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58-605: It was introduced from July 1, 1938, same kind like books for birth and death. However, the Familienbuch dates to much earlier. At least to 1920 in Breslau, Germany, for example. From January 1, 1958, it was modified: Marriage entry was done by the local civil registry , but the "book" itself which was a paper then was moved to the local civil registry when the family did a removal. Since January 1, 2009, Familienbücher have no longer been issued. This society -related article

116-454: A civil registry , civil register (but this is also an official term for an individual file of a vital event), vital records , and other terms, and the office responsible for receiving the registrations can be called a bureau of vital statistics , registry of vital records and statistics , registrar , registry , register , registry office (officially register office ), or population registry . The primary purpose of civil registration

174-511: A register . The act was repealed on the restitution of the monarchy in 1660, with the duty reverting to the established churches, until the Births and Deaths Registration Act 1836 which affected England and Wales. The General Register Office for England and Wales was set up and the civil registration of births , marriages , and deaths in England and Wales became mandatory on 1 July 1837. Initially

232-409: A death certificate, to enable government agencies to update their records, such as electoral registers, government benefits paid, passport records, transfer the inheritance, etc. Before issuing a death certificate, the authorities usually require a certificate from a physician or coroner to validate the cause of death and the identity of the deceased. In cases where it is not completely clear that

290-401: A died person. Acts of civil status replaced Metricheskiye knigi (Parish registers) in 1918. All registers before 1918 are open for everyone. Births, deaths and marriages must be registered by register office called Body of registration of acts of civil status (орган записи актов гражданского состояния - organ zapisi aktov grazhdanskogo sostoyaniya or орган ЗАГС – organ ZAGS for short) or

348-458: A doctor involved in their care completes a "medical certificate of cause of death" (MCCD). This is then forwarded to the register office to register the person's death. The General Register Office , which is a section of HM Passport Office , is responsible for civil registration services in England and Wales. National registration began in 1855; registrations are rather more detailed. In most of

406-646: A legal requirement for relevant authority to be notified of certain life events, such as births, marriages and deaths. The first country to establish a nationwide population register was France in 1539, using the registers of the Catholic Church . Sweden followed in 1631, on the basis of a register drawn up by the Church of Sweden on behalf of the Swedish king . The United Nations defines civil registration as "the continuous, permanent, compulsory and universal recording of

464-569: A person entered and left a municipality. In 1940, the Dutch government did not want to mandate citizen's identification, but during World War II the German occupying government mandated it so they could assess who was to be sent to Germany as forced labor and to select Jewish citizens from the general population. When the war was over, mandatory identification was done away with. In the 1990s all local registries were automated, and starting on 1 October 1994

522-399: A person is dead (usually because their body is being sustained by life support ), a neurologist is often called in to verify brain death and to fill out the appropriate documentation. The failure of a physician to immediately submit the required form to the government (to trigger issuance of the death certificate) is often both a crime and cause for loss of one's license to practice. This

580-658: A public notary, always a layman, and were kept in the local royal administration's archives. In fact, as the church kept parish registers since the Middle Ages (the oldest one in France is Givry 's, of 1303), these registers were used to meet the ordinance's dispositions. The national registration was fully laicized in 1792 during the French Revolution by order of the French Republic. These records have been continued through

638-422: A vital record. In Burkina Faso, since 2015, a centralized civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) system is being implemented by the non-governmental organization iCivil Africa. This "new tech start up has set themselves a massive task: to register all newborn babies digitally". Belgium maintains a National Register ( Registre National / Rijksregister ) of citizens and resident foreigners. The register

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696-476: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Germany -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Civil registry Civil registration is the system by which a government records the vital events ( births , marriages , and deaths ) of its citizens and residents . The resulting repository or database has different names in different countries and even in different subnational jurisdictions. It can be called

754-425: Is a type of civil register primarily concerned with the current residence. Civil registration is faced with many challenges, both on the demand side and supply side, especially in low-income countries. The demand-side challenges include a lack of awareness of the need for and importance of registration of vital events, and the situation is not helped by the many existing barriers to registration. For example, in 2009,

