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83-413: Before 2018, this administrative subdivision was known as Dera Ismail Khan Subdivision , and before that as Frontier Region Dera Ismail Khan . The region was named after Dera Ismail Khan District which lay to the east. The geography of Drazanda Tehsil is mostly hilly as it lies near Sulaiman Range. The Sherani Area is totally under the eastern shadow of highest peak of Takht-e-sulaiman. The northern side

166-470: A strong economy from a solid infrastructure such as irrigation, temples, mines, and roads. Ancient epigraphical evidence suggests Chandragupta, under counsel from Chanakya, started and completed many irrigation reservoirs and networks across the Indian subcontinent to ensure food supplies for the civilian population and the army, a practice continued by his dynastic successors. Regional prosperity in agriculture

249-501: A Greek ambassador in his court for four years. According to Appian, Seleucus I Nicator , one of Alexander's Macedonian generals who in 312 BCE established the Seleucid Empire with its capital at Babylon , brought Persia and Bactria under his own authority, putting his eastern front facing the empire of Chandragupta. Somewhere between 305 and 303 BCE Seleucus and Chandragupta confronted each other, Seleucus intending to retake

332-485: A big circular ground encircled by spectators) are still popular among native Saraiki people and have been for decades. The district is subdivided into six Tehsils which contain a total of 47 Union Councils : After the merger of Tribal areas, Darazinda is now also a tehsil of D.I.Khan. 32°00′N 70°30′E  /  32.000°N 70.500°E  / 32.000; 70.500 Chandragupta Maurya Chandragupta Maurya (reigned c. 320 – c. 298 BCE)

415-705: A council of ministers ( amatya ), with Chanakya was his chief minister. The empire was organised into territories ( janapada ), centres of regional power were protected with forts ( durga ), and state operations were funded with treasury ( kosa ). Strabo, in his Geographica composed about 300 years after Chandragupta's death, describes aspects of his rule in his chapter XV.46–69. He had councillors for matters of justice and assessors to collect taxes on commercial activity and trade goods. He routinely performed Vedic sacrifices, Brahmanical rituals, and hosted major festivals marked by procession of elephants and horses. His officers inspected situations requiring law and order in

498-455: A couple of miraculous incidents that involved Sandracottus (Chandragupta) and presents these legends as omens and portents of his fate. In the first incident, when Chandragupta was asleep after having escaped from Nandrum, a big lion came up to him, licked him, and then left. In the second incident, when Chandragupta was readying for war with Alexander's generals, a huge wild elephant approached him and offered itself to be his steed. According to

581-498: A depleted treasury, exhausted merit, and insufficient intelligence, the Nanda emperor lost. These legends state that the Nanda emperor was defeated, but allowed to leave Pataliputra alive with a chariot full of items his family needed. The Jain sources attest that his daughter fell in love at first sight with Chandragupta and married him.Though daughter is not named the source later name mother of Chandragupta's son as Durdhara . With

664-752: A different Moriya dynasty in the Deccan region in the fifth century CE. According to Upinder Singh, these poems may be mentioning Mokur and Koshar kingdoms of Vadugars (northerners) in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh , with one interpretation being that the Maurya Empire had an alliance with these at some point of time. Greek writer Phylarchus (c. third century BCE), who is quoted by Athenaeus , calls Chandragupta "Sandrokoptos". The later Greco-Roman writers Strabo , Arrian , and Justin (c. second century) call him "Sandrocottus". In Greek and Latin accounts, Chandragupta

747-552: A group of Jain monks to south India, where Chandragupta Maurya joined him as a monk after abdicating his empire to his son Bindusara. Together, states a Digambara legend, Chandragupta and Bhadrabahu moved to Shravanabelagola, in present-day south Karnataka. These Jain accounts appeared in texts such as Brihakathā kośa (931 CE) of Harishena, Bhadrabāhu charita (1450 CE) of Ratnanandi, Munivaṃsa bhyudaya (1680 CE) and Rajavali kathe . Chandragupta lived as an ascetic at Shravanabelagola for several years before fasting to death as per

830-456: A patron of Buddhism – were Moriyas , a branch of Gautama Buddha 's Shakya noble family. These Buddhist sources attempt to link the dynasty of their patron Ashoka directly to the Buddha. The sources claim that the family branched off to escape persecution from a King of Kosala and Chandragupta's ancestors moved into a secluded Himalayan kingdom known for its peacocks. The Buddhist sources explain

