecules. Aliphatic hydroxycarboxylic acids such as glycolic acid form rather weak monodentate complexes in solution, in which the hydroxyl group remains intact. In
1122-701: A concentrate stockpiled before the breakup of the Soviet Union around 1991. This resource had become nearly depleted by mid-2010s. Production of beryllium in Russia was halted in 1997, and is planned to be resumed in the 2020s. Beryllium is most commonly extracted from the mineral beryl , which is either sintered using an extraction agent or melted into a soluble mixture. The sintering process involves mixing beryl with sodium fluorosilicate and soda at 770 °C (1,420 °F) to form sodium fluoroberyllate , aluminium oxide and silicon dioxide . Beryllium hydroxide
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#17328478138891224-417: A desirable aerospace material for aircraft components, missiles , spacecraft , and satellites . Because of its low density and atomic mass , beryllium is relatively transparent to X-rays and other forms of ionizing radiation ; therefore, it is the most common window material for X-ray equipment and components of particle detectors . When added as an alloying element to aluminium , copper (notably
1326-574: A given day. Settlement flights in the Disko Bay region are unique in that they are operated only during winter and spring. During summer and autumn, transport between settlements is only by sea, with services operated by Diskoline , a government-contracted ferry service based in Ilulissat. As of October 2024, the Air Greenland fleet includes the following active aircraft: The airline's flagship aircraft
1428-545: A helicopter based in Tasiilaq , and established Greenlandair Charter. Mining at Maamorilik in the Uummannaq Fjord required still more helicopters, and the airline purchased Bell 206s for the route. Grønlandsfly also picked up a Danish government contract to fly reconnaissance missions regarding the sea ice around Greenland. By the end of 1979, the number of Grønlandsfly passengers served annually exceeded 60,000, more than
1530-416: A high neutron absorption cross section. Tritium is a radioisotope of concern in nuclear reactor waste streams. As a metal, beryllium is transparent or translucent to most wavelengths of X-rays and gamma rays , making it useful for the output windows of X-ray tubes and other such apparatus. Both stable and unstable isotopes of beryllium are created in stars, but the radioisotopes do not last long. It
1632-462: A layover in Iceland. Thus, in 1999, the airline served 282,000 passengers, nearly triple the number at the end of the previous decade. Around the turn of the millennium, the airline renewed its aging fleet, retiring several of its S-61 and 206 helicopters and replacing them with Bell 212s and Eurocopter AS350s . The company also sacked its CEO Peter Fich, who had proven unable to balance Greenland Home Rule's demands for local Greenlander service with
1734-434: A measurable degree upon its chemical surroundings – a rare occurrence in nuclear decay. The shortest-lived known isotope of beryllium is Be, which decays through neutron emission with a half-life of 6.5 × 10 s . The exotic isotopes Be and Be are known to exhibit a nuclear halo . This phenomenon can be understood as the nuclei of Be and Be have, respectively, 1 and 4 neutrons orbiting substantially outside
1836-462: A measure of alcohol by volume General linear group , a concept in algebra General linear Lie algebra Gigalitre (or gigaliter), a metric unit of volume Glycemic load , an estimate of how much food will raise a person's blood glucose level Graphics library , a program library designed to aid in rendering computer graphics to a monitor Grenade launcher , in military parlance Gulonolactone , an enzyme that produces vitamin C Gl,
1938-482: A member of the European Regions Airline Association . In 2015, Air Greenland phased out operation of its last Dash 7 aircraft, completing the transition of its domestic fixed-wing fleet to Dash 8-200 aircraft. Beryllium Beryllium is a chemical element ; it has symbol Be and atomic number 4. It is a steel-gray, hard, strong, lightweight and brittle alkaline earth metal . It
2040-556: A mixture of beryllium oxide and beryllium nitride . Beryllium dissolves readily in non- oxidizing acids , such as HCl and diluted H 2 SO 4 , but not in nitric acid or water as this forms the oxide. This behavior is similar to that of aluminium. Beryllium also dissolves in alkali solutions. Binary compounds of beryllium(II) are polymeric in the solid state. BeF 2 has a silica -like structure with corner-shared BeF 4 tetrahedra. BeCl 2 and BeBr 2 have chain structures with edge-shared tetrahedra. Beryllium oxide , BeO,
2142-629: A molten mixture of beryllium fluoride and sodium fluoride by Paul Lebeau in 1898 resulted in the first pure (99.5 to 99.8%) samples of beryllium. However, industrial production started only after the First World War. The original industrial involvement included subsidiaries and scientists related to the Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation in Cleveland, Ohio, and Siemens & Halske AG in Berlin. In
