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72-401: A furlong is a measure of distance in imperial units and United States customary units equal to one-eighth of a mile , equivalent to any of 660  feet , 220  yards , 40  rods , 10  chains , or approximately 201  metres . It is now mostly confined to use in horse racing, where in many countries it is the standard measurement of race lengths, and agriculture, where it

144-515: A graph , the distance between two vertices is measured by the length of the shortest edge path between them. For example, if the graph represents a social network , then the idea of six degrees of separation can be interpreted mathematically as saying that the distance between any two vertices is at most six. Similarly, the Erdős number and the Bacon number —the number of collaborative relationships away

216-498: A ruler , or indirectly with a radar (for long distances) or interferometry (for very short distances). The cosmic distance ladder is a set of ways of measuring extremely long distances. The straight-line distance between two points on the surface of the Earth is not very useful for most purposes, since we cannot tunnel straight through the Earth's mantle . Instead, one typically measures

288-416: A statistical manifold . The most elementary is the squared Euclidean distance , which is minimized by the least squares method; this is the most basic Bregman divergence . The most important in information theory is the relative entropy ( Kullback–Leibler divergence ), which allows one to analogously study maximum likelihood estimation geometrically; this is an example of both an f -divergence and

360-535: A Bregman divergence (and in fact the only example which is both). Statistical manifolds corresponding to Bregman divergences are flat manifolds in the corresponding geometry, allowing an analog of the Pythagorean theorem (which holds for squared Euclidean distance) to be used for linear inverse problems in inference by optimization theory . Other important statistical distances include the Mahalanobis distance and

432-565: A Furlong, and 10 single square Chains an Acre, so that a square Mile contains 640 square Acres." —John Ogilby, Britannia, 1675 The official use of the furlong was abolished in the United Kingdom under the Weights and Measures Act 1985, an act that also abolished the official use of many other traditional units of measurement. In Myanmar furlongs are currently used in conjunction with miles to indicate distances on highway signs. Mileposts on

504-471: A ball thrown straight up, or the Earth when it completes one orbit . This is formalized mathematically as the arc length of the curve. The distance travelled may also be signed : a "forward" distance is positive and a "backward" distance is negative. Circular distance is the distance traveled by a point on the circumference of a wheel , which can be useful to consider when designing vehicles or mechanical gears (see also odometry ). The circumference of

576-467: A circumference divisible as a whole number into ten long feet. The measures of Iron Age Britain are uncertain and proposed reconstructions such as the Megalithic Yard are controversial. Later Welsh legend credited Dyfnwal Moelmud with the establishment of their units , including a foot of 9 inches. The Belgic or North German foot of 335 mm (13.2 in) was introduced to England either by

648-422: A degree of difference or separation between similar objects. This page gives a few examples. In statistics and information geometry , statistical distances measure the degree of difference between two probability distributions . There are many kinds of statistical distances, typically formalized as divergences ; these allow a set of probability distributions to be understood as a geometrical object called

720-429: A length of ⁠ 1 / 600 ⁠ of a stadion , one stadion being about 181.2 m (594 ft); therefore a foot was, at the time, about 302 mm (11.9 in). Its exact size varied from city to city and could range between 270 mm (10.6 in) and 350 mm (13.8 in), but lengths used for temple construction appear to have been about 295 mm (11.6 in) to 325 mm (12.8 in);

792-457: A measure of 800 address units to each mile, in keeping with the city's system of eight blocks per mile. This means that every block in a typical Chicago neighborhood (in either north–south or east–west direction but rarely both) is approximately one furlong in length. City blocks in the Hoddle Grid of Melbourne are also one furlong in length. Salt Lake City 's blocks are each a square furlong in

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864-618: A measurement of the previous Indian standard of the yard. However, it is now obsolete as the current National Topographic Database of the Survey of India is based on the metric WGS-84 datum , which is also used by the Global Positioning System . An ISO 2848 measure of 3 basic modules (30 cm) is called a " metric foot ", but there were earlier distinct definitions of a metric foot during metrication in France and Germany. In 1799

936-465: A person is from prolific mathematician Paul Erdős and actor Kevin Bacon , respectively—are distances in the graphs whose edges represent mathematical or artistic collaborations. In psychology , human geography , and the social sciences , distance is often theorized not as an objective numerical measurement, but as a qualitative description of a subjective experience. For example, psychological distance