913-414: A period where intrigue and vice multiplied. Chanakya states that Chandragupta returned dharma, nurtured diversity of views, and ruled virtuously that kindled love among the subjects for his rule. Buddhist texts such as Mahavamsa describe Chandragupta to be of Kshatriya origin. These sources, written about seven centuries after his dynasty ended, state that both Chandragupta and his grandson Ashoka –

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996-564: A rival of the Alexander's successors in north-western India. He states that after Alexander's death, Chandragupta freed Indian territories from the Greeks and executed some of the governors. According to Boesche, this war with the northwestern territories was in part fought by mercenaries hired by Chandragupta and Chanakya, and these wars may have been the cause of the demise of two of Alexander's governors, Nicanor and Philip . Megasthenes served as

1079-666: A second-century text written by the Roman historian Justin . They predominantly mention the last Nanda emperor , who usurped the throne of the king before him. Justin states that Chandragupta was of humble origin, and includes stories of miraculous legends associated with him, such as a wild elephant appearing and submitting itself to him as a ride to him before a battle. Justin's text notes that Chandragupta and Chanakya defeated and removed Nanda from his throne. Megasthenes ' account, as it has survived in Greek texts that quote him, states that Alexander

1162-503: A state monopoly of the state. The state, however, encouraged competing private parties to operate mines and supply these centres. They considered economic prosperity essential to the pursuit of dharma (virtuous life) and adopted a policy of avoiding war with diplomacy yet continuously preparing the army for war to defend its interests and other ideas in the Arthashastra . The evidence of arts and architecture during Chandragupta's time

1245-723: Is a district in the Dera Ismail Khan division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan . The capital of the district is the town of Dera Ismail Khan . The district has an area of 9,334 km (3,604 sq mi) and a population of 1,822,916 as of the 2023 Census. After the Second Anglo-Sikh war in 1849 the district was annexed by the British as part of the Punjab and remained so until 1901 when NWFP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

1328-402: Is also often mentioned, but rejected by contemporary scholarship. The details of the engagement treaty are not known. Since the extensive sources available on Seleucus never mention an Indian princess, it is thought that Chandragupta himself or his son Bindusara marrying a Seleucid princess, in accordance with contemporary Greek practices to form dynastic alliances. An Indian Puranic source,

1411-521: Is attested to by Ashoka's inscription in Junagadh . On the same rock, about 400 years later, Rudradaman inscribed a longer text sometime about the mid second–century. Rudradaman's inscription states that the Sudarshana lake in the area was commissioned during the rule of Chandragupta through his governor Vaishya Pushyagupta and conduits were added during Ashoka's rule through Tushaspha. The Mauryan control of

1494-790: Is bounded by Gomal pass. First languages of Drazanda Tehsil (2017 census) The population according to the 2017 census is 68,500. The first language of 97.6% of the population is Pashto . According to the Alif Ailaan Pakistan District Education Rankings 2015 , Drazanda Tehsil is ranked 127 out of 148 districts in terms of education. For facilities and infrastructure, the tehsil is ranked 95 out of 148. 31°18′N 69°33′E  /  31.30°N 69.55°E  / 31.30; 69.55 Dera Ismail Khan District Dera Ismail Khan District ( Urdu and Saraiki : ضلع ڈیره اسماعیل خان , Pashto : دېره اسماعيل خان ولسوالۍ ), often abbreviated as D.I. Khan

1577-509: Is found in Harisena 's Brhatkathakosa , a Sanskrit text of stories about Digambara Jains. The Brhatkathakosa describes the legend of Bhadrabahu and mentions Chandragupta in its 131st story. However, the story makes no mention of the Maurya empire, and mentions that his disciple Chandragupta lived in and migrated from Ujjain – a kingdom (northwest Madhya Pradesh ) about a thousand kilometers west of

1660-517: Is known all over Pakistan, and brings a lot of attention to the district and the city. Football is a very popular game in Dera Ismail Khan. Other games including cricket , hockey , badminton , and many more are played as well. Ali Amin Khan has also provided a platform for more involvement in sports in this region. In 2017, he introduced a tennis ball cricket league, named Dera Premier League, and

