Fuchū Prison ( 府中刑務所 , Fuchū keimusho ) is a prison in Japan . It is located in the city of Fuchū, Tokyo to the west of the center of Tokyo Metropolis . Before the end of World War II , Fuchū prison held Communist leaders , members of banned religious sects, and leaders of the Korean independence movement .
69-705: Fuchū Prison was opened in June 1935 after the need for a new and larger prison was determined by the Home Ministry in a review following the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake , during which Tokyo's main prison, Sugamo Prison , was destroyed. During the pre-war period , the prison also housed many political prisoners as well as common criminals. After the war, the prison was visited by Harold Isaacs of Newsweek , French correspondent Robert Guillain , John K. Emmerson , E. Herbert Norman and Domei reporter Tay Tateishi. The 1968 “ 300 million yen robbery ” took place outside of
138-511: A register . The act was repealed on the restitution of the monarchy in 1660, with the duty reverting to the established churches, until the Births and Deaths Registration Act 1836 which affected England and Wales. The General Register Office for England and Wales was set up and the civil registration of births , marriages , and deaths in England and Wales became mandatory on 1 July 1837. Initially
207-594: A black list of writers whose articles they were advised not to print anymore. Also in 1940, with the formation of the Taisei Yokusankai political party, the Home Ministry strengthened its efforts to monitor and control political dissent, also through enforcement of the tonarigumi system, which was also used to coordinate civil defense activities through World War II . In 1942, the Ministry of Colonial Affairs
276-401: A died person. Acts of civil status replaced Metricheskiye knigi (Parish registers) in 1918. All registers before 1918 are open for everyone. Births, deaths and marriages must be registered by register office called Body of registration of acts of civil status (орган записи актов гражданского состояния - organ zapisi aktov grazhdanskogo sostoyaniya or орган ЗАГС – organ ZAGS for short) or
345-535: A large Japanese population. In the late 1920s and 1930s, the Tokkō launched a sustained campaign to destroy the Japanese Communist Party with several waves of mass arrests of known members, sympathizers and suspected sympathizers ( March 15 incident ). In 1936, an Information and Propaganda Committee was created within the Home Ministry, which issued all official press statements , and which worked together with
414-646: A legal requirement for relevant authority to be notified of certain life events, such as births, marriages and deaths. The first country to establish a nationwide population register was France in 1539, using the registers of the Catholic Church . Sweden followed in 1631, on the basis of a register drawn up by the Church of Sweden on behalf of the Swedish king . The United Nations defines civil registration as "the continuous, permanent, compulsory and universal recording of
483-569: A person entered and left a municipality. In 1940, the Dutch government did not want to mandate citizen's identification, but during World War II the German occupying government mandated it so they could assess who was to be sent to Germany as forced labor and to select Jewish citizens from the general population. When the war was over, mandatory identification was done away with. In the 1990s all local registries were automated, and starting on 1 October 1994
552-658: A public notary, always a layman, and were kept in the local royal administration's archives. In fact, as the church kept parish registers since the Middle Ages (the oldest one in France is Givry 's, of 1303), these registers were used to meet the ordinance's dispositions. The national registration was fully laicized in 1792 during the French Revolution by order of the French Republic. These records have been continued through
621-422: A vital record. In Burkina Faso, since 2015, a centralized civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) system is being implemented by the non-governmental organization iCivil Africa. This "new tech start up has set themselves a massive task: to register all newborn babies digitally". Belgium maintains a National Register ( Registre National / Rijksregister ) of citizens and resident foreigners. The register
690-425: Is a type of civil register primarily concerned with the current residence. Civil registration is faced with many challenges, both on the demand side and supply side, especially in low-income countries. The demand-side challenges include a lack of awareness of the need for and importance of registration of vital events, and the situation is not helped by the many existing barriers to registration. For example, in 2009,
759-487: Is a type of civil register which is more concerned with events within the family unit and is common in Continental European and Asian countries, such as Germany ( Familienbuch ), France, Spain, China ( Hukou ), Japan ( Koseki ), and North and South Korea ( Hoju ). Additionally, in some countries, immigration , emigration , and any change of residence may require notification. A register of residents