812-487: Is a type of civil register which is more concerned with events within the family unit and is common in Continental European and Asian countries, such as Germany ( Familienbuch ), France, Spain, China ( Hukou ), Japan ( Koseki ), and North and South Korea ( Hoju ). Additionally, in some countries, immigration , emigration , and any change of residence may require notification. A register of residents

870-538: Is administered centrally by the Ministry of the Interior ( SPF Intérieur / FOD Binnenlandse Zaken ) and locally by Belgian municipalities and embassies . Citizens and resident foreigners are issued with a National Register Number ( numéro de registre national / rijksregisternummer ), which features on their identity card . France was the first country to create a national registration. In 1539, King Francis I ordered in

928-473: Is also a welcome departure from the present mechanism of relying on surveys for estimations of birth registration rates and projections of the numbers of births each year." In South Africa, vital records are contained in the National Population Register, which is maintained by the national Department of Home Affairs . Any Home Affairs office can record a vital event or issue a certified copy of

986-523: Is because of past cases in which dead people continued to receive public benefits or vote in elections. A full explanation of the cause of death includes any other diseases and disorders the person had at the time of death, even though they did not directly cause the death. The cause of death combined with the occupation and industry information, is used for public health research purposes: Historically, in Europe and North America, death records were kept by

1044-768: Is called hojeok in South Korea and koseki in Japan , Familienbuch in Germany , hukou in China , hộ khẩu in Vietnam and (formerly) propiska in the Soviet Union . Often, official recognition of certain events or status may be granted only when such event or status is registered in the family registry—for example, in Japan, a marriage is legally effective when and only when such filing

1102-605: Is called or a postmortem is held. Marriages are registered at the time of the ceremony by either The official registers are not directly accessible by the general public. Instead, indexes are made available which can be used to find the relevant register entry and then request a certified copy of the details. The General Register Office —now merged into His Majesty's Passport Office —has overall responsibility for registration administration. Civil registration came into force in Scotland on 1 January 1855. A significant difference from

1160-570: Is either a legal document issued by a medical practitioner which states when a person died, or a document issued by a government civil registration office, that declares the date, location and cause of a person's death , as entered in an official register of deaths. An official death certificate is usually required to be provided when applying for probate or administration of a deceased estate . They are also sought for genealogical research. The government registration office would usually be required to provide details of deaths, without production of

1218-527: Is not related to this system. In Spain, the first civil registers were created in 1841 in the big and medium-size cities of the country. The current Civil Register was established on January 1, 1871 in all municipalities and in 1873 it was created and special Civil Register for the Royal Family, which still exits today. Both of this registers record names, surnames, births, deaths, marriages, divorces and other relevant data, and both of them are supervised by

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1276-669: Is recorded into the household register (known as a koseki ). In other cases, the family register serves as a centralized repository for family legal events, such as births, deaths, marriages, and expatriations, as with the Familienbuch in use in Germany and the livret de famille  [ fr ] in France, although it is not the sole source of official recognition for such events. Use of government-sanctioned or administered family registers, while common in many European nations and in countries which use continental-style civil law (where

1334-587: Is to create a legal document (usually called a certificate ) that can be used to establish and protect the rights of individuals. A secondary purpose is to create a data source for the compilation of vital statistics . The United Nations General Assembly in 1979 adopted the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women , Article 16 of which requires countries to establish compulsory civil registration of marriages. Most countries have

1392-682: The World Health Statistics Quarterly of the World Health Organization estimated that only about 1% of the estimated deaths in low-income groups are reported and just about 9% in lower-middle-income groups. The registration systems in many cases are very difficult, causing potential barriers to accessing the registration. Furthermore, in certain societies, due to stigmatisation based on cultural and religious settings, single mothers may fear questions of paternity during notification through chief or community agents. On