1743-519: Is known as Sandrakottos ( Greek : Σανδράκοττος ) and Androcottus ( Greek : Ανδροκόττος ). The king's epithets mentioned in the Sanskrit play Mudrarakshasa include "Chanda-siri" (Chandra-shri), "Piadamsana" (Priya-darshana), and Vrishala. Piadamsana is similar to Priyadasi , an epithet of his grandson Ashoka . The word "Vrishala" is used in Indian epics and law books to refer to non-orthodox people. According to one theory, it may be derived from

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1826-410: Is mostly limited to texts such as those by Megasthenese and Kautilya. The edict inscriptions and carvings on monumental pillars are attributed to his grandson Ashoka. The texts imply the existence of cities, public works, and prosperous architecture but the historicity of these is in question. Archeological discoveries in the modern age, such as those Didarganj Yakshi discovered in 1917 buried beneath

1909-648: Is protected by the Sheikh Badin National Park . Near the Indus River is a spur of limestone hills known as the Kafir Kot hills, where the ancient Hindu complex of Kafir Kot is located. DI Khan is also considered the center of Pakistan because of its location between Bhakkar , Mianwali of North Punjab , Zhob of Balochistan and South Waziristan of Pakistan's tribal belt . It is named after Dodai mercenary Ismail Khan, son of Malik Sohrab Dodai of

1992-524: Is the main and earliest Jain source of the complete legend of Chandragupta. It was written nearly 1,400 years after Chandragupta's death. Canto 8, verses 170 to 469, describes the legend of Chandragupta and Chanakya's influence on him. Other Digambara Jain sources state he moved to Karnataka after renouncing his kingdom and performed Sallekhana – the Jain religious ritual of peacefully welcoming death by fasting. The earliest mention of Chandragupta's ritual death

2075-420: The 2023 census , Dera Ismail Khan district has 270,021 households and a population of 1,829,811. The district has a sex ratio of 110.24 males to 100 females and a literacy rate of 46.58%: 58.14% for males and 33.71% for females. 559,401 (30.69% of the surveyed population) are under 10 years of age. 374,757 (20.48%) live in urban areas. The Dera Ismail Khan district has many schools and colleges, predominantly in

2158-557: The Greek pantheon were respected. A memorial for Chandragupta Maurya exists on the Chandragiri hill along with a seventh-century hagiographic inscription. Chandragupta's life and accomplishments are described in ancient and historical Greek, Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain texts, but they significantly vary in detail. His main biographical sources in chronological order are: The Greek and Roman texts do not mention Chandragupta directly, except for

2241-575: The Indus river which intersected it from north to south. To the west of the Indus, the characteristics of the country resembled those of Dera Ghazi Khan . To the east of the present bed of the river, there is a wide track known as the Kachi, exposed to river action. Beyond this, the country rises abruptly, and a barren, almost desert plain stretches eastwards, sparsely cultivated, and inhabited by nomadic tribes. In 1901,

2324-739: The Koh-e-Sulaiman mountain in the neighboring Baluchistan province. In the northwest is the Tank District . D.I Khan is separated from the Marwat plains of the Lakki Marwat district by a spur of clay and sandstone hills that stretch east from the Sulaiman mountains to the Indus river known as the Sheikh Badin Hills. The highest peak in the range is the limestone Sheik Badin mountain, which

2407-568: The Kuffar (Disbelievers)). These Hindu Shahi forts were known for high towers and steep defensive walls. The Hindus also built many Hindu temples around the area. However, many of them are now in rubble. The Hindu Shahis remained in control of the area until their defeat by the Turkic Muslim army of Ghaznavids. The district is part of what was historically territory inhabited by the Baloch people during

2490-515: The Langah Sultanate , who laid the foundation of the area. The Dera Ismail Khan District is littered with ruins from ancient civilizations . Dera Ismail Khan is home to the collection of Hindu ruins from two separate sites 20 miles apart, jointly known as Kafir Kot . The region came under the influence of the Nanda empire of the ancient India from 300 BCE. With the rise of Chandragupta Maurya ,

2573-634: The Magadha and Patliputra (central Bihar). This has led to the proposal that Harisena 's Chandragupta may be a later era, different person. None of the ancient texts mention when Chandragupta was born. Plutarch claims that he was a young man when he met Alexander III during the latter's invasion of India ( c.  326 -325 BCE). Assuming the Plutarch account is true, Raychaudhuri proposed in 1923 that Chandragupta may have been born after 350 BCE. According to other Greco-Roman texts, Chandragupta attacked

