78-543: Fritz Langbein (15 March 1891 – 28 April 1967) was a New Zealand civil engineer , engineering administrator and company director. Langbein was born on 15 March 1891 in Nelson , the son of Frederick John Langbein, a commercial traveller and farmer, and his wife, Mary Ross. He was educated at Nelson College from 1904 to 1908. During World War I , Langbein served with the New Zealand Tunnelling Company of
156-524: A staple drink across the world, was first invented in Invercargill in 1890 by food chemist David Strang. Katherine Sheppard , a suffragette , is regarded as the mother of the modern women's suffrage movement. Her efforts within the Women's Christian Temperance Union New Zealand led to New Zealand becoming the first nation in the world to enact universal suffrage . Sexologist John Money , recognised today as
234-469: A 10-year period, reported recent racist experiences were highest among Asian participants followed by Māori and Pacific peoples, with Europeans reporting the lowest experience of racism. New Zealand culture is essentially a Western culture influenced by the unique environment and geographic isolation of the islands, and the cultural input of the Māori and the various waves of multiethnic migration which followed
312-561: A bilateral agreement for skilled migrants with the Netherlands, and a large number of Dutch immigrants arrived in New Zealand. Others came in the 1950s from Denmark, Germany, Switzerland and Austria to meet needs in specialised occupations. By the 1960s, the policy of excluding people based on nationality yielded a population overwhelmingly European in origin. By the mid-1960s, a desire for cheap unskilled labour led to ethnic diversification. In
390-684: A common history , culture , and language ( New Zealand English ). People of various ethnicities and national origins are citizens of New Zealand, governed by its nationality law . Originally composed solely of the indigenous Māori , the ethnic makeup of the population has been dominated since the 19th century by New Zealanders of European descent , mainly of English , Scottish , Welsh and Irish ancestry, with smaller percentages of other European and Middle Eastern ancestries such as Greek , Turkish , Italian and other groups such as Arab , German , Dutch , Scandinavian , South Slavic and Jewish , with Western European groups predominating. Today,
468-693: A contentious figure for his experiments regarding children and the David Reimer case , was a pioneer of modern gender identity studies. Money's theory that gender is learnt has become outdated and even condemned, although his terms gender role and sexual orientation remain common in modern parlance. He also established the Johns Hopkins Gender Identity Clinic, the first clinic in the United States to perform sexual reassignment surgeries. Surgeon and otolaryngologist Harold Gillies
546-437: A craft movement that was in opposition to pop art and mass consumerism and followed on from the arts and craft movements critique of the mainstream. This artwork includes ceramics, textiles, jewellery and glass work over a wide range of themes and influences. These include Māori and Pasifika artists whose work brought an integrated worldview of fine arts, craft and design not separated with a Western hierarchy that came out of
624-465: A cultural influence on a global scale, through film , language , te ao Māori , art , science , music and technology, and founded the modern women's suffrage and anti-nuclear movements. Technological and scientific achievements of New Zealanders stem back as far as Kupe and the earliest Polynesian navigators , who used sophisticated astral methods that helped laid the groundwork for both navigation and modern astronomy . Modern trench warfare
702-596: A fifth of all Māori, representing 3% of the total population. Many New Zealanders regularly use Māori words and expressions, such as " kia ora ", while speaking English. Māori are active in all spheres of New Zealand culture and society, with independent representation in areas such as media, politics and sport. Most European New Zealanders have British and/or Irish ancestry, with smaller percentages of other European ancestries such as Germans , Poles (historically noted as "Germans" due to Partitions of Poland ), French , Dutch , Scandinavian and South Slavs . In 1961,
780-457: A form of jade was carved and treasured and other kinds of stone were also used, especially in the North Island . Both stone and bone were used to create jewellery such as the hei-tiki . Large scale stone face carvings were also sometimes created. The introduction of metal tools by Europeans changed some carving styles. There are many well-known carvers who were men but women also carved. In
858-402: A long time, invisible while Māori lived in rural communities. When Māori and Pākehā (Europeans) began living in closer proximity, the belief that the country had "the best race relations in the world" was tested. The first Race Relations Concilitator was appointed in 1971 to help combat racial discrimination among New Zealanders. Agitation regarding Treaty of Waitangi violations intensified in
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#1732854795553936-650: A nation. In response to attempts by the New Zealand Company to establish a separate colony in Wellington, and mindful of French claims in Akaroa , Hobson, appointed as Lieutenant-Governor on 14 January 1840, declared British sovereignty over all of New Zealand on 21 May 1840. He published two proclamations published in the New Zealand Advertiser and Bay Of Islands Gazette issue of 19 June 1840. One "assert[s] on
1014-1003: A school of Māori arts in Rotorua , the New Zealand Māori Arts and Crafts Institute . The visual arts flourished in the later decades of the 20th century. Many Māori artists became highly successful blending elements of Māori culture with European modernism. Ralph Hotere was New Zealand's highest selling living artist, but other such as Shane Cotton and Michael Parekowhai are also very successful. Many contemporary Māori artists reference ancient myths and cultural practices in their work such as Derek Lardelli , Lisa Reihana , Sofia Minson , Te Rongo Kirkwood , Robyn Kahukiwa , Aaron Kereopa , Rangi Kipa , John Miller, Kura Te Waru Rewiri , Tracey Tawhiao , Roi Toia , Shane Hansen , John Bevan Ford , Jennifer Rendall , Todd Couper , Manos Nathan , Wayne Youle , Lyonel Grant , Wi Taepa and David Teata . The 1960s and 1970s saw New Zealand develop
1092-492: A third ethnicity), due to a high rate of intermarriage between the two cultures. Under the Maori Affairs Amendment Act 1974, a Māori is defined as "a person of the Māori race of New Zealand; and includes any descendant of such a person", replacing an earlier legal application based on an arbitrarily defined "degree of Maori [ sic ] blood". According to the 2006 census, the largest iwi by population
1170-514: Is Ngāpuhi (125,601), followed by Ngāti Porou (71,049), Ngāi Tahu (54,819) and Waikato (40,083). However, over 110,000 people of Māori descent in the 2013 census could not identify their iwi. Outside of New Zealand, a