37-478: Frommer is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Arthur Frommer (1929–2024), American travel writer Dario Frommer (born 1963), American politician Jeremy Frommer , American entrepreneur Nico Frommer (born 1978), German footballer Paul Frommer (born 1944), American professor Rudolf Frommer (1868–1936), Hungarian weapon designer [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with
74-539: A belief in the existence of God as against those religions founded on different beliefs." Such prohibited behavior was self-evident in the Pennsylvania law requiring Bible reading (and allowing recitation of the Lord's Prayer) in its public schools. The Court recognized the value of such ideal neutrality from lessons of history when government and religion were either fully fused or cooperative with one another and religious liberty
111-537: A church-state law is weighed by three criteria: whether a law has a non-secular purpose, advances or inhibits religion, or results in excessive government entanglement with religion. The Supreme Court overturned the Lemon test in the 2022 decision of Kennedy v. Bremerton School District , in which the Court ruled that a coach who held a private prayer on the sports field, joined voluntarily by students and others, did not violate
148-455: A guidebook called The GI's Guide to Traveling In Europe . It sold out its first print run. In 1957, Frommer followed up with a civilian version called Europe on 5 Dollars a Day , which covered major European urban destinations. It became one of the best selling travel guides of all time. For five years, Frommer practiced law and expanded his guidebook publishing empire. As a lawyer, he worked at Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton and Garrison and
185-645: A school's sanctioning of a prayer violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution , which states, "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion." The Abington court held that in organizing Bible reading, the school was conducting "a religious exercise," and "that cannot be done without violating the 'neutrality' required of the State by
222-756: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Arthur Frommer Arthur Bernard Frommer ( / ˈ f r oʊ m ər / ) (July 17, 1929 – November 18, 2024) was an American travel writer known for founding the Frommer's brand of travel guides. Arthur Bernard Frommer was born on July 17, 1929, in Lynchburg, Virginia , the son of Pauline (Abrams) and Nathan Frommer. His parents were Jewish immigrants, his father from Austria and his mother from Poland. He spent his earliest years in Jefferson City, Missouri , before he and his family moved to New York City when he
259-565: Is placed in an artificial and state-created disadvantage.... And a refusal to permit religious exercises thus is seen, not as the realization of state neutrality, but rather as the establishment of a religion of secularism, or at least, as governmental support of the beliefs of those who think that religious exercises should be conducted only in private. The public was divided in reaction to the Court's decision, which has sparked persistent and ongoing criticism from proponents of prayer in school. In 1964, Life magazine declared Madalyn Murray O'Hair ,
296-519: The Quran during the daily Bible reading and informed school personnel that he would no longer stand for the recitation of the Lord's Prayer because he felt it was unconstitutional. The district court ruled in Schempp's favor and struck down the Pennsylvania statute. The school district appealed. While that appeal was pending, the Pennsylvania legislature amended the statute to allow children to be excused from
333-411: The surname Frommer . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frommer&oldid=1258357566 " Category : Surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
370-545: The Bill of Rights, but pointed out the irony of such an amendment "designed to leave the States free to go their own way should now have become a restriction upon their autonomy". Other critics of the Court's holding in Abington v. Schempp often quote the following excerpt from Justice Stewart's opinion: If religious exercises are held to be an impermissible activity in schools, religion
407-597: The Establishment Clause forbade only governmental preference of one faith over another." Citing Torcaso v. Watkins , Justice Clark added, "We repeat and again reaffirm that neither a State nor the Federal Government can constitutionally force a person 'to profess a belief or disbelief in any religion.' Neither can it constitutionally pass laws or impose requirements which aid all religions as against non-believers, and neither can it aid those religions based on
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#1732844706427444-569: The Framers 'our use of the history of their time must limit itself to broad purposes, not specific practices'". Justice Potter Stewart filed the only dissent in the case. He was critical of both the lower court opinions and the decision the Supreme Court had reached regarding them. He wished to remand the case to lower courts for further proceedings. Stewart had dissented in Engel v. Vitale and viewed
481-751: The Hotel Mercure Amsterdam Arthur Frommer, and part of the Accor group . In all Frommer built 4 Arthur Frommer hotels (in Aruba, Curacao, Copenhagen, and Amsterdam). Frommer sold the travel guide book business to Simon & Schuster in 1977, it changed hands a few times, and Frommer eventually reacquired the rights in 2012. In the 1980s, he published Frommer's New World of Travel , which advocated alternative vacation styles, and founded Budget Travel magazine, which he sold to Newsweek . He briefly ventured into general bargain shopping in 2005–2006 with