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#17328478138892244-402: A network of short takeoff and landing airfields. These were very expensive to construct and Greenland's airport fees are still among the highest in the world; they also required a new fleet: DHC-7 turboprops uniquely suited to the harsh terrain and weather conditions in Greenland. The reliability of connections improved as the domestic airport network expanded in the 1990s: increasing use of
2346-402: A network of 45 heliports : 8 of which are primary heliports which have tarmac landing areas, passenger terminals and permanent staff. The other heliports are helistops with either a gravel or grass landing area. Often helicopters need multiple flights for each connection to a fixed-wing flight because of passenger capacity, causing longer total travel time. The primary heliports usually connect to
2448-546: A neutron reflector and neutron moderator , effectively slowing the neutrons to the thermal energy range of below 0.03 eV, where the total cross section is at least an order of magnitude lower; the exact value strongly depends on the purity and size of the crystallites in the material. The single primordial beryllium isotope Be also undergoes a (n,2n) neutron reaction with neutron energies over about 1.9 MeV, to produce Be , which almost immediately breaks into two alpha particles. Thus, for high-energy neutrons, beryllium
2550-455: A new logo and livery on 18 April 2002. In 2003, Finn Øelund left to head Maersk Air and was replaced as CEO by Flemming Knudson. Air Greenland opened a route from Copenhagen to Akureyri in Iceland; the service lasted for six years before finally being deemed unprofitable and ended. Also in 2003, SAS abandoned its Greenland service, leading Air Greenland to purchase its second airliner, an Airbus A330 -200 named Norsaq . (SAS briefly revived
2652-454: A rather poor affinity for ammine ligands. Ligands such as EDTA behave as dicarboxylic acids. There are many early reports of complexes with amino acids, but unfortunately they are not reliable as the concomitant hydrolysis reactions were not understood at the time of publication. Values for log β of ca. 6 to 7 have been reported. The degree of formation is small because of competition with hydrolysis reactions. Organoberyllium chemistry
2754-486: A relatively low density results in an unusually fast sound conduction speed in beryllium – about 12.9 km/s at ambient conditions . Other significant properties are high specific heat ( 1925 J·kg ·K ) and thermal conductivity ( 216 W·m ·K ), which make beryllium the metal with the best heat dissipation characteristics per unit weight. In combination with the relatively low coefficient of linear thermal expansion (11.4 × 10 K ), these characteristics result in
2856-412: A route to Keflavík allowed the company to break SAS's monopoly on flights between Greenland and Denmark via a Keflavík-Copenhagen leg operated by Icelandair . By 1989, the airline employed more than 400 Greenlanders and carried more than 100,000 passengers annually. The company saw its activity curtailed as the mines at Ivittuut (1987) and Maamorilik (1990) closed operation, leading to a recession in
2958-400: A similar structure to Be 3 N 2 . A number of beryllium borides are known, such as Be 5 B, Be 4 B, Be 2 B, BeB 2 , BeB 6 and BeB 12 . Beryllium carbide , Be 2 C, is a refractory brick-red compound that reacts with water to give methane . No beryllium silicide has been identified. The halides BeX 2 (X = F, Cl, Br, and I) have a linear monomeric molecular structure in
3060-466: A subsidiary of Danish carrier Air Alpha . Air Alpha Greenland had operated helicopter flights in Disko Bay and in eastern Greenland. Since the takeover, the acquired Bell 222 helicopters have been used for passenger transfers between Nerlerit Inaat Airport and Ittoqqortoormiit Heliport . In 2007, Flemming Knudson was moved to head the Royal Greenland fishing concern and current CEO Michael Binzer
3162-402: A suitable radioisotope is a key component of most radioisotope-powered nuclear reaction neutron sources for the laboratory production of free neutrons. Small amounts of tritium are liberated when 4 Be nuclei absorb low energy neutrons in the three-step nuclear reaction 2 He has a half-life of only 0.8 seconds, β is an electron, and 3 Li has
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3264-616: A total of nine members, including three members representing airline employees. The current chairman is Mr Kjeld Zacho Jørgensen (appointed 2018) and the deputy-chairman is Ms Bodil Marie Damgaard (appointed 2016). The CEO of Air Greenland is Jakob Nitter Sørensen appointed in January 2017. Headquartered in Nuuk, the airline had 668 employees in December 2009. The airline's technical base is located at Nuuk Airport . The charter unit within Air Greenland
3366-407: A unique stability under conditions of thermal loading. Naturally occurring beryllium, save for slight contamination by the cosmogenic radioisotopes, is isotopically pure beryllium-9, which has a nuclear spin of 3 / 2 . Beryllium has a large scattering cross section for high-energy neutrons, about 6 barns for energies above approximately 10 keV. Therefore, it works as
3468-535: A wired-shut platinum crucible. The above reaction immediately took place and caused the crucible to become white hot. Upon cooling and washing the resulting gray-black powder, he saw that it was made of fine particles with a dark metallic luster. The highly reactive potassium had been produced by the electrolysis of its compounds, a process discovered 21 years earlier. The chemical method using potassium yielded only small grains of beryllium from which no ingot of metal could be cast or hammered. The direct electrolysis of