1008-503: A rod or a furlong, and the number of square feet and square yards in an acre. The definition of the rod went from 15 old feet to 16 + 1 ⁄ 2  new feet, or from 5 old yards to 5 + 1 ⁄ 2  new yards. The furlong went from 600 old feet to 660 new feet, or from 200 old yards to 220 new yards. The acre went from 36,000 old square feet to 43,560 new square feet, or from 4,000 old square yards to 4,840 new square yards. The furlong

1080-509: A small parcel, but becomes significant for mapping, or when the state plane coordinate system (SPCS) is used in the US, because the origin of the system may be hundreds of thousands of feet (hundreds of miles) from the point of interest. Hence the previous definitions continued to be used for surveying in the United States and India for many years, and are denoted survey feet to distinguish them from

1152-509: A square furlong. At the time, the Saxons used the North German foot , which was about 10 percent longer than the foot of the international 1959 agreement . When England changed to a shorter foot in the late 13th century, rods and furlongs remained unchanged, since property boundaries were already defined in rods and furlongs. The only thing that changed was the number of feet and yards in

1224-449: Is feet . However, the singular form may be used like a plural when it is preceded by a number, as in "he is six foot tall." Historically, the human body has been used to provide the basis for units of length. The foot of an adult European-American male is typically about 15.3% of his height, giving a person of 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) a foot-length of about 268 mm (10.6 in), on average. Archaeologists believe that, in

1296-446: Is "the different ways in which an object might be removed from" the self along dimensions such as "time, space, social distance, and hypotheticality". In sociology , social distance describes the separation between individuals or social groups in society along dimensions such as social class , race / ethnicity , gender or sexuality . Most of the notions of distance between two points or objects described above are examples of

1368-496: Is 201.168 metres, and five furlongs are about 1  kilometre ( 1.00584 km exactly). The name furlong derives from the Old English words furh ( furrow ) and lang (long). Dating back at least to early Anglo-Saxon times, it originally referred to the length of the furrow in one acre of a ploughed open field (a medieval communal field which was divided into strips). The furlong (meaning furrow length)

1440-457: Is also a base unit of the humorous FFF system of units. The exact length of the furlong varies slightly among English-speaking countries. In Canada and the United Kingdom, which define the furlong in terms of the international yard of exactly 0.9144 metres, a furlong is 201.168 m. Australia does not formally define the furlong, but it does define the chain and link in terms of the international yard. The United States previously defined

1512-412: Is also used for related concepts that are not encompassed by the description "a numerical measurement of how far apart points or objects are". The distance travelled by an object is the length of a specific path travelled between two points, such as the distance walked while navigating a maze . This can even be a closed distance along a closed curve which starts and ends at the same point, such as

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1584-415: Is based upon calculations from surveys of Phase 1 elements at Stonehenge . They found that the underlying diameters of the stone circles had been consistently laid out using multiples of a base unit amounting to 30 long feet , which they calculated to be 1.056 of a modern international foot (thus 12.672 inches or 0.3219 m). Furthermore, this unit is identifiable in the dimensions of some stone lintels at

1656-556: Is commonly used to represent the foot. In both customary and imperial units, one foot comprises 12  inches , and one yard comprises three feet. Since an international agreement in 1959 , the foot is defined as equal to exactly 0.3048 meters. Historically, the "foot" was a part of many local systems of units, including the Greek , Roman , Chinese , French , and English systems. It varied in length from country to country, from city to city, and sometimes from trade to trade. Its length

1728-667: Is computed using the Pythagorean theorem . The distance between points ( x 1 , y 1 ) and ( x 2 , y 2 ) in the plane is given by: d = ( Δ x ) 2 + ( Δ y ) 2 = ( x 2 − x 1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y 1 ) 2 . {\displaystyle d={\sqrt {(\Delta x)^{2}+(\Delta y)^{2}}}={\sqrt {(x_{2}-x_{1})^{2}+(y_{2}-y_{1})^{2}}}.} Similarly, given points ( x 1 , y 1 , z 1 ) and ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) in three-dimensional space,

1800-467: Is of no practical significance given the precision of normal surveying measurements over short distances (usually much less than a mile). Out of 50 states and six other jurisdictions, 40 have legislated that surveying measures should be based on the US survey foot, six have legislated that they be made on the basis of the international foot, and ten have not specified. The Indian survey foot is defined as exactly 0.304 7996  m , presumably derived from

1872-564: Is the length of a straight line between them, which is the shortest possible path. This is the usual meaning of distance in classical physics , including Newtonian mechanics . Straight-line distance is formalized mathematically as the Euclidean distance in two- and three-dimensional space . In Euclidean geometry , the distance between two points A and B is often denoted | A B | {\displaystyle |AB|} . In coordinate geometry , Euclidean distance