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#1732852211823828-538: Is administered centrally by the Ministry of the Interior ( SPF Intérieur / FOD Binnenlandse Zaken ) and locally by Belgian municipalities and embassies . Citizens and resident foreigners are issued with a National Register Number ( numéro de registre national / rijksregisternummer ), which features on their identity card . France was the first country to create a national registration. In 1539, King Francis I ordered in
897-473: Is also a welcome departure from the present mechanism of relying on surveys for estimations of birth registration rates and projections of the numbers of births each year." In South Africa, vital records are contained in the National Population Register, which is maintained by the national Department of Home Affairs . Any Home Affairs office can record a vital event or issue a certified copy of
966-406: Is also an official term for an individual file of a vital event), vital records , and other terms, and the office responsible for receiving the registrations can be called a bureau of vital statistics , registry of vital records and statistics , registrar , registry , register , registry office (officially register office ), or population registry . The primary purpose of civil registration
1035-768: Is called hojeok in South Korea and koseki in Japan , Familienbuch in Germany , hukou in China , hộ khẩu in Vietnam and (formerly) propiska in the Soviet Union . Often, official recognition of certain events or status may be granted only when such event or status is registered in the family registry—for example, in Japan, a marriage is legally effective when and only when such filing
1104-605: Is called or a postmortem is held. Marriages are registered at the time of the ceremony by either The official registers are not directly accessible by the general public. Instead, indexes are made available which can be used to find the relevant register entry and then request a certified copy of the details. The General Register Office —now merged into His Majesty's Passport Office —has overall responsibility for registration administration. Civil registration came into force in Scotland on 1 January 1855. A significant difference from
1173-527: Is not related to this system. In Spain, the first civil registers were created in 1841 in the big and medium-size cities of the country. The current Civil Register was established on January 1, 1871 in all municipalities and in 1873 it was created and special Civil Register for the Royal Family, which still exits today. Both of this registers record names, surnames, births, deaths, marriages, divorces and other relevant data, and both of them are supervised by
1242-669: Is recorded into the household register (known as a koseki ). In other cases, the family register serves as a centralized repository for family legal events, such as births, deaths, marriages, and expatriations, as with the Familienbuch in use in Germany and the livret de famille [ fr ] in France, although it is not the sole source of official recognition for such events. Use of government-sanctioned or administered family registers, while common in many European nations and in countries which use continental-style civil law (where
1311-587: Is to create a legal document (usually called a certificate ) that can be used to establish and protect the rights of individuals. A secondary purpose is to create a data source for the compilation of vital statistics . The United Nations General Assembly in 1979 adopted the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women , Article 16 of which requires countries to establish compulsory civil registration of marriages. Most countries have
1380-682: The World Health Statistics Quarterly of the World Health Organization estimated that only about 1% of the estimated deaths in low-income groups are reported and just about 9% in lower-middle-income groups. The registration systems in many cases are very difficult, causing potential barriers to accessing the registration. Furthermore, in certain societies, due to stigmatisation based on cultural and religious settings, single mothers may fear questions of paternity during notification through chief or community agents. On
1449-545: The hojeok (similar to the Japanese household registry, written using identical Chinese characters ) was repealed in 2005, in favor of a personal registry system. The systems of household registers in China, Korea and Japan date back to the Tang dynasty or Heian period or earlier, both since the seventh century. In Namibia , civil registration mandate lies with the government through
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#17328522118231518-632: The Information and Propaganda Department ( 情報部 , Jōhōbu ) was elevated to the Information Bureau ( 情報局 , Jōhōkyoku ) , which consolidated the previously separate information departments from the Imperial Japanese Army , Imperial Japanese Navy and Foreign Ministry under the aegis of the Home Ministry. The new Jōhōkyoku had complete control over all news, advertising and public events. In February 1941 it distributed among editors
1587-581: The Ministry of Justice , through the Directorate-General for the Registries and Notaries. In Sweden, the civil registry is maintained by the Swedish Tax Agency ( Skatteverket ); up into the 1990s the Church of Sweden was responsible. Recording of births and deaths was stipulated in the early 17th century, formal national censuses have been made since the mid-18th century, and Sweden has one of