3570-551: Is Nerlerit Inaat Airport : Norlandair provides fixed-wing services to Iceland while Air Greenland provides local helicopter transport to larger towns including Ittoqqortoormiit . The agreement makes it again possible to combine a trip, in one ticket. Air Greenland has interline agreements with the following airlines: A more comprehensive codeshare agreement with Icelandair will be introduced from summer 2025. Air Greenland operates helicopter flights to most settlements in Greenland ("settlement flights" ) on contract with
3672-759: Is 0.2–0.6 parts per trillion . In stream water, however, beryllium is more abundant with a concentration of 0.1 ppb. Beryllium is found in over 100 minerals, but most are uncommon to rare. The more common beryllium containing minerals include: bertrandite (Be 4 Si 2 O 7 (OH) 2 ), beryl (Al 2 Be 3 Si 6 O 18 ), chrysoberyl (Al 2 BeO 4 ) and phenakite (Be 2 SiO 4 ). Precious forms of beryl are aquamarine , red beryl and emerald . The green color in gem-quality forms of beryl comes from varying amounts of chromium (about 2% for emerald). The two main ores of beryllium, beryl and bertrandite, are found in Argentina, Brazil, India, Madagascar, Russia and
3774-520: Is Air Greenland's domestic and international hub following a major reconstruction and runway expansion completed in 2024. Two other airports capable of serving large airliners – Kangerlussuaq Airport and Narsarsuaq Airport – were constructed as U.S. Air Force military bases during WW2 and continue to be used for transatlantic flights. All other regional airports are only STOL -capable and are served with smaller De Havilland Canada Dash 8-200 fixed-wing aircraft. Smaller communities are served via
3876-411: Is a divalent element that occurs naturally only in combination with other elements to form minerals. Gemstones high in beryllium include beryl ( aquamarine , emerald , red beryl ) and chrysoberyl . It is a relatively rare element in the universe , usually occurring as a product of the spallation of larger atomic nuclei that have collided with cosmic rays . Within the cores of stars, beryllium
3978-448: Is a neutron multiplier, releasing more neutrons than it absorbs. This nuclear reaction is: Neutrons are liberated when beryllium nuclei are struck by energetic alpha particles producing the nuclear reaction where 2 He is an alpha particle and 6 C is a carbon-12 nucleus. Beryllium also releases neutrons under bombardment by gamma rays. Thus, natural beryllium bombarded either by alphas or gammas from
4080-421: Is a white refractory solid which has a wurtzite crystal structure and a thermal conductivity as high as some metals. BeO is amphoteric . Beryllium sulfide , selenide and telluride are known, all having the zincblende structure . Beryllium nitride , Be 3 N 2 , is a high-melting-point compound which is readily hydrolyzed. Beryllium azide , BeN 6 is known and beryllium phosphide , Be 3 P 2 has
4182-514: Is also cosmogenic, and shows an atmospheric abundance linked to sunspots, much like Be. Be has a very short half-life of about 8 × 10 s that contributes to its significant cosmological role, as elements heavier than beryllium could not have been produced by nuclear fusion in the Big Bang . This is due to the lack of sufficient time during the Big Bang's nucleosynthesis phase to produce carbon by
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4284-429: Is believed that most of the stable beryllium in the universe was originally created in the interstellar medium when cosmic rays induced fission in heavier elements found in interstellar gas and dust. Primordial beryllium contains only one stable isotope, Be, and therefore beryllium is, uniquely among all stable elements with an even atomic number, a monoisotopic and mononuclidic element . Radioactive cosmogenic Be
4386-479: Is depleted as it is fused into heavier elements. Beryllium constitutes about 0.0004 percent by mass of Earth's crust. The world's annual beryllium production of 220 tons is usually manufactured by extraction from the mineral beryl , a difficult process because beryllium bonds strongly to oxygen . In structural applications, the combination of high flexural rigidity , thermal stability , thermal conductivity and low density (1.85 times that of water) make beryllium
4488-615: Is led by Hans Peter Hansen and employs 8 people, with 13 helicopters and 3 fixed-wing aircraft at its disposal. Excess capacity of airplanes is used for regular charters to tourist destinations in Europe, Asia, and Africa. The helicopters, primarily the AS350, are used for special flights, such as search and rescue, air ambulance, charter flights to the Thule Air Base on contract with the U.S. Air Force , geological exploration, and supply flights to
4590-657: Is limited to academic research due to the cost and toxicity of beryllium, beryllium derivatives and reagents required for the introduction of beryllium, such as beryllium chloride . Organometallic beryllium compounds are known to be highly reactive. Examples of known organoberyllium compounds are dineopentylberyllium, beryllocene (Cp 2 Be), diallylberyllium (by exchange reaction of diethyl beryllium with triallyl boron), bis(1,3-trimethylsilylallyl)beryllium, Be( mes ) 2 , and (beryllium(I) complex) diberyllocene. Ligands can also be aryls and alkynyls. The mineral beryl , which contains beryllium, has been used at least since