518-537: The Pennsylvania prayer statute unconstitutional. Writing for the Court's majority, Justice Tom C. Clark stated, "This Court has decisively settled that the First Amendment's mandate [in the Establishment Clause ] has been made wholly applicable to the States by the Fourteenth Amendment ... in a series of cases since Cantwell . The Court explicitly upheld Engel v. Vitale , in which the Court ruled that
555-520: The Supreme Court again, and, on appeal, the case was consolidated with a similar Maryland case, Murray v. Curlett . The Supreme Court granted certiorari to settle the persistent and vigorous protests resulting from its previous decision in Engel v. Vitale regarding religion in schools. Henry W. Sawyer argued the case for Schempp. The Supreme Court upheld the District Court's decision and found
592-420: The [religion clauses] as establishing a single constitutional standard of "separation of church and state", which can be applied in every case to delineate the required boundaries between government and religion... As a matter of history, the First Amendment was adopted solely as a limitation upon the newly created National Government. The events leading to its adoption strongly suggest that the Establishment Clause
629-517: The age of 95. Abington School District v. Schempp Abington School District v. Schempp , 374 U.S. 203 (1963), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court decided 8–1 in favor of the respondent, Edward Schempp, on behalf of his son Ellery Schempp , and declared that school-sponsored Bible reading and the recitation of the Lord's Prayer in public schools in the United States
666-427: The balance of power between individual, church, and state that has been struck by the First Amendment" ( 374 U.S. 203 (1963)). What was unexpected, however, were the ideas expressed in the second portion of Justice Clark's opinion written for the majority. The Court's recognition of religious ideals as valuable to the culture of the United States in that opinion are generally not cited much by either side of
703-606: The church-state debate when discussing the case and the effect it had on the United States. His opening thoughts explicitly spelled out that view in past jurisprudence with cases similar to Abington v. Schempp. Clark continued that the Court was of the feeling that regardless of the religious nature of the citizenry, the government at all levels, as required by the Constitution, must remain neutral in matters of religion "while protecting all, prefer[ring] none, and disparag[ing] none." The Court had rejected "the contention by many that
740-600: The decision. Speaking from the evangelical perspective, Billy Graham said, "[i]n my opinion... the Supreme Court... is wrong.... Eighty percent of the American people want Bible reading and prayer in schools. Why should a majority be so severely penalized...?" The mainline denominations, with the exception of the Roman Catholic Church, expressed less critical opinions of the verdict. Some considered it to support religious freedom because it limited governmental authority in
777-453: The doctrine relied on in that case as implausible, given the long history of government religious practice in the United States, including the fact that the Supreme Court opens its sessions with the declaration, "God Save this Honorable Court" and that Congress opens its sessions with prayers, among many other examples. Stewart believed that such practice fit with the nation's long history of permitting free exercise of religious practices, even in
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#1732844706427814-431: The exercises upon the written request of their parents. After the law changed, the Supreme Court vacated the first ruling and remanded the case back to the district court. Schempp believed that, even with the change to allow students to leave the classroom, his children's relationships with their teachers and classmates would be adversely affected. The district court again ruled for Schempp. The school district appealed to
851-520: The first travel sites on the web and it remains one of the top sources for unbiased, journalistically created travel information on the internet, receiving millions of page views per month. Over the decades, over 75 million Frommer's guidebooks have been sold. After Frommer's marriage to Hope Arthur ended in divorce, he married Roberta Brodfield in 1994. He had one daughter and two stepdaughters. He died of complications from pneumonia at his home on Manhattan's Upper West Side on November 18, 2024, at
888-408: The first trial in federal district court , Schempp and his children testified as to specific religious doctrines "which were contrary to the religious beliefs which they held and to their familial teaching". The children testified that all of the doctrines to which they referred were read to them at various times as part of the exercises. In November 1956, Ellory Schempp decided that he would read
925-739: The laws to be unconstitutional. The Supreme Court had already applied the Establishment Clause to the states in Everson v. Board of Education (1947) by a process called incorporation Edward Schempp, a Unitarian Universalist , sued the Abington School District in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania challenging the Pennsylvania law under the First and Fourteenth Amendments . During