1450-545: The hojeok (similar to the Japanese household registry, written using identical Chinese characters ) was repealed in 2005, in favor of a personal registry system. The systems of household registers in China, Korea and Japan date back to the Tang dynasty or Heian period or earlier, both since the seventh century. In Namibia , civil registration mandate lies with the government through

1508-631: The Ministry of Justice , through the Directorate-General for the Registries and Notaries. In Sweden, the civil registry is maintained by the Swedish Tax Agency ( Skatteverket ); up into the 1990s the Church of Sweden was responsible. Recording of births and deaths was stipulated in the early 17th century, formal national censuses have been made since the mid-18th century, and Sweden has one of

1566-529: The Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts , as part of a wider legislation regarding the policing of church benefices , to keep vital records registers in the various church local institutions (mainly parishes ). The ordinance orderer the creation of at least a register of baptisms , as a proof of one's date of birth, and a register of burials of churchmen, as a proof of one's date of death. Though both registers were kept by religious authorities, they were authenticated by

1624-660: The Portuguese Constitution of 1911 ) and is officially called Institute of Registries and Notaries ( Portuguese : Instituto dos Registos e Notariado ) and exists in its current form since 2007. On April 20, 1911, the "Law of Separation of the Church of the State" radicalized the secular state and determined that all parish registers (baptisms, marriages, and deaths) prior to 1911 should be civilly effective and transferred from parishes to newly established Civil Registry Offices. This

1682-646: The Scottish Parliament ). In Mexico , vital records (birth, death and marriage certificates) are registered in the Registro Civil, as called in Spanish. Each state has its own registration form. Until the 1960s, birth certificates were written by hand, in a styled, cursive calligraphy (almost unreadable for the new generations) and typically issued on security paper. After the 1960s, they were issued typed by machine. Death certificate A death certificate

1740-493: The United States , death certificates are considered public domain documents and can therefore be obtained for any individual regardless of the requester's relationship to the deceased. Other jurisdictions restrict to whom death certificates are issued. For example, in the State of New York, only close relatives can obtain a death certificate, including the spouse, parent, child or sibling of the deceased, and other persons who have

1798-620: The English system is the greater detail required for a registration. This means that if a certified copy of an entry is requested, it will contain much more information. The General Register Office for Scotland has overall responsibility for registration administration and drafting legislative changes in this area (as well as census data). They are governed by the Registration of Births, Deaths and Marriages (Scotland) Act 1965 and subsequent legislation (responsibility for which has now been devolved to

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1856-578: The French. In 1811, this registration was introduced throughout the country. The Dutch differentiate between the basisregistratie personen , an ongoing database of citizens' information, and the burgerlijke stand , which is a collection (at the municipal level) of documents evidencing certain events taking place in a given municipality, such as birth, marriage, civil union , and death. Beginning on 1 January 1850, municipalities were obliged to keep citizen's records in book form (Dutch: bevolkingsregister). Early in

1914-462: The Institute of Registries and Notaries ( Portuguese : Instituto dos Registos e Notariado ). In general, there is a civil registry office in each Portuguese province , and in the cities of Lisbon , Porto , Vila Nova de Gaia and Setubal there are eleven, four, two and two conservatories respectively. In small and medium-sized municipalities, conservatories also accumulate other functions besides

1972-553: The Ministry of Home Affairs and Immigration, which has offices in all fourteen region of the country. Although some vital events (e.g., marriages) are recorded by various agencies (e.g., church and courts), vital records are contained in the National Population Register, which is maintained by the Department of Civil Registration within the Ministry of Home Affairs and Immigration. In Namibia, civil registration and identity management systems are integrated and managed by one department. Over

2030-702: The Palace of Marriages (Дворец бракосочетаний) for civil marriage ceremonies. The system is decentralized. Each Russian federal subject has its own regional body as a part of regional government. The Unified state register of acts of civil status (EGR ZAGS, Единый государственный реестр записей актов гражданского состояния –ЕГР ЗАГС) maintained by the Federal Tax Service of Russia began operations since October 1, 2018. The system of resident registration in Russia (and former propiska ) maintained by centralized federal body