4692-1290: Is notable for having a 3-coordinate oxide ion at its center. Basic beryllium acetate , Be 4 O(OAc) 6 , has an oxide ion surrounded by a tetrahedron of beryllium atoms. With organic ligands, such as the malonate ion, the acid deprotonates when forming the complex. The donor atoms are two oxygens. H 2 A + [ Be ( H 2 O ) 4 ] 2 + ↽ − − ⇀ [ BeA ( H 2 O ) 2 ] + 2 H + + 2 H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {H2A + [Be(H2O)4]^2+ <=> [BeA(H2O)2] + 2H+ + 2H2O}}} H 2 A + [ BeA ( H 2 O ) 2 ] ↽ − − ⇀ [ BeA 2 ] 2 − + 2 H + + 2 H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {H2A + [BeA(H2O)2] <=> [BeA2]^2- + 2H+ + 2H2O}}} The formation of
4794-476: Is offered by Air Greenland on transatlantic flights aboard Tuukkaq , its Airbus A330-800. The service includes a larger seats, hot meal, a personal video screen, an in-seat power source, an amenity kit and blankets. Passengers travelling in premium class are eligible to use the Novia Business Class Lounge at Copenhagen Airport. There are 42 Premium class seats on their Airbus A330-800, arranged in
4896-436: Is precipitated from a solution of sodium fluoroberyllate and sodium hydroxide in water. The extraction of beryllium using the melt method involves grinding beryl into a powder and heating it to 1,650 °C (3,000 °F). The melt is quickly cooled with water and then reheated 250 to 300 °C (482 to 572 °F) in concentrated sulfuric acid , mostly yielding beryllium sulfate and aluminium sulfate . Aqueous ammonia
4998-507: Is produced by reducing beryllium fluoride with magnesium . The price on the American market for vacuum-cast beryllium ingots was about $ 338 per pound ($ 745 per kilogram) in 2001. Between 1998 and 2008, the world's production of beryllium had decreased from 343 to about 200 tonnes . It then increased to 230 metric tons by 2018, of which 170 tonnes came from the United States. Beryllium
5100-473: Is produced in the atmosphere of the Earth by the cosmic ray spallation of oxygen . Be accumulates at the soil surface, where its relatively long half-life (1.36 million years) permits a long residence time before decaying to boron -10. Thus, Be and its daughter products are used to examine natural soil erosion , soil formation and the development of lateritic soils , and as a proxy for measurement of
5202-508: Is served by Qaarsut Airport in conjunction with its heliport.) Grønlandsfly also purchased its first jet aircraft, a Boeing 757-200 which began operation in May 1998. The airliner was named Kunuunnguaq in honour of the Greenlandic explorer and ethnologist Knud Rasmussen , whose bust decorates in the terminal of Kangerlussuaq hub. The airliner allowed the company to run the profitable Kangerlussuaq– Copenhagen route directly, without affiliates or
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#17328478138895304-510: Is the flag carrier of Greenland , owned by the Greenlandic Government . It operates a fleet of 28 aircraft, including a single A330-800 airliner used for transatlantic and charter flights, 9 fixed-wing aircraft primarily serving the domestic network, and 18 helicopters feeding passengers from the smaller communities into the domestic airport network. Flights to heliports in the remote settlements are operated on contract with
5406-532: Is the primary helicopter used for flights to district villages. The Air Greenland helicopter fleet consists of the following aircraft (as of October 2024 ): The older Sikorsky S-61N helicopters were stationed in Ilulissat Airport and Qaqortoq Heliport. With a capacity to seat 25 passengers, the S-61 based in southern Greenland was used to shuttle passengers arriving from Copenhagen at Narsarsuaq Airport. The sale of
5508-436: Is their sole Airbus A330-800 , delivered new in 2022. The De Havilland Canada DHC-8-200 is the airline's primary aircraft, operating on all domestic airport-to-airport routes. In 2010, the airline acquired its first Dash 8 aircraft. Air Greenland also leases capacity from charter airline Jettime for seasonal routes. The Air Greenland fixed-wing fleet consists of the following aircraft as of October 2024: The Airbus H155
5610-451: Is then used to remove the aluminium and sulfur, leaving beryllium hydroxide. Beryllium hydroxide created using either the sinter or melt method is then converted into beryllium fluoride or beryllium chloride . To form the fluoride, aqueous ammonium hydrogen fluoride is added to beryllium hydroxide to yield a precipitate of ammonium tetrafluoroberyllate , which is heated to 1,000 °C (1,830 °F) to form beryllium fluoride. Heating
5712-486: Is thus a component in the elements in the gas and dust ejected by AGB stars and supernovae (see also Big Bang nucleosynthesis ), as well as the creation of all other elements with atomic numbers larger than that of carbon. The 2s electrons of beryllium may contribute to chemical bonding. Therefore, when Be decays by L- electron capture , it does so by taking electrons from its atomic orbitals that may be participating in bonding. This makes its decay rate dependent to