1944-448: Is used to measure rural field lengths and distances. In the United States, some states use older definitions for surveying purposes, leading to variations in the length of the furlong of two parts per million, or about 0.4 millimetres ( 1 ⁄ 64 inch). This variation is small enough to not have practical consequences in most applications. Using the international definition of the yard as exactly 0.9144 metres, one furlong

2016-624: Is widespread among the British public as a measurement of height. The foot is recognized as an alternative expression of length in Canada. Both the UK and Canada have partially metricated their units of measurement. The measurement of altitude in international aviation (the flight level unit) is one of the few areas where the foot is used outside the English-speaking world. The most common plural of foot

2088-481: The toise and in particular the toise de l'Écritoire , the distance between the fingertips of the outstretched arms of a man. The toise has 6 pieds (feet) each of 326.6 mm (12.9 in). He was unsuccessful in introducing a standard unit of length throughout his realm: an analysis of the measurements of Charlieu Abbey shows that during the 9th century the Roman foot of 296.1 mm (11.66 in)

2160-782: The Belgic Celts during their invasions prior to the Romans or by the Anglo-Saxons in the 5th and 6th century. Roman units were introduced following their invasion in AD ;43. Following the Roman withdrawal and Saxon invasions , the Roman foot continued to be used in the construction crafts while the Belgic foot was used for land measurement. Both the Welsh and Belgic feet seem to have been based on multiples of

2232-515: The British Standards Institution 's adoption of a scientific standard inch of 25.4 millimeters in 1930. The IEEE standard symbol for a foot is "ft". In some cases, the foot is denoted by a prime , often approximated by an apostrophe , and the inch by a double prime; for example, 2   feet 4 inches is sometimes denoted 2′   4″. In Imperial units , the foot was defined as ⁠ 1 / 3 ⁠  yard, with

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2304-663: The Confederation of the Rhine was founded and three different reformed feet were defined, all of which were based on the metric system: Prior to the introduction of the metric system, many European cities and countries used the foot, but it varied considerably in length: the voet in Ypres , Belgium, was 273.8 millimeters (10.78   in) while the piede in Venice was 347.73 millimeters (13.690   in). Lists of conversion factors between

2376-667: The National Institute of Standards and Technology , the National Geodetic Survey , and the United States Department of Commerce deprecated use of the US survey foot and recommended conversion to either the meter or the international foot (0.3048 m). However, the historic relevance of the US survey foot persists, as the Federal Register notes: The date of December 31, 2022, was selected to accompany

2448-748: The Yangon–Mandalay Expressway use miles and furlongs. In the rest of the world the furlong has very limited use, with the notable exception of horse racing in most English-speaking countries, including Canada and the United States. The distances for horse racing in Australia were converted to metric in 1972 and the term survives only in slang. In the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, and the United States, races are still given in miles and furlongs. Also distances along English canals navigated by narrowboats are commonly expressed in miles and furlongs. The city of Chicago's street numbering system allots

2520-506: The barleycorn , but by as early as 950 the English kings seem to have (ineffectually) ordered measures to be based upon an iron yardstick at Winchester and then London . Henry I was said to have ordered a new standard to be based upon the length of his own arm and, by the c.  1300 Act concerning the Composition of Yards and Perches traditionally credited to Edward I or II ,

2592-510: The energy distance . In computer science , an edit distance or string metric between two strings measures how different they are. For example, the words "dog" and "dot", which differ by just one letter, are closer than "dog" and "cat", which have no letters in common. This idea is used in spell checkers and in coding theory , and is mathematically formalized in a number of different ways, including Levenshtein distance , Hamming distance , Lee distance , and Jaro–Winkler distance . In

2664-543: The measuring chain in the 1620s led to the introduction of an intermediate unit of length, the chain of 22 yards, being equal to four rods, and to one-tenth of a furlong. A description from 1675 states, "Dimensurator or Measuring Instrument whereof the mosts usual has been the Chain, and the common length for English Measures four Poles, as answering indifferently to the Englishs Mile and Acre, 10 such Chains in length making

2736-629: The theory of relativity , because of phenomena such as length contraction and the relativity of simultaneity , distances between objects depend on a choice of inertial frame of reference . On galactic and larger scales, the measurement of distance is also affected by the expansion of the universe . In practice, a number of distance measures are used in cosmology to quantify such distances. Unusual definitions of distance can be helpful to model certain physical situations, but are also used in theoretical mathematics: Many abstract notions of distance used in mathematics, science and engineering represent