1656-436: The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport . Family register Civil registration is the system by which a government records the vital events ( births , marriages , and deaths ) of its citizens and residents . The resulting repository or database has different names in different countries and even in different subnational jurisdictions. It can be called a civil registry , civil register (but this
1725-529: The Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts , as part of a wider legislation regarding the policing of church benefices , to keep vital records registers in the various church local institutions (mainly parishes ). The ordinance orderer the creation of at least a register of baptisms , as a proof of one's date of birth, and a register of burials of churchmen, as a proof of one's date of death. Though both registers were kept by religious authorities, they were authenticated by
1794-505: The Peace Preservation Law#Public Security Preservation Law of 1925 , the Home Ministry was able to use its security apparatus to suppress political dissent and the curtail the activities of the socialists , communists and the labor movement . The power of the Tokkō was expanded tremendously, and it expanded to include branches in every Japanese prefecture, major city, and overseas locations with
1863-660: The Portuguese Constitution of 1911 ) and is officially called Institute of Registries and Notaries ( Portuguese : Instituto dos Registos e Notariado ) and exists in its current form since 2007. On April 20, 1911, the "Law of Separation of the Church of the State" radicalized the secular state and determined that all parish registers (baptisms, marriages, and deaths) prior to 1911 should be civilly effective and transferred from parishes to newly established Civil Registry Offices. This
1932-701: The Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers restoration, then its administrative affairs were proceeded to the National Police Agency , the Ministry of Construction , the Ministry of Home Affairs and so on. In 2001, the MOHA was integrated with the Management and Coordination Agency and the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, then the Ministry of Public Management, Home affairs, Posts and Telecommunications
2001-620: The English system is the greater detail required for a registration. This means that if a certified copy of an entry is requested, it will contain much more information. The General Register Office for Scotland has overall responsibility for registration administration and drafting legislative changes in this area (as well as census data). They are governed by the Registration of Births, Deaths and Marriages (Scotland) Act 1965 and subsequent legislation (responsibility for which has now been devolved to
2070-578: The French. In 1811, this registration was introduced throughout the country. The Dutch differentiate between the basisregistratie personen , an ongoing database of citizens' information, and the burgerlijke stand , which is a collection (at the municipal level) of documents evidencing certain events taking place in a given municipality, such as birth, marriage, civil union , and death. Beginning on 1 January 1850, municipalities were obliged to keep citizen's records in book form (Dutch: bevolkingsregister). Early in
2139-462: The Institute of Registries and Notaries ( Portuguese : Instituto dos Registos e Notariado ). In general, there is a civil registry office in each Portuguese province , and in the cities of Lisbon , Porto , Vila Nova de Gaia and Setubal there are eleven, four, two and two conservatories respectively. In small and medium-sized municipalities, conservatories also accumulate other functions besides
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2208-553: The Ministry of Home Affairs and Immigration, which has offices in all fourteen region of the country. Although some vital events (e.g., marriages) are recorded by various agencies (e.g., church and courts), vital records are contained in the National Population Register, which is maintained by the Department of Civil Registration within the Ministry of Home Affairs and Immigration. In Namibia, civil registration and identity management systems are integrated and managed by one department. Over
2277-702: The Palace of Marriages (Дворец бракосочетаний) for civil marriage ceremonies. The system is decentralized. Each Russian federal subject has its own regional body as a part of regional government. The Unified state register of acts of civil status (EGR ZAGS, Единый государственный реестр записей актов гражданского состояния –ЕГР ЗАГС) maintained by the Federal Tax Service of Russia began operations since October 1, 2018. The system of resident registration in Russia (and former propiska ) maintained by centralized federal body
2346-658: The Publications Monitoring Department on censorship issues. In 1937, jointly with the Ministry of Education, the Home Ministry administered the National Spiritual Mobilization Movement , and the Home Ministry assisted in implementation of the National Mobilization Law in 1938 to place Japan on a total war footing. The public health functions of the Ministry were separated into the Ministry of Health in 1938. In 1940,
2415-481: The civil registry, such as land registration ( Portuguese : registo predial ), commercial (legal entities, Portuguese : registo comercial ) and vehicles ( Portuguese : registo de automóveis ). In Lisbon, the Central Registry Office ( Portuguese : Conservatória dos Registos Centrais ) is located, it was created in 1949 and is responsible for registrations involving Portuguese citizens abroad and for