5814-482: Is typically manifested by chronic pulmonary fibrosis and, in severe cases, right sided heart failure and death. Beryllium is a steel gray and hard metal that is brittle at room temperature and has a close-packed hexagonal crystal structure . It has exceptional stiffness ( Young's modulus 287 GPa) and a melting point of 1287 °C. The modulus of elasticity of beryllium is approximately 35% greater than that of steel. The combination of this modulus and
5916-455: Is used in one class of radioisotope-based laboratory neutron sources that produce 30 neutrons for every million α particles. Beryllium production saw a rapid increase during World War II due to the rising demand for hard beryllium-copper alloys and phosphors for fluorescent lights . Most early fluorescent lamps used zinc orthosilicate with varying content of beryllium to emit greenish light. Small additions of magnesium tungstate improved
6018-573: The IUPAC adopted beryllium as the standard name of the element. Because of its low atomic number and very low absorption for X-rays, the oldest and still one of the most important applications of beryllium is in radiation windows for X-ray tubes . Extreme demands are placed on purity and cleanliness of beryllium to avoid artifacts in the X-ray images. Thin beryllium foils are used as radiation windows for X-ray detectors, and their extremely low absorption minimizes
6120-716: The Maarmorilik mines were due to reopen in November 2010 with zinc and iron ore reserves projected to last 50 years. As in the 1970s, the mine's supply flights to the mine would have been operated by Air Greenland, using Bell helicopters ( 212s ) based out of the Uummannaq Heliport . Air Greenland sold its Boeing 757-200 in 2010, leaving it with a single Airbus A330 for its transatlantic fleet which reduced service to Narsarsuaq Airport . Air Greenland's last remaining Twin Otter
6222-710: The Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt. In the first century CE , Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder mentioned in his encyclopedia Natural History that beryl and emerald ("smaragdus") were similar. The Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis , written in the third or fourth century CE, contains notes on how to prepare artificial emerald and beryl. Early analyses of emeralds and beryls by Martin Heinrich Klaproth , Torbern Olof Bergman , Franz Karl Achard , and Johann Jakob Bindheim [ de ] always yielded similar elements, leading to
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#17328478138896324-661: The Royal Greenland Trade Department (now KNI ). The first flights serving the American bases in Greenland operated lightweight DHC-3 Otters and Sikorsky S-55 helicopters chartered from Canada. After a crash in 1961, Grønlandsfly used PBY Catalina water planes and DHC-6 Twin Otters on domestic routes. One of the Catalinas then crashed in 1962. In 1965, the Douglas DC-4 became the line's first larger airplane. It
6426-603: The SAS Group and 25% of the company shares from the Danish Government , becoming the sole owner of the airline. The total price of the 62.5% share was DKK 462 mill. The government ownership is held by the Ministry of Housing, Infrastructure, and Transport, that oversees the development of the transport industry in Greenland and controls Mittarfeqarfiit , the airport authority in Greenland. The Air Greenland board of directors has
6528-600: The alkali metals . Early in the 20th century, the production of beryllium by the thermal decomposition of beryllium iodide was investigated following the success of a similar process for the production of zirconium , but this process proved to be uneconomical for volume production. Pure beryllium metal did not become readily available until 1957, even though it had been used as an alloying metal to harden and toughen copper much earlier. Beryllium could be produced by reducing beryllium compounds such as beryllium chloride with metallic potassium or sodium. Currently, most beryllium
6630-439: The passivation layer) when heated above 500 °C (932 °F), and burns brilliantly when heated to about 2,500 °C (4,530 °F). The commercial use of beryllium requires the use of appropriate dust control equipment and industrial controls at all times because of the toxicity of inhaled beryllium-containing dusts that can cause a chronic life-threatening allergic disease, berylliosis , in some people. Berylliosis
6732-582: The Boeing 757 in April 2010 contributed to the long-term decline of the airport, with the airline planning to remove the old helicopter from the fleet. The airline's Airbus A330-200 was scrapped in 2023, after delivery of its new A330-800. In the past, Air Greenland (Grønlandsfly) also used the following aircraft: On 29 May 2019 the Greenlandic Government acquired 37.5% of the shares in Air Greenland from
6834-461: The Dash 7s made the airline less restricted by inclement weather. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Air Greenland acquired a Boeing 757 and an Airbus A330 , allowing it to open connections to Copenhagen , until then operated by SAS which also competed mid to late 2000s. In the 21st century, it competes with Icelandair for international connections and small charter services domestically. The airline