2808-450: The City of London and Westminster , which codified the statute mile as comprising 5,280 feet. The differences among the various physical standard yards around the world, revealed by increasingly powerful microscopes , eventually led to the 1959 adoption of the international foot defined in terms of the meter. The international yard and pound agreement of July 1959 defined the length of

2880-532: The Greeks and the Romans subdivided the foot into 16 digits , but in later years, the Romans also subdivided the foot into 12 unciae (from which both the English words "inch" and " ounce " are derived). After the fall of the Roman Empire, some Roman traditions were continued but others fell into disuse. In AD 790 Charlemagne attempted to reform the units of measure in his domains. His units of length were based on

2952-464: The NSRS where it is used now and in the past [emphasis added]. In other words, to minimize disruption in the use of U.S. survey foot for existing NSRS coordinate systems, the change will apply only to the modernized NSRS. State legislation is also important for determining the conversion factor to be used for everyday land surveying and real estate transactions, although the difference (two parts per million )

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3024-404: The U.S. Impacts related to the change to international feet will be minimized if a transition occurs concurrently with others [ sic ] changes in the NSRS. ... The difference in timelines will have no effect on users of the existing NSRS (National Spatial Reference System), because NGS ( NOAA 's National Geodetic Survey) will continue to support the U.S. survey foot for components of

3096-617: The U.S. survey foot, with effect from the end of 2022. The furlong in U.S. Customary units is thereafter defined based on the International 1959 foot, giving the length of the furlong as exact 201.168 meters in the United States as well. Distance In the social sciences , distance can refer to a qualitative measurement of separation, such as social distance or psychological distance . The distance between physical locations can be defined in different ways in different contexts. The distance between two points in physical space

3168-594: The difference between two locations (the relative position ) is sometimes called the directed distance . For example, the directed distance from the New York City Main Library flag pole to the Statue of Liberty flag pole has: Foot (unit) The foot (standard symbol: ft ) is a unit of length in the British imperial and United States customary systems of measurement . The prime symbol , ′ ,

3240-754: The distance between them is: d = ( Δ x ) 2 + ( Δ y ) 2 + ( Δ z ) 2 = ( x 2 − x 1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y 1 ) 2 + ( z 2 − z 1 ) 2 . {\displaystyle d={\sqrt {(\Delta x)^{2}+(\Delta y)^{2}+(\Delta z)^{2}}}={\sqrt {(x_{2}-x_{1})^{2}+(y_{2}-y_{1})^{2}+(z_{2}-z_{1})^{2}}}.} This idea generalizes to higher-dimensional Euclidean spaces . There are many ways of measuring straight-line distances. For example, it can be done directly using

3312-465: The door of a church on a Sunday and bid 16 men to stop, tall ones and small ones, as they happen to pass out when the service is finished; then make them put their left feet one behind the other, and the length thus obtained shall be a right and lawful rood to measure and survey the land with, and the 16th part of it shall be the right and lawful foot. The Neolithic long foot , first proposed by archeologists Mike Parker Pearson and Andrew Chamberlain,

3384-508: The downtown area. The blocks become less regular in shape farther from the center, but the numbering system (800 units to each mile) remains the same everywhere in Salt Lake County . Blocks in central Logan, Utah , and in large sections of Phoenix, Arizona , are similarly a square furlong in extent (eight to a mile, which explains the series of freeway exits: 19th Ave, 27th, 35th, 43rd, 51st, 59th ...). Much of Ontario , Canada,

3456-425: The former was close to the size of the Roman foot. The standard Roman foot ( pes ) was normally about 295.7 mm (11.6 in) (97% of today's measurement), but in some provinces, particularly Germania Inferior , the so-called pes Drusianus (foot of Nero Claudius Drusus ) was sometimes used, with a length of about 334 mm (13.1 in). (In reality, this foot predated Drusus.) Originally both

3528-454: The furlong was once also called an acre's length , though in modern usage an area of one acre can be of any shape. The term furlong, or shot, was also used to describe a grouping of adjacent strips within an open field. Among the early Anglo-Saxons, the rod was the fundamental unit of land measurement. A furlong was 40 rods; an acre 4 by 40 rods, or 4 rods by 1 furlong, and thus 160 square rods; there are 10 acres in