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2656-515: The Maurya clan of Pipphalivana . The Buddhist sources also mention that " Brahmin Chanakya " was his counselor and with whose support Chandragupta became the king at Patliputra. He has also been variously identified with Shashigupta (which has same etymology as of Chandragupta) of Paropamisadae on the account of same life events. The 12th-century Digambara text Parishishtaparvan by Hemachandra

2739-577: The Nanda Empire . Eventually, they won and proclaimed Patliputra as their capital. The Buddhist and Hindu legends present different versions of how Chandragupta met Chanakya . Broadly, they mention young Chandragupta creating a mock game of a royal court that he and his shepherd friends played near Vinjha forest . Chanakya saw him give orders to the others, bought him from the hunter, and adopted Chandragupta. Chanakya taught and admitted him in Taxila to study

2822-655: The Pratisarga Parva of the Bhavishya Purana , described the marriage of Chandragupta with a Greek (" Yavana ") princess, daughter of Seleucus. Chandragupta sent 500 war elephants to Seleucus, which played a key role in Seleucus' victory at the Battle of Ipsus . In addition to this treaty, Seleucus dispatched Megasthenes as an ambassador to Chandragupta's court, and later Antiochos sent Deimakos to his son Bindusara at

2905-650: The Buddhist ruler Kanishka . After the fall of the Kushans, the region came under the control of the Gupta empire of the ancient India. During this period, Hindu and Buddhist art and architecture flourished in the area. With the decline of the imperial Guptas, the Hindu Shahis came to rule the area. The Hindu Shahis built two massive forts in the northern edges of Dera Ismail Khan. The forts were later renamed as "Kafir kots" (forts of

2988-530: The Buddhist text Mahavamsa Tika , Chandragupta and Chanakya raised an army by recruiting soldiers from many places after the former completed his education at Taxila. Chanakya made Chandragupta the leader of the army. The Digambara Jain text Parishishtaparvan states that this army was raised by Chanakya with coins he minted and an alliance formed with Parvataka. According to Justin, Chandragupta organized an army. Early translators interpreted Justin's original expression as "body of robbers", but states Raychaudhuri,

3071-552: The Great and Chandragupta met, which, if true, would mean his rule started before 321 BCE. He is described as a great king, but not as great in power and influence as Porus in northwestern India or Agrammes ( Dhana Nanda ) in eastern India. As Alexander did not cross the Beas river , Chandragupta's territory probably included the Punjab region . The pre-4th century Hindu Puranic texts mostly mirror

3154-686: The Great had invaded the Northwest Indian subcontinent before abandoning his campaign in 325 BCE due to a mutiny caused by the prospect of facing another large empire, presumably the Nanda Empire centered in Pataliputra , Magadha. Chandragupta defeated and conquered both the Nanda Empire and the Greek satraps that were appointed or formed from Alexander's Empire in South Asia . Afterwards, Chandragupta expanded and secured his western border, where he

3237-401: The Greek royal title Basileus , but there is no concrete evidence of this: the Indian sources apply it to several non-royals, especially wandering teachers and ascetics. There are no records of Chandragupta's military conquests and the reach of his empire. It is based on inferences from Greek and Roman historians and the religious Indian texts written centuries after his death. Based on these,

3320-403: The Greek sources. These texts do not discuss the details of Chandragupta's ancestry, but rather cover the ancestry of the last Nanda king. The Nanda king is described to be cruel, against dharma and shastras , and born out of an illicit relationship followed by a coup. The Chanakya's Arthasastra refers to the Nanda rule as against the spiritual, cultural, and military interests of the country,

3403-610: The Greek-Indian governors after Alexander's death ( c.  323 BCE ) with Seleucus I Nicator entering into a treaty with Chandragupta years later. Seleucus Nicator, under this treaty, gave up Arachosia ( Kandahar ), Gedrosia ( Makran ), and Paropamisadae ( Kabul ) to Chandragupta, in exchange for 500 war elephants. The texts do not include the start or end year of Chandragupta's reign. According to some Hindu and Buddhist texts, Chandragupta ruled for 24 years. The Buddhist sources state Chandragupta Maurya ruled 162 years after