6936-457: The Greenlandic economy. As the situation improved, the network of regional STOL airports was extended with Sisimiut Airport , Maniitsoq Airport and Aasiaat Airport built in mid-western Greenland and Qaarsut Airport and Upernavik Airport built in northwestern Greenland. With the purchase of a fifth Dash 7, Grønlandsfly was – for the first time since its inception – able to provide plane services to all major towns in Greenland. ( Uummannaq
7038-469: The US, the process was ruled by Hugh S. Cooper, director of The Kemet Laboratories Company. In Germany, the first commercially successful process for producing beryllium was developed in 1921 by Alfred Stock and Hans Goldschmidt . A sample of beryllium was bombarded with alpha rays from the decay of radium in a 1932 experiment by James Chadwick that uncovered the existence of the neutron . This same method
7140-462: The United States. Total world reserves of beryllium ore are greater than 400,000 tonnes. The extraction of beryllium from its compounds is a difficult process due to its high affinity for oxygen at elevated temperatures, and its ability to reduce water when its oxide film is removed. Currently the United States, China and Kazakhstan are the only three countries involved in the industrial-scale extraction of beryllium. Kazakhstan produces beryllium from
7242-632: The United States. After sixty American visitors were stranded by a strike of Air Greenland employees and the company refused to make alternate arrangements for their return, ticket sales slumped and the route was closed in March 2008. In 2009, the airline carried 399,000 passengers. In the 2010s, Air Greenland curtailed some services. On 1 January 2010, Air Greenland suspended its participation in SAS's EuroBonus frequent-flyer program due to technical difficulties. In 2011, nonstop service from Narsarsuaq to Copenhagen
7344-579: The airline's first international route was also opened, running between Greenland's capital Nuuk and Iqaluit Airport in northern Canada. The route connected Greenland's Kalaallit with Canada's Inuit and was operated in conjunction with the Canadian First Air line, but the planes were generally run empty and the route was shuttered 13 years later in 1994. Also in 1981, Grønlandsfly opened its first route to Iceland , linking Reykjavík Airport to its main hub at Kangerlussuaq via Kulusuk . In 1986,
7446-568: The airline. ) The decade also saw the company train and hire its first native Kalaallit pilots. To service the enlarged network, Grønlandsfly began acquiring DHC-7s , planes particularly suited to the often severe weather conditions in Greenland. The first was delivered on 29 September 1979, followed by more over the next decade. These planes served every airport except Nerlerit Inaat near Ittoqqortoormiit , until 2010. Service to Nerlerit Inaat has been handled by Icelandair and Norlandair under contract with Greenland Home Rule. In 1981,
7548-454: The airline. On board their Airbus A330-800, economy class is configured in a 2-4-2 configuration. Founded in 1960 as Grønlandsfly (translates to Greenland aviation ), the airline started its first services with Catalina seaplanes and within the decade expanded to include DHC-3 Otters as well as Sikorsky S-61 helicopters. The majority of operations were based on helicopters until the newly established Greenland Home Rule began investing in
7650-460: The alloy beryllium copper ), iron , or nickel , beryllium improves many physical properties. For example, tools and components made of beryllium copper alloys are strong and hard and do not create sparks when they strike a steel surface. In air, the surface of beryllium oxidizes readily at room temperature to form a passivation layer 1–10 nm thick that protects it from further oxidation and corrosion. The metal oxidizes in bulk (beyond
7752-493: The attached carbon still bears a negative dipole moment . A beryllium atom has the electronic configuration [He] 2s . The predominant oxidation state of beryllium is +2; the beryllium atom has lost both of its valence electrons. Lower oxidation states complexes of beryllium are exceedingly rare. For example, bis(carbene) compounds proposed to contain beryllium in the 0 and +1 oxidation state have been reported, although these claims have proved controversial. A stable complex with
7854-409: The blue part of the spectrum to yield an acceptable white light. Halophosphate-based phosphors replaced beryllium-based phosphors after beryllium was found to be toxic. Electrolysis of a mixture of beryllium fluoride and sodium fluoride was used to isolate beryllium during the 19th century. The metal's high melting point makes this process more energy-consuming than corresponding processes used for
7956-633: The board's for expanded tourism, lower fares and higher profits. Under his replacement Finn Øelund, Grønlandsfly initially posted a DKK 30 million loss as contractual obligations maintained unprofitable service while a strike ruined the summer tourist season and Post Greenland moved a lucrative mail contract to the Danish-owned Air Alpha Greenland . In response, the company successfully pushed back against Greenland Home Rule's large demands, high fees and low subsidies and rebranded itself, anglicising its name to Air Greenland and adopting