2088-481: The civil registry, such as land registration ( Portuguese : registo predial ), commercial (legal entities, Portuguese : registo comercial ) and vehicles ( Portuguese : registo de automóveis ). In Lisbon, the Central Registry Office ( Portuguese : Conservatória dos Registos Centrais ) is located, it was created in 1949 and is responsible for registrations involving Portuguese citizens abroad and for

2146-634: The entries made by the registrars over the years are issued on a daily basis either for genealogical research or for modern legal purposes such as supporting passport applications or ensuring eligibility for the appropriate junior sports leagues. On 1 December 2007 registrars and superintendent registrars became employees of their local authority for the first time following the enactment of the Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007 . Births in England and Wales must be registered within 42 days, whilst deaths must be registered within five days unless an inquest

2204-604: The family or household is legally viewed as the fundamental unit of a nation), is nonetheless rare in English-speaking countries (for example, the closest equivalent in the United Kingdom is the electoral roll , which is organised by address, but it is limited in the amount of information recorded). Although the United States for example assigns most citizens and residents a Social Security number intended to be unique to

2262-510: The globe over the years. With the advent of enhanced and information and communication technology, civil registration has been moving from a paper-intensive, manual-based civil registration to more automated and digitalised systems. Some of the innovations implemented in civil registration include the use of e-birth notification systems, whereby the health officials are able to notify the national population registration system with new births. This system improves registration process by timely feeding

2320-440: The individual registration card was replaced with a digital list containing a person's information as collected by the gemeentelijke basisadministratie van persoonsgegevens (in 2015 replaced with the 'basisregistratie personen'), kept and maintained at the municipal level. Municipalities exchange information through a closed network at the end of each day to a nationwide database, which can be consulted by officials online. Though it

2378-535: The legal preliminaries to marriage, conducts civil marriage ceremonies and retains in his or her custody all completed birth, death and marriage registers for the district. The office of the superintendent registrar is the district register office , often referred to (informally) in the media as the "registry office". Today, both officers may also conduct statutory civil partnership preliminaries and ceremonies, citizenship ceremonies and other non-statutory ceremonies such as naming or renewal of vows. Certified copies of

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2436-404: The like, in contrast to the German and Japanese family register systems. Establishment of a more comprehensive personal information repository (along the lines of the Japanese or former German systems) has been criticized by civil liberties advocates as subject to governmental or criminal abuse, while proponents cite the benefits of simplified access to vital information. In South Korea, use of

2494-506: The local churches, along with baptism and marriage records. In 1639, in what would become the United States, the Massachusetts Bay Colony was the first to have the secular courts keep these records. By the end of the 19th century, European countries were adopting centralized systems for recording deaths. In the United States , a standard model death certificate was developed around 1910. When someone dies in England and Wales,

2552-482: The longest and most comprehensive suites of civil records of any country. In the United Kingdom , civil registration was first introduced, in England and Wales, via the 1653 marriage act, which transferred the statutory duty of recording marriages, births and burials, established in 1538, from the established churches, to the civil authorities, with a justice of peace, rather than the parish priest required to maintain

2610-533: The management of any procedure that concerns Portuguese citizenship . Civil registries were introduced in 1806–1812 during the Russian occupation, and they followed the Tsarist model of keeping them with church records. By the "Communal Law" ( Legea comunală ) of 31 March 1864 subsequent record keeping became the responsibility of the mayor in each dwelling, who was allowed to delegate it to one of his helpers. An effort by

2668-440: The occurrence and characteristics of vital events pertaining to the population as provided through decree or regulation in accordance with the legal requirements of a country. Civil registration is carried out primarily for the purpose of establishing the legal documents required by law. These records are also a main source of vital statistics. Complete coverage, accuracy and timeliness of civil registration are essential to ensure