962-486: The mother of the plaintiff in one of the associated cases, to be "the most hated woman in America." Newspapers were no exception. The Washington Evening Star , for example, criticized the decision, declaring that "God and religion have all but been driven from the public schools. What remains? Will the baccalaureate service and Christmas carols be the next to go? Don't bet against it." In contrast, The New York Times
999-414: The public sphere. He declared the cases consolidated with Schempp as "so fundamentally deficient as to make impossible an informed or responsible determination of the constitutional issues presented," specifically of whether the Establishment Clause was violated. As to the intent and scope of the religion clauses of the First Amendment, he stated: It is, I think, a fallacious oversimplification to regard
1036-487: The quarterly magazine Arthur Frommer's Smart Shopping . He wrote a travel column syndicated through King Features Syndicate for over 2 decades. He had a weekly syndicated radio show for over 20 years, The Travel Show with Arthur and Pauline Frommer , also hosted with his daughter Pauline (from his first marriage), co-president of Frommer Media LLC. In 1997, Arthur Frommer was brought on by publisher IDG (later known as Hungry Minds) to create Frommers.com. It became one of
1073-454: The sphere of public schools. The United States Congress reacted by drafting more than 150 resolutions to overturn the ruling by a constitutional amendment. Abington was used as precedent in similar cases such as Board of Education v. Allen and Lemon v. Kurtzman in the decades that followed. The three-part Lemon test had its basis in Abington . Under the test, the constitutionality of
1110-447: The traditional role of prayer and Bible reading in public schools. Brennan emphasized that the First Amendment does not require "official hostility towards religion, but only neutrality". Brennan later defended the "wall of separation" view of the Establishment Clause in other cases including a dissent in Marsh v. Chambers where he quoted his Schempp concurrence: "to be truly faithful to
1147-547: Was unconstitutional . Public schools in Pennsylvania had been required to start the school day by reading Bible verses since 1949. By the 1960s, four more states had passed similar laws requiring daily Bible reading. Twenty-five states had laws allowing "optional" Bible reading, with the remainder of the states having no laws supporting or rejecting Bible reading. In eleven of those states with laws supportive of Bible reading or state-sponsored prayer, state courts had declared
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1184-760: Was 14. He attended Erasmus Hall High School in Brooklyn , and went on to New York University in 1950 with a political science degree. He graduated with honors from Yale Law School , where he was an editor of the Yale Law Journal , in 1953. Frommer was drafted into the United States Army during the Korean War . Rather than being sent to Korea, he was sent to Europe because of his linguistic abilities. In 1955, while serving in Germany, Frommer wrote and self-published
1221-514: Was involved with water rights cases in the American West, as well as defending D.H. Lawrence 's controversial novel Lady Chatterley's Lover against the U.S. Post Office (a benchmark First Amendment case). In 1962, Frommer founded tour operator $ 5-a-Day Tours, Inc. He also left the practice of law in 1961 to pursue his travel business, Arthur Frommer International, Inc., of which he was chairman and president until 1981. Frommer's writing
1258-485: Was more accepting of the Court's ruling. The paper printed significant portions of the opinions with no significant comments, either supportive or critical. Opponents characterized the decision as the one which "kicked God and prayer out of the schools". The views of various religious entities on the decision split between mainline Protestants and Jews, who in general strongly supported the decision, and evangelical Protestants and conservative Catholics, who strongly opposed
1295-454: Was nonexistent or seriously curtailed. Justice Brennan filed a concurrence more than seventy pages long which reviewed the history of the First Amendment and the relevant judicial and legislative history. Brennan argued that an originalist approach would be "misdirected", giving several reasons including the ambiguity of the historical record and the increasing religious diversity of American society, which raised well-founded concerns about
1332-572: Was not restricted to travel. His The Bible and the Public Schools (1963) was a defense of that year's Supreme Court decision banning compulsory Bible reading in public schools . His Goldwater From A to Z (1964) was an argument against the Republican presidential candidate Barry Goldwater in the 1964 United States presidential election . In 1969, Frommer built a hotel in Amsterdam, now known as
1369-467: Was primarily an attempt to ensure that Congress not only would be powerless to establish a national church, but would also be unable to interfere with existing state establishments. ... So matters stood until the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment, or more accurately, until this Court's decision in Cantwell .... He stated his agreement with the doctrine of the Fourteenth Amendment's embrace and application of
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