8058-412: The classical Fermi 'waterdrop' model of the nucleus. The Sun has a concentration of 0.1 parts per billion (ppb) of beryllium. Beryllium has a concentration of 2 to 6 parts per million (ppm) in the Earth's crust and is the 47th most abundant element. It is most concentrated in the soils at 6 ppm. Trace amounts of Be are found in the Earth's atmosphere. The concentration of beryllium in sea water
8160-1193: The development of the fatal condition of berylliosis . Be(OH) 2 dissolves in strongly alkaline solutions. Beryllium(II) forms few complexes with monodentate ligands because the water molecules in the aquo-ion, [Be(H 2 O) 4 ] are bound very strongly to the beryllium ion. Notable exceptions are the series of water-soluble complexes with the fluoride ion: [ Be ( H 2 O ) 4 ] 2 + + n F − ↽ − − ⇀ Be [ ( H 2 O ) 2 − n F n ] 2 − n + n H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {[Be(H2O)4]^{2}+{}+{\mathit {n}}\,F^{-}<=>Be[(H2O)_{2\!-{\mathit {n}}}F_{\mathit {n}}]^{2\!-{\mathit {n}}}{}+{\mathit {n}}\,H2O}}} Beryllium(II) forms many complexes with bidentate ligands containing oxygen-donor atoms. The species [Be 3 O(H 2 PO 4 ) 6 ]
8262-406: The first hydrolysis product, [Be(H 2 O) 3 (OH)] , is less than 1% of the beryllium concentration. The most stable hydrolysis product is the trimeric ion [Be 3 (OH) 3 (H 2 O) 6 ] . Beryllium hydroxide , Be(OH) 2 , is insoluble in water at pH 5 or more. Consequently, beryllium compounds are generally insoluble at biological pH. Because of this, inhalation of beryllium metal dust leads to
8364-536: The fluoride to 900 °C (1,650 °F) with magnesium forms finely divided beryllium, and additional heating to 1,300 °C (2,370 °F) creates the compact metal. Heating beryllium hydroxide forms beryllium oxide , which becomes beryllium chloride when combined with carbon and chlorine. Electrolysis of molten beryllium chloride is then used to obtain the metal. Beryllium has a high electronegativity compared to other group 2 elements; thus C-Be bonds are less highly polarized than other C-M bonds, although
8466-435: The fusion of He nuclei and the very low concentrations of available beryllium-8. British astronomer Sir Fred Hoyle first showed that the energy levels of Be and C allow carbon production by the so-called triple-alpha process in helium-fueled stars where more nucleosynthesis time is available. This process allows carbon to be produced in stars, but not in the Big Bang. Star-created carbon (the basis of carbon-based life )
8568-428: The gas phase. Complexes of the halides are formed with one or more ligands donating a total of two pairs of electrons. Such compounds obey the octet rule . Other 4-coordinate complexes, such as the aqua-ion [Be(H 2 O) 4 ] also obey the octet rule. Solutions of beryllium salts, such as beryllium sulfate and beryllium nitrate , are acidic because of hydrolysis of the [Be(H 2 O) 4 ] ion. The concentration of
8670-416: The government of Greenland, with the destination network subsidized and coordinated by the Ministry of Housing, Infrastructure and Transport. Settlement flights are not featured in the company's timetable, although they can be pre-booked. Departure times for these flights as specified during booking are by definition approximate, with the settlement service optimised on the fly depending on local demand for
8772-470: The government of Greenland. Its domestic and international hub is at Nuuk Airport . Besides running scheduled services and government-contracted flights to most villages in the country, the airline also supports remote research stations , provides charter services for tourists and Greenland's energy and mineral-resource industries and permits medivac during emergencies. Air Greenland has seven subsidiaries, an airline , hotels , tour operators , and
8874-561: The journal Annales de chimie et de physique named the new earth "glucine" for the sweet taste of some of its compounds. Klaproth preferred the name "beryllina" due to the fact that yttria also formed sweet salts. The name beryllium was first used by Friedrich Wöhler in 1828. Friedrich Wöhler and Antoine Bussy independently isolated beryllium in 1828 by the chemical reaction of metallic potassium with beryllium chloride , as follows: Using an alcohol lamp, Wöhler heated alternating layers of beryllium chloride and potassium in
8976-547: The mining sites and the research stations on the Greenland ice sheet . During the peak summer season, the helicopter crew is supplemented by freelance pilots from Norway and Sweden. Other charter flights include heliskiing shuttles, services for the energy industry such as facilitating oil exploration or surveying for hydroelectric stations and environmental research counting polar bears and tracking other large Arctic fauna. A business class – named " Premium -Class" –
9078-489: The mistaken conclusion that both substances are aluminium silicates . Mineralogist René Just Haüy discovered that both crystals are geometrically identical, and he asked chemist Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin for a chemical analysis. In a 1798 paper read before the Institut de France , Vauquelin reported that he found a new "earth" by dissolving aluminium hydroxide from emerald and beryl in an additional alkali . The editors of
9180-509: The population of Greenland. The establishment of the Greenland Home Rule Government in 1979 led to investment in a regional network of true airports, with short take-off and landing (STOL) airfields constructed in Nuuk, Ilulissat (1984), and Kulusuk . (These early airports were built without de-icing equipment, a situation which has proven problematic during Greenland's winters and continues to cause delays and losses for