2484-553: The direct jurisdiction of the Home Ministry, and all prefectural governors (who were appointed by the central government) came under the jurisdiction of the Home Ministry. In 1890, the Railroad Ministry and in 1892, the Communications Ministry were created, removing the postal administration functions from the Home Ministry. On the other hand, with the establishment of State Shinto , a Department of Religious Affairs
2553-412: The employees of the Home Ministry were purged from office. The American authorities felt that the concentration of power into a single ministry was both a cause and a symptom of Japan's pre-war totalitarian mentality, and also felt that the centralization of police authority into a massive centrally controlled ministry was dangerous for the democratic development of post-war Japan. The Home Ministry
2622-684: The entries made by the registrars over the years are issued on a daily basis either for genealogical research or for modern legal purposes such as supporting passport applications or ensuring eligibility for the appropriate junior sports leagues. On 1 December 2007 registrars and superintendent registrars became employees of their local authority for the first time following the enactment of the Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007 . Births in England and Wales must be registered within 42 days, whilst deaths must be registered within five days unless an inquest
2691-437: The establishment of the cabinet system , the Home Ministry was reorganized by Yamagata Aritomo , who became the first Home Minister. Bureaus were created with responsibilities for general administration, local administration, police, public works, public health , postal administration, topographic surveys, religious institutions and the national census . The administration of Hokkaidō and Karafuto Prefectures also fell under
2760-604: The family or household is legally viewed as the fundamental unit of a nation), is nonetheless rare in English-speaking countries (for example, the closest equivalent in the United Kingdom is the electoral roll , which is organised by address, but it is limited in the amount of information recorded). Although the United States for example assigns most citizens and residents a Social Security number intended to be unique to
2829-510: The globe over the years. With the advent of enhanced and information and communication technology, civil registration has been moving from a paper-intensive, manual-based civil registration to more automated and digitalised systems. Some of the innovations implemented in civil registration include the use of e-birth notification systems, whereby the health officials are able to notify the national population registration system with new births. This system improves registration process by timely feeding
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2898-440: The individual registration card was replaced with a digital list containing a person's information as collected by the gemeentelijke basisadministratie van persoonsgegevens (in 2015 replaced with the 'basisregistratie personen'), kept and maintained at the municipal level. Municipalities exchange information through a closed network at the end of each day to a nationwide database, which can be consulted by officials online. Though it
2967-605: The late Heian period was revived in a modified form with an express focus on the separation of legislative, administrative, and judicial functions within a new Daijō-kan system. Having just returned from the Iwakura Mission in 1873, Ōkubo Toshimichi pushed forward a plan for the creation of an " Interior ministry " within the Daijō-kan modeled after similar ministries in European nations, headed by himself. The Home Ministry
3036-535: The legal preliminaries to marriage, conducts civil marriage ceremonies and retains in his or her custody all completed birth, death and marriage registers for the district. The office of the superintendent registrar is the district register office , often referred to (informally) in the media as the "registry office". Today, both officers may also conduct statutory civil partnership preliminaries and ceremonies, citizenship ceremonies and other non-statutory ceremonies such as naming or renewal of vows. Certified copies of
3105-404: The like, in contrast to the German and Japanese family register systems. Establishment of a more comprehensive personal information repository (along the lines of the Japanese or former German systems) has been criticized by civil liberties advocates as subject to governmental or criminal abuse, while proponents cite the benefits of simplified access to vital information. In South Korea, use of
3174-482: The longest and most comprehensive suites of civil records of any country. In the United Kingdom , civil registration was first introduced, in England and Wales, via the 1653 marriage act, which transferred the statutory duty of recording marriages, births and burials, established in 1538, from the established churches, to the civil authorities, with a justice of peace, rather than the parish priest required to maintain