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3486-519: The Indian subcontinent except for Kalinga and Tamilakam , parts that are now Odisha , Tamil Nadu and Kerala . After unifying much of India, Chandragupta and Chanakya passed a series of major economic and political reforms. Chandragupta established a strong central administration from Pataliputra (now Patna ). Chandragupta applied the statecraft and economic policies described in Chanakya's text Arthashastra . There are varying accounts in

3569-476: The Indian subcontinent. Chandragupta expanded "roads suitable for carts" as he preferred those over narrow tracks suitable for only pack animals. According to Kaushik Roy, the Maurya dynasty rulers were "great road builders". The Greek ambassador Megasthenes credited this tradition to Chandragupta after the completion of a thousand-mile-long highway connecting Chandragupta's capital Pataliputra in Bihar to Taxila in

3652-447: The Jain authors cast doubt on Jain sources. This Digambara Jain chronology, also, is not reconcilable with the chronology implied in other Indian and non-Indian sources. Historians such as Irfan Habib and Vivekanand Jha assign Chandragupta's reign to c. 322-298 BCE. Upinder Singh dates his rule from 324 or 321 BCE to 297 BCE. Kristi Wiley states he reigned between 320 and 293 BCE. One medieval commentator states Chandragupta to be

3735-624: The Maurya court at Patna. After the acquisition of Seleucus' provinces west of the Indus river, Chandragupta had a vast empire extending across the northern Indian sub-continent from the Bay of Bengal to the Arabian Sea . Chandragupta began expanding his empire southwards beyond the Vindhya Range and into the Deccan Plateau . By the time his expansion halted, Chandragupta's reign extended over most of

3818-424: The Nanda king ("Nandrum" or "Nandrus") who ordered his execution. An alternative version states that it was the Nanda king who was publicly insulted by Chanakya. Chandragupta and Chanakya escaped and became rebels who planned to remove the Nanda king from power. The Mudrarakshasa also states that Chanakya swore to destroy the Nanda dynasty after he felt insulted by the king. The Roman text by Justin mentions

3901-644: The Nanda lineage was very short. Chandragupta was a son of Purva-Nanda, the older Nanda based in Ayodhya. The common theme in the Hindu sources is that Chandragupta came from a humble background and with Chanakya, he emerged as a dharmic king loved by his subjects. According to the Digambara legend by Hemachandra, Chanakya was a Jain layperson and a Brahmin. When Chanakya was born, Jain monks prophesied that Chanakya will one day grow up to help make someone an emperor and will be

3984-500: The North-West reach of his empire included parts of present-day Afghanistan (eastern part of Aria , and Paropamisadae ) that Seleucus I Nicator ceded to him, together with Arachosia and Gandhara , and the easternmost part of Gedrosia . These are the areas where his grandson Ashoka left the major Kandahar rock edict and other edicts in the Greek and Aramaic languages. In the west, Chandragupta's rule over present-day Gujarat

4067-479: The University of Minnesota says "we cannot pretend to have definitive answers; and perhaps, as with most art, we must recognize that there is no single answer or explanation". The circumstances and year of Chandragupta's death are unclear and disputed. According to Digambara Jain accounts, Bhadrabahu forecast a 12-year famine because of all the killing and violence during the conquests by Chandragupta Maurya. He led

4150-522: The Vedas, military arts, law, and other shastras. After Taxila , Chandragupta and Chanakya moved to Pataliputra , the capital and a historic learning center in the eastern Magadha Kingdom of India. They met Nanda there according to Hindu sources, and Dhana Nanda according to Pali -language Buddhist sources. Chandragupta became a commander of the Nanda Army, but according to Justin, Chandragupta offended

4233-573: The banks of the Ganges suggest exceptional artisanal accomplishment. The site was dated to third century BCE by many scholars but later dates such as the Kushan era (1st-4th century CE) have also been proposed. The competing theories state that the art linked to Chandragupta Maurya's dynasty was learnt from the Greeks and West Asia in the years Alexander the Great waged war; or that these artifacts belong to an older indigenous Indian tradition. Frederick Asher of

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4316-526: The campaign was bitterly fought because the Nanda dynasty had a powerful and well-trained army. The conquest was fictionalised in Mudrarakshasa , in which Chandragupta is said to have first acquired Punjab and allied with a local king named Parvatka under the Chanakya's advice before advancing on the Nanda Empire . Chandragupta laid siege to Patliputra (now Patna ), the capital of Magadha around 322 B.C, by deploying guerrilla warfare methods with