9282-493: The service during the peak season in 2007 before dropping it again in January 2009. ) Owing to SAS's withdrawal from the market, Air Greenland received its contract with the U.S. Air Force for passenger service to and from Thule Air Base . Running from February 2004, the contract was renewed for another five-year period in 2008 despite SAS's brief return to the market. The first takeover of another airline took place on 28 July 2006, when Air Greenland acquired Air Alpha Greenland ,
9384-524: The solid state, the hydroxyl group may deprotonate: a hexamer, Na 4 [ Be 6 ( OCH 2 ( O ) O ) 6 ] {\displaystyle {\ce {Na_4[Be_6(OCH_2(O)O)_6]}}} , was isolated long ago. Aromatic hydroxy ligands (i.e. phenols ) form relatively strong complexes. For example, log K 1 and log K 2 values of 12.2 and 9.3 have been reported for complexes with tiron . Beryllium has generally
9486-485: The symbol for Glucinium, the former designation of Beryllium Gauss's law , an important law relating the electric flux through a closed surface with the charge present inside it OpenGL , an API for rendering 2D and 3D graphics Vehicles [ edit ] Geely Emgrand GL , a Chinese compact sedan Mercedes-Benz GL-Class , a German full-size SUV Other uses [ edit ] Gay-Lesbian, an alternative term for homosexual people General Ledger ,
9588-519: The title GL . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GL&oldid=1248465889 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Air Greenland Air Greenland A/S (formerly named Grønlandsfly), also known as Greenlandair ,
9690-485: The variations in solar activity and the age of ice cores . The production of Be is inversely proportional to solar activity, because increased solar wind during periods of high solar activity decreases the flux of galactic cosmic rays that reach the Earth. Nuclear explosions also form Be by the reaction of fast neutrons with C in the carbon dioxide in air. This is one of the indicators of past activity at nuclear weapon test sites. The isotope Be (half-life 53 days)
9792-399: The wider domestic fixed-wing services. Primary heliports inclue Upernavik Airport/Heliport , serving northwest Greenland; Uummannaq served by Qaarsut Airport ; Narsaq , Qaqortoq , Nanortalik which are connected by the larger Narsarsuaq Airport ; and Tasiilaq which is served by Kulusuk Airport . The only civilian airport which Air Greenland does not serve with fixed-wing aircraft
9894-545: Was established on 7 November 1960 as Grønlandsfly A/S, by the Scandinavian Airlines System (now SAS) and Kryolitselskabet Øresund , a Danish mining company involved with the cryolite operations at Ivittuut to provide transport and logistics for four American radar bases in Greenland . In 1962, interests in the firm were acquired by the Provincial Council (now the Greenland Home Rule Government ) and
9996-434: Was followed by Sikorsky S-61 helicopters, which have remained in use: in 2010, they still served the communities of Kujalleq municipality in southern Greenland year-round and those of Disko Bay during the winter. During the 1970s, Grønlandsfly upgraded its DC-4 to the newer DC-6 , but principally focused on expanding its helicopter fleet, purchasing five more S-61s. By 1972, it opened up service to east Greenland with
10098-539: Was hired with a mandate to lead the company towards greater commercialisation and self-sufficiency under the Qarsoq 2012 ("Arrow 2012") plan. On 13 June, SAS announced its intention to sell its stake in Air Greenland, a move later incorporated into its restructuring programme, but as of 2012 it has not found any buyers. On 1 October, the airline introduced its e-ticket system. Also in 2007, Air Greenland began direct service with Baltimore/Washington International Airport in
10200-479: Was named for the semiprecious mineral beryl , from which it was first isolated. The name beryllium was introduced by Wöhler in 1828. Although Humphry Davy failed to isolate it, he proposed the name glucium for the new metal, derived from the name glucina for the earth it was found in; altered forms of this name, glucinium or glucinum (symbol Gl) continued to be used into the 20th century. Both beryllium and glucinum were used concurrently until 1949, when
10302-487: Was sold in 2011 to Norlandair in exchange for cash and a one-fourth interest in the Icelandic company. Reopening the connection to Iqaluit, now the capital of Nunavut , was launched by Air Greenland in 2012. From 2012 to 2013, the airline saw a shy increase of 4 passengers flying to Nunavut over the previous year. However, this service ceased in 2015 due to lack of commercial viability. In July 2015, Air Greenland became
10404-557: Was suspended. However, some expansion is planned. In order to compete with Icelandair , which operates service from Reykjavik Airport to Nuuk, Narsarsuaq, Ilulissat and the east coast of Greenland and now controls about 15% the market in Greenland-bound travel, Air Greenland opened a nonstop route between Nuuk and Keflavík International Airport in Iceland in 2010. Also, owing to improved technology and higher commodity prices ,
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