3600-480: The furlong, chain, rod, and link in terms of the U.S. survey foot of exactly 1200 ⁄ 3937  metre, resulting in a furlong approximately 201.1684 m long. The difference of approximately two parts per million between the old U.S. value and the "international" value was insignificant for most practical measurements. In October 2019, U.S. National Geodetic Survey and National Institute of Standards and Technology announced their joint intent to retire

3672-515: The international foot. The United Kingdom was unaffected by this problem, as the retriangulation of Great Britain (1936–62) had been done in meters. In the United States, the foot was defined as 12 inches, with the inch being defined by the Mendenhall Order of 1893 via 39.37 inches = 1 m (making a US foot exactly ⁠ 1200 / 3937 ⁠   meters, approximately 0.304 800 61  m ). On December 31, 2022,

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3744-452: The international yard for all purposes through the Weights and Measures Act 1963 , effective January 1, 1964. When the international foot was defined in 1959, a great deal of survey data was already available based on the former definitions, especially in the United States and in India . The small difference between the survey foot and the international foot would not be detectable on a survey of

3816-509: The international yard in the United States and countries of the Commonwealth of Nations as exactly 0.9144 meters . Consequently, since a foot is one third of a yard, the international foot is defined to be equal to exactly 0.3048 meters. This was 2  ppm shorter than the previous US definition and 1.7 ppm longer than the previous British definition. The 1959 agreement concluded a series of step-by-step events, set off in particular by

3888-401: The mathematical idea of a metric . A metric or distance function is a function d which takes pairs of points or objects to real numbers and satisfies the following rules: As an exception, many of the divergences used in statistics are not metrics. There are multiple ways of measuring the physical distance between objects that consist of more than one point : The word distance

3960-462: The meter became the official unit of length in France . This was not fully enforced, and in 1812 Napoleon introduced the system of mesures usuelles which restored the traditional French measurements in the retail trade, but redefined them in terms of metric units. The foot, or pied métrique , was defined as one third of a meter. This unit continued in use until 1837. In southwestern Germany in 1806,

4032-504: The mile, and 1½ miles to the league . A league was considered to be the distance a man could walk in one hour, and the mile (from mille , meaning "thousand") consisted of 1,000  passus (paces, five feet, or double-step). After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , medieval Europe continued with the Roman system, which the people proceeded to diversify, leading to serious complications in trade, taxation, etc. Around

4104-484: The modernization of the National Spatial Reference System (NSRS) by NOAA 's National Geodetic Survey (NGS). The reason for associating the deprecation of the U.S. survey foot with the modernization of the NSRS is that the biggest impact of the uniform adoption of the international foot will be for users of the NSRS, due to very large coordinate values currently given in U.S. survey feet in many areas of

4176-620: The past, the people of Egypt , India , and Mesopotamia preferred the cubit , while the people of Rome , Greece , and China preferred the foot. Under the Harappan linear measures, Indus cities during the Bronze Age used a foot of 13.2 inches (335 mm) and a cubit of 20.8 inches (528 mm). The Egyptian equivalent of the foot—a measure of four palms or 16 digits—was known as the djeser and has been reconstructed as about 30 cm (11.8 in). The Greek foot ( πούς , pous ) had

4248-415: The shortest path along the surface of the Earth , as the crow flies . This is approximated mathematically by the great-circle distance on a sphere. More generally, the shortest path between two points along a curved surface is known as a geodesic . The arc length of geodesics gives a way of measuring distance from the perspective of an ant or other flightless creature living on that surface. In

4320-511: The site and in the diameter of the "southern circle" at nearby Durrington Walls . Evidence that this unit was in widespread use across southern Britain is available from the Folkton Drums from Yorkshire ( neolithic artifacts, made from chalk, with circumferences that exactly divide as integers into ten long feet) and a similar object, the Lavant drum , excavated at Lavant , Sussex, again with

4392-413: The statute foot was a different measure, exactly ⁠ 10 / 11 ⁠ of the old (Belgic) foot. The barleycorn , inch , ell , and yard were likewise shrunk, while rods and furlongs remained the same. The ambiguity over the state of the mile was resolved by the 1593 Act against Converting of Great Houses into Several Tenements and for Restraint of Inmates and Inclosures in and near about

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4464-408: The various feet in this list ceased to be used when the countries adopted the metric system. The Netherlands and modern Belgium adopted the metric system in 1817, having used the mesures usuelles under Napoleon and the newly formed German Empire adopted the metric system in 1871. The palm (typically 200–280 mm, ie. 7 ⁠ 7 / 8 ⁠ to 11 ⁠ 1 / 32 ⁠ inches)