4399-487: The capital of Dera Ismail Khan. Beaconhouse School System The district is represented in the National Assembly by two elected MNAs who represent the following constituencies: Sobat is a traditional dish predominantly prepared in the capital of Dera Ismail Khan. It consists of chicken , onions , garlic , tomatoes , khusk dhania, garam masala , turmeric , and other spices. It is usually eaten as dinner. Sobat

4482-631: The cities; the crime rate was low. According to Megasthenes, Chandragupta's rule was marked by three parallel administrative structures. One managed the affairs of villages, ensuring irrigation, recording land ownership, monitoring tools supply, enforcing hunting, wood products and forest-related laws, and settling disputes. Another administrative structure managed city affairs, including all matters related to trade, merchant activity, visit of foreigners, harbors, roads, temples, markets, and industries. They also collected taxes and ensured standardized weights and measures. The third administrative body overlooked

4565-523: The death of the Buddha . However, the Buddha's birth and death vary by source and all these lead to a chronology that is significantly different from the Greco-Roman records. Similarly, Jain sources composed give different gaps between Mahavira 's death and his accession. As with the Buddha's death, the date of Mahavira's death itself is also a matter of debate, and the inconsistencies and lack of unanimity among

4648-471: The defeat of Nanda, Chandragupta Maurya founded the Maurya Empire in ancient India. The Indian campaign of Alexander the Great ended before Chandragupta came into power. Alexander had left India in 325 BCE and assigned the northwestern Indian subcontinent territories to Greek governors. The nature of early relationship between these governors and Chandragupta is unknown. Justin mentions Chandragupta as

4731-555: The east, to as far westward as Afghanistan below the Hindu Kush , as well as making inroads into Central India and as far south as the northern Deccan ; however, beyond the core Magadha area, the prevailing levels of technology and infrastructure limited how deeply his rule could penetrate society. In contrast to the Jain legends which developed 900 years later, contemporary Greek evidence states that Chandragupta did not give up performing

4814-512: The epithet maurya comes from these peacocks, or Mora in Pali (Sanskrit: Mayura ). The Buddhist texts are inconsistent; some offer other legends to explain his epithet. For example, they mention a city named "Moriya-nagara" where all buildings were made of bricks colored like the peacock's neck. The Maha-bodhi-vasa states he hailed from Moriya-nagara, while the Digha-Nikaya states he came from

4897-475: The former interpretation to posit that Chandragupta had a Shudra background. However, historian Radha Kumud Mukherjee opposed this theory, and stated that the word should be interpreted as "the best of kings". The same drama also refers to Chandragupta as someone of humble origin, like Justin. According to the 11th-century texts of the Kashmiri Hindu tradition – Kathasaritsagara and Brihat-Katha-Manjari –

4980-566: The former satrapies each of the Indus. According to Strabo , in his Geographica composed about 300 years after Chandragupta's death, Seleucus Nicator and Chandragupta formed a dynastic marriage-alliance, Seleucus receiving five hundred elephants, and Chandragupta gaining control over the regions bordering at the east on the Indus. The Maurya Empire seems to have been expanded over the easternmost part of Gedrosia ( Balochistan ) Paropamisadae ( Gandhara ), and Arachosia ( Kandahar , present-day Afganistan). Aria (present-day Herat, Afganistan)

5063-567: The help of mercenaries from conquered areas. Historian P. K. Bhattacharyya states that the empire was built by a gradual conquest of provinces after the initial consolidation of Magadha. According to the Digambara Jain version by Hemachandra, the success of Chandragupta and his strategist Chanakya was stopped by a Nanda town that refused to surrender. Chanakya disguised himself as a mendicant and found seven mother goddesses ( saptamatrikas ) inside. He concluded these goddesses were protecting

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5146-416: The historic, legendary, and hagiographic literature of various Indian religions about Chandragupta's rule, but Allchin and Erdosy' are suspect; they state, "one cannot but be struck by the many close correspondences between the (Hindu) Arthashastra and the two other major sources the (Buddhist) Asokan inscriptions and (Greek) Megasthenes text". The Maurya rule was a structured administration; Chandragupta had

5229-419: The legends written centuries later are inconsistent. Buddhist texts such as Milindapanha claim Magadha was ruled by the Nanda dynasty, which, with Chanakya's counsel, Chandragupta conquered to restore dhamma . The army of Chandragupta and Chanakya first conquered the Nanda outer territories before invading Pataliputra. In contrast to the easy victory of Buddhist sources, the Hindu and Jain texts state that