2726-650: The onus lay on registrars to discover and record events, so parents only had to supply information if and when asked. In 1875, the Births & Deaths Act 1874 came into force, whereby those present at a birth or death were required to report the event. Subsequent legislation introduced similar systems in Ireland (all of which was then part of the United Kingdom) on 1 April 1845 for Protestant marriages and on 1 January 1864 for all birth, marriage and death events. Civil registration

2784-571: The present and are kept at the departmental archives. The Civil Registration includes birth, marriage, divorce, and death records. In the Netherlands , maintaining the civil registry ("basisregistratie personen") is the duty of the municipalities. Before the French Rule , the Netherlands did not have a central registration of its population, which was introduced in some parts of the country in 1796 by

2842-459: The quality of vital statistics." Vital events that are typically recorded on the register include live birth , death , foetal death , name , change of name , marriage , divorce , annulment of marriage , judicial separation of marriage , adoption , legitimization and recognition. Among the legal documents that are derived from civil registration are birth certificates , death certificates , and marriage certificates . A family register

2900-512: The recipient and information regarding birth, death and work history (in the form of contributions to the Social Security system) is collected, the U.S. Social Security Administration has long been intentionally restricted in the scope of information collected and maintained regarding individuals where not directly related to Social Security benefits—as such, no information is centrally collected regarding marriage, citizenship status, parentage, or

2958-585: The state to gather the ancient historical records happened around 1926–1932 but in some cases as late as 1948–1952; a good number of these early records were lost in this process, sometimes literally by the truckload. The current name for the official building where marriages, births and deaths are recorded is called Starea Civilă (Civil Status). Vital records (births, deaths and marriages) are called Acts of civil state or Acts of civil status (акты гражданского состояния – akty grazhdankogo sostoyaniya ) in Russia. These records are available only for relatives of

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3016-545: The supply side, challenges often involve different, and often conflicting, legal frameworks various stakeholders (health institution, civil registry, statistics agency), and as a result, many countries with "burdensome procedures and non-standardized systems across a country, leading to confusion regarding what individuals need to do or present." Other challenges include accessibility of remote areas and also irregular migration caused by civil conflicts and porous borders. There have been new developments in civil registration across

3074-457: The system with information as soon as a birth occurs. Another innovation, such as that implemented by iCivil Africa in Burkina Faso , is the use of a mobile application to register newborns. A family register is a civil registry used in many countries to track information of a genealogical or family-centric legal interest. Other terms are household register and family album . The system

3132-474: The twentieth century this system was replaced by a card system that registered families. The move toward individual registration took place in 1939 with the introduction of the persoonskaart , a single card registering a single individual, kept in the municipality. Information gathered on this card included family name, first names, gender, position within the family, date and place of birth, marital status, address, and church affiliation, besides information on when

3190-417: The years, Namibia has transformed its civil registration processes, moving away from the manual system to an electronic system. In 2017, Namibia, which has at least 22 birth and registration offices based within the maternity wards of hospitals across the country, launched its e-birth notification system. This improvement is expected to "improve the quality of vital statistics produced in the country. The system

3248-581: Was a previous struggle that had come since the formation of the Civil Registry Association in 1895, a Masonic organization presented by its mentors as "a strong anti-clerical and antireligious stronghold". On December 22, 1945, the Directorate-General for Registries and Notary ( Portuguese : Direcção-Geral dos Registos e do Notariado ) was created in the Ministry of Justice , to oversee civil, property , commercial and motor vehicle registration services and notary services, reformed in 2007 into

3306-460: Was generally considered "un-Dutch," on 1 January 2005 mandatory identification (when asked by a mandated person) was reintroduced for everyone over 14; official identification is to be presented for all important transactions between citizens and government. The civil registry in Portugal is officially established by the "Civil Registry Code" of February 18, 1911 (a few months before the promulgation of

3364-434: Was introduced in Scotland on 1 January 1855. The administration of individual registration districts is the responsibility of registrars in the relevant local authority . There is also a national body for each jurisdiction . The local offices are generally responsible both for maintaining the original registers and for providing copies to the national body for central retention. A superintendent registrar facilitates

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