3243-533: The management of any procedure that concerns Portuguese citizenship . Civil registries were introduced in 1806–1812 during the Russian occupation, and they followed the Tsarist model of keeping them with church records. By the "Communal Law" ( Legea comunală ) of 31 March 1864 subsequent record keeping became the responsibility of the mayor in each dwelling, who was allowed to delegate it to one of his helpers. An effort by
3312-440: The occurrence and characteristics of vital events pertaining to the population as provided through decree or regulation in accordance with the legal requirements of a country. Civil registration is carried out primarily for the purpose of establishing the legal documents required by law. These records are also a main source of vital statistics. Complete coverage, accuracy and timeliness of civil registration are essential to ensure
3381-650: The onus lay on registrars to discover and record events, so parents only had to supply information if and when asked. In 1875, the Births & Deaths Act 1874 came into force, whereby those present at a birth or death were required to report the event. Subsequent legislation introduced similar systems in Ireland (all of which was then part of the United Kingdom) on 1 April 1845 for Protestant marriages and on 1 January 1864 for all birth, marriage and death events. Civil registration
3450-460: The post office was added to its responsibilities. In 1877, overview of religious institutes was added. The head of the Home Ministry was referred to as the "Home Lord" and effectively functioned as the Head of Government . The Home Ministry also initially had the responsibility for promoting local industry, but this duty was taken over by the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce in 1881. In 1885, with
3519-571: The present and are kept at the departmental archives. The Civil Registration includes birth, marriage, divorce, and death records. In the Netherlands , maintaining the civil registry ("basisregistratie personen") is the duty of the municipalities. Before the French Rule , the Netherlands did not have a central registration of its population, which was introduced in some parts of the country in 1796 by
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#17328522118233588-459: The quality of vital statistics." Vital events that are typically recorded on the register include live birth , death , foetal death , name , change of name , marriage , divorce , annulment of marriage , judicial separation of marriage , adoption , legitimization and recognition. Among the legal documents that are derived from civil registration are birth certificates , death certificates , and marriage certificates . A family register
3657-512: The recipient and information regarding birth, death and work history (in the form of contributions to the Social Security system) is collected, the U.S. Social Security Administration has long been intentionally restricted in the scope of information collected and maintained regarding individuals where not directly related to Social Security benefits—as such, no information is centrally collected regarding marriage, citizenship status, parentage, or
3726-585: The state to gather the ancient historical records happened around 1926–1932 but in some cases as late as 1948–1952; a good number of these early records were lost in this process, sometimes literally by the truckload. The current name for the official building where marriages, births and deaths are recorded is called Starea Civilă (Civil Status). Vital records (births, deaths and marriages) are called Acts of civil state or Acts of civil status (акты гражданского состояния – akty grazhdankogo sostoyaniya ) in Russia. These records are available only for relatives of
3795-545: The supply side, challenges often involve different, and often conflicting, legal frameworks various stakeholders (health institution, civil registry, statistics agency), and as a result, many countries with "burdensome procedures and non-standardized systems across a country, leading to confusion regarding what individuals need to do or present." Other challenges include accessibility of remote areas and also irregular migration caused by civil conflicts and porous borders. There have been new developments in civil registration across
3864-457: The system with information as soon as a birth occurs. Another innovation, such as that implemented by iCivil Africa in Burkina Faso , is the use of a mobile application to register newborns. A family register is a civil registry used in many countries to track information of a genealogical or family-centric legal interest. Other terms are household register and family album . The system
3933-474: The twentieth century this system was replaced by a card system that registered families. The move toward individual registration took place in 1939 with the introduction of the persoonskaart , a single card registering a single individual, kept in the municipality. Information gathered on this card included family name, first names, gender, position within the family, date and place of birth, marital status, address, and church affiliation, besides information on when
4002-812: The walls of the prison. The prison facilities were renovated over a ten-year period from 1986 to 1995. As of December 2015, Fuchū Prison was the largest prison in Japan, housing 2086 prisoners. The prison covers an area of 22.6 ha (56 acres), and is surrounded by a 1.8 km (1.1 mi) wall with a height of 5.5 m (18 ft), The cells are divided into four blocks (ordinary prisoners, foreign prisoners, mentally ill prisoners, and physically disabled or injured prisoners). Male foreign prisoners in Japan are generally housed at Fuchū Prison. The prison also contains numerous workshops for vocational training . Foreigners are incarcerated for various crimes but all in single cells in two or three blocks. Home Ministry (Japan) The Home Ministry ( 内務省 , Naimu-shō )