5312-686: The medieval India, who were invited to settle in the region by Shah Husseyn of the Langah Sultanate of Multan . These Baloch settlers were displaced by or assimilated into later waves of the Pashtun settlement. Dera Ismail Khan was created as an administrative unit of the British India , part of the Derajat Division of the North-West Frontier Province (Now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ). It was formerly divided into almost two equal portions by

5395-488: The military, its training, its weapons supply, and the needs of the soldiers. Chanakya was concerned about Chandragupta's safety and developed elaborate techniques to prevent assassination attempts. Various sources report Chandragupta frequently changed bedrooms to confuse conspirators. He left his palace only for certain tasks: to go on military expeditions, to visit his court for dispensing justice, to offer sacrifices, for celebrations, and for hunting. During celebrations, he

5478-964: The newly independent State of Pakistan . In 2016, 191,000 acres in the district were brought under cultivation with completion of the Gomal Zam dam , and a series of irrigation canals partially funded by the United States Government . Languages Saraiki are main ethnic groups in Dera Ismail Khan District in simple majority. Total population of DI Khan District is 1,822,916 consists of Males 956,098 & females 866,667 as of 2023 Pakistani census . Languages of Dera Ismail Khan District ( 2023 Pakistani census ) There are 1,198,862 Saraiki , 582,703 Pashto , 31,152 Urdu , 4,765 Punjabi , 863 Sindhi , 791 Balochi , 490 Kashmiri , 2,738 Hindko , 5 Brahui , 18 Shina , 2 Balti , 3 Kalasha & 524 others of total 1,822,916 As of

5561-439: The north-west where he studied. The other major strategic road infrastructure credited to this tradition spread from Pataliputra in various directions, connecting it with Nepal , Kapilavastu , Dehradun , Mirzapur , Odisha , Andhra , and Karnataka. Roy stated this network boosted trade and commerce, and helped move armies rapidly and efficiently. Chandragupta and Chanakya seeded weapon manufacturing centres, and kept them as

5644-499: The original expression used by Justin may mean mercenary soldier, hunter, or robber. Greco-Roman writer Plutarch stated, in his Life of Alexander , that the Nanda king was so unpopular that had Alexander tried, he could have easily conquered India. After Alexander ended his campaign and left, Chandragupta's army conquered the Nanda capital Pataliputra around 322 BCE with Chanakya's counsel. Historically reliable details of Chandragupta's campaign into Pataliputra are unavailable and

5727-450: The power behind the throne. Chanakya believed in the prophecy and fulfilled it by agreeing to help the daughter of a peacock-breeding community chief deliver a baby boy. In exchange, he asked the mother to give up the boy and let him adopt him at a later date. The Jain Brahmin then went about making money through magic, and returned later to claim young Chandragupta, whom he taught and trained. Together, they recruited soldiers and attacked

5810-510: The region came under the complete control of the Mauryan empire . Afterward, the region was briefly and nominally controlled by the Shunga empire . However, with the decline of the Shungas, the region passed to local Hindu and Buddhist rulers and was interrupted by foreign rulers. Many of these foreign rulers, like the Indo-Parthians , Sakas, and Kushans converted to Hinduism and Buddhism and promoted these Indian religions throughout central and south Asia. The region reached its height under

5893-444: The region is further corroborated by the inscription on the rock, which suggests that Chandragupta controlled the Malwa region in Central India, located between Gujarat and Pataliputra. There is uncertainty about the other conquests that Chandragupta may have achieved, especially in the Deccan region of southern India. At the time of his grandson Ashoka's ascension in c. 268 BCE, the empire extended up to present-day Karnataka in

5976-561: The rites of sacrificing animals associated with Vedic Brahminism ; he delighted in hunting and otherwise leading a life remote from the Jain practice of ahimsa or nonviolence towards living beings. Chandragupta's reign, and the Maurya Empire, set an era of economic prosperity, reforms, infrastructure expansions, and tolerance. Many religions thrived within his realms and his descendants' empire. Buddhism , Jainism and Ājīvika gained prominence alongside Vedic and Brahmanistic traditions, and minority religions such as Zoroastrianism and