4536-598: The various units of measure were given in many European reference works including: Many of these standards were peculiar to a particular city, especially in Germany (which, before German unification in 1871, consisted of many kingdoms, principalities, free cities and so on). In many cases the length of the unit was not uniquely fixed: for example, the English foot was stated as 11 pouces 2.6 lignes ( French inches and lines ) by Picard , 11 pouces 3.11 lignes by Maskelyne , and 11 pouces 3 lignes by D'Alembert . Most of

4608-417: The wheel is 2π × radius ; if the radius is 1, each revolution of the wheel causes a vehicle to travel 2π radians. The displacement in classical physics measures the change in position of an object during an interval of time. While distance is a scalar quantity, or a magnitude , displacement is a vector quantity with both magnitude and direction . In general, the vector measuring

4680-502: The yard being realized as a physical standard (separate from the standard meter). The yard standards of the different Commonwealth countries were periodically compared with one another. The value of the United Kingdom primary standard of the yard was determined in terms of the meter by the National Physical Laboratory in 1964 to be 0.914 3969  m , implying a pre-1959 UK foot of 0.304 7990  m . The UK adopted

4752-537: The year 1300, by royal decree England standardized a long list of measures. Among the important units of distance and length at the time were the foot , yard , rod (or pole), furlong, and the mile . The rod was defined as 5 + 1 ⁄ 2  yards or 16 + 1 ⁄ 2  feet, and the mile was eight furlongs, so the definition of the furlong became 40 rods and that of the mile became 5,280 feet (eight furlongs/mile times 40 rods/furlong times 16 + 1 ⁄ 2  feet/rod). The invention of

4824-532: Was historically viewed as being equivalent to the Roman stade ( stadium ) , which in turn derived from the Greek system . For example, the King James Bible uses the term "furlong" in place of the Greek stadion , although more recent translations often use miles or kilometres in the main text and give the original numbers in footnotes. In the Roman system, there were 625 feet to the stadium , eight stadia to

4896-483: Was originally surveyed on a ten-furlong grid, with major roads being laid out along the grid lines. Now that distances are shown on road signs in kilometres, these major roads are almost exactly two kilometres apart. The exits on highways running through Toronto , for example, are generally at intervals of two kilometres. The Bangor City Forest in Bangor, Maine has its trail system marked in miles and furlongs. The furlong

4968-448: Was the distance a team of oxen could plough without resting. This was standardised to be exactly 40 rods or 10 chains. The system of long furrows arose because turning a team of oxen pulling a heavy plough was difficult. This offset the drainage advantages of short furrows and meant furrows were made as long as possible. An acre is an area that is one furlong long and one chain (66 feet or 22 yards) wide. For this reason,

5040-1381: Was used in many Mediterranean cities instead of the foot. Horace Doursther, whose reference was published in Belgium which had the smallest foot measurements, grouped both units together, while J. F. G. Palaiseau devoted three chapters to units of length: one for linear measures (palms and feet); one for cloth measures (ells); and one for distances traveled (miles and leagues). In Belgium, the words pied (French) and voet (Dutch) would have been used interchangeably. International Standards Organisation (ISO)-defined intermodal containers for efficient global freight/cargo shipping, were defined using feet rather than meters for their leading outside (corner) dimensions. All ISO-standard containers to this day are eight feet wide, and their outer heights and lengths are also primarily defined in, or derived from feet. Quantities of global shipping containers are still primarily counted in Twenty-foot Equivalent Units , or TEUs. Everyday global (civilian) air traffic / aviation continues to be controlled in flight levels (flying altitudes) separated by thousands of feet (although typically read out in hundreds – e.g. flight level 330 actually means 33,000 feet, or about 10 kilometres in altitude). The length of

5112-461: Was used; when it was rebuilt in the 10th century, a foot of about 320 mm (12.6 in) was used. At the same time, monastic buildings used the Carolingian foot of 340 mm (13.4 in). The procedure for verification of the foot as described in the 16th century posthumously published work by Jacob Köbel in his book Geometrei. Von künstlichem Feldmessen und absehen is: Stand at

5184-576: Was usually between 250 mm and 335 mm and was generally, but not always, subdivided into 12 inches or 16  digits . The United States is the only industrialized country that uses the (international) foot in preference to the meter in its commercial, engineering, and standards activities. The foot is legally recognized in the United Kingdom; road distance signs must use imperial units (however, distances on road signs are always marked in miles or yards, not feet; bridge clearances are given in meters as well as feet and inches), while its usage

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