4071-417: The years, Namibia has transformed its civil registration processes, moving away from the manual system to an electronic system. In 2017, Namibia, which has at least 22 birth and registration offices based within the maternity wards of hospitals across the country, launched its e-birth notification system. This improvement is expected to "improve the quality of vital statistics produced in the country. The system
4140-521: Was a Cabinet -level ministry established under the Meiji Constitution that managed the internal affairs of Empire of Japan from 1873 to 1947. Its duties included local administration, elections, police , monitoring people, social policy and public works . In 1938, the HM's social policy was detached from itself, then the Ministry of Health and Welfare was established. In 1947, the HM was abolished under
4209-581: Was a previous struggle that had come since the formation of the Civil Registry Association in 1895, a Masonic organization presented by its mentors as "a strong anti-clerical and antireligious stronghold". On December 22, 1945, the Directorate-General for Registries and Notary ( Portuguese : Direcção-Geral dos Registos e do Notariado ) was created in the Ministry of Justice , to oversee civil, property , commercial and motor vehicle registration services and notary services, reformed in 2007 into
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#17328522118234278-486: Was abolished, and the Home Ministry extended its influence to Japanese external territories. After the surrender of Japan , the Home Ministry coordinated closely with the Allied occupation forces to maintain public order in occupied Japan . One of the first actions of the post-war Home Ministry was the creation of an officially sanctioned brothel system under the aegis of the " Recreation and Amusement Association ", which
4347-561: Was added to the Home Ministry in 1900. Following the High Treason Incident , the Tokko special police force was also created in 1911. The Department of Religious Affairs was transferred to the Ministry of Education in 1913. From the 1920s period, faced with the growing issues of agrarian unrest and Bolshevik-inspired labor unrest , the attention of the Home Ministry was increasingly focused on internal security issues. Through passage of
4416-501: Was created on August 28, 1945. The intention was officially to contain the sexual urges of the occupation forces, protect the main Japanese populace from rape and preserve the "purity" of the " Japanese race ". However, by October 1945, the scope of activities of the Home Ministry was increasingly limited, with the disestablishment of State Shinto and the abolishment of the Tokkō , and with censorship and monitoring of labor union activities taken under direct American supervision. Many of
4485-640: Was established as government department in November 1873, initially as an internal security agency to deal with possible threats to the government from increasingly disgruntled ex - samurai , and political unrest spawned by the Seikanron debate. In addition to controlling the police administration, the new department was also responsible for the Family register , civil engineering , topographic surveys , censorship , and promotion of agriculture . In 1874, administration of
4554-573: Was established. In 2004, the MPHPT changed its English name into the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications . In other words, the MIC is the direct descendant of the HM. After the Meiji Restoration , the leaders of the new Meiji government envisioned a highly centralized state to replace the old feudal order. Within months after Emperor Meiji 's Charter Oath , the ancient ritsuryō structure from
4623-483: Was formally abolished on 31 December 1947 under the Removal of Restrictions on Political, Civil, and Religious Liberties . Its functions were dispersed to the Ministry of Home Affairs (自治省 Jiji-shō ), now the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications , Ministry of Health and Welfare (厚生省 Kōsei-shō ), now the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare , National Public Safety Commission (国家公安委員会 Kokka-kōan-iinkai ), Ministry of Construction (建設省 Kensetsu-shō ), now
4692-409: Was generally considered "un-Dutch," on 1 January 2005 mandatory identification (when asked by a mandated person) was reintroduced for everyone over 14; official identification is to be presented for all important transactions between citizens and government. The civil registry in Portugal is officially established by the "Civil Registry Code" of February 18, 1911 (a few months before the promulgation of
4761-434: Was introduced in Scotland on 1 January 1855. The administration of individual registration districts is the responsibility of registrars in the relevant local authority . There is also a national body for each jurisdiction . The local offices are generally responsible both for maintaining the original registers and for providing copies to the national body for central retention. A superintendent registrar facilitates
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