6059-423: The son of one of the Nanda's wives with the name Mura. Other sources describe Mura as a concubine of the king. Another Sanskrit dramatic text Mudrarakshasa uses the terms Vrishala and Kula-Hina (meaning - "not descending from a recognized clan or family") to describe Chandragupta. The word Vrishala has two meanings: one is the son of a shudra ; the other means the best of kings . A later commentator used

6142-582: The south, so the southern conquests may be attributed to either Chandragupta or his son Bindusara. If the Jain tradition about Chandragupta ending his life as a renunciate in Karnakata is considered correct, it appears that Chandragupta initiated the southern conquest. Maurya with his counsellor Chanakya together built one of the largest empires ever on the Indian subcontinent . Chandragupta's empire extended from Bengal to central Afghanistan encompassing most of

6225-611: The subcontinent. Two poetic anthologies from the Tamil Sangam literature corpus – Akananuru and Purananuru – allude to the Nanda rule and Maurya empire. For example, poems 69, 281 and 375 mention the army and chariots of the Mauryas, while poems 251 and 265 may be alluding to the Nandas. However, the poems dated between first-century BCE to fifth-century CE do not mention Chandragupta Maurya by name, and some of them could be referring to

6308-409: The teams from different geographical regions of Pakistan competed. Season two was held in 2018. DPL became Pakistan's biggest tape ball cricket tournament. Dera Ismail Khan has a cricket team as well: Dera Ismail Khan cricket team . Some cultural games ( kabaddi , mailay and kodi , which is played by three sportsmen called pehlwaan where one runs while two other have to catch him in

6391-445: The town people. The townspeople sought the disguised mendicant's advice on how to end the blockade of the army surrounding their town. Hemacandra wrote Chanakya swindled them into removing the mother goddesses. The townspeople removed the protective goddesses and an easy victory over the town followed. Thereafter, the alliance of Chandragupta and Parvataka overran the Nanda empire and attacked Pataliputra with an "immeasurable army". With

6474-476: The trans-Indus tract was allotted to the newly formed North-West Frontier Province , the cis-Indus tract remaining in the Punjab jurisdiction. The cis-Indus portions of the Dera Ismail Khan and the Bannu districts now comprise the new Punjab district of Mianwali . Wheat and wool were exported. In 1901, it contained an area of 8,814 km (3,403 sq mi) and a population of 252,379. In 1947, it became part of

6557-511: Was confronted by Seleucus I Nicator in the Seleucid–Mauryan war . Chandragupta was considered to have gained the upper hand in the conflict and annexed satrapies up to the Hindu Kush . Instead of prolonging the war, both parties settled on a marriage treaty . Chandragupta's suzerainty —extended through military conquests and diplomatic treaties—spanned further than any previous Indian ruler: across North India , from modern day Bengal in

6640-605: Was created. The district of Dera Ismail Khan is bounded on the North east by the Bhakkar and Dera Ghazi Khan districts of Punjab . Eastern portions of the district along the Indus river are characterized by fertile alluvial plains, while lands farther from the river consist of clay soil cut by ravines from rainfall. The district is bounded on the southwest by a thin strip of the South Waziristan district, which separates D.I Khan from

6723-574: Was one of the required duties of his state officials. The strongest evidence of infrastructure development is found in the Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman in Gujarat, dated to about 150 CE. It states, among other things, that Rudradaman repaired and enlarged the reservoir and irrigation conduit infrastructure built by Chandragupta and enhanced by Asoka. Chandragupta's empire also built mines, manufacturing centres, and networks for trading goods. His rule developed land routes to transport goods across

6806-667: Was the founder of the Maurya Empire , which ruled over a geographically-extensive empire based in Magadha (present-day Bihar ). The Magadha kingdom expanded to become an empire that reached its peak under the reign of his grandson, Ashoka the Great , from 268 BCE to 231 BCE. The nature of the political formation that existed in Chandragupta's time is not certain. The Mauryan empire was a loose-knit one with large autonomous regions within its limits. Historical facts about Chandragupta's origins and early life are obscure and shrouded in legends. Prior to his consolidation of power, Alexander

6889-534: Was well-guarded, and on hunts, he was surrounded by female guards who were presumed to be less likely to participate in a coup conspiracy. These strategies may have resulted from the historical context of the Nanda emperor who had come to power by assassinating the previous emperor. During Chandragupta's reign and that of his dynasty, many religions thrived in India, with Buddhism , Jainism and Ajivika gaining prominence along with other folk traditions. The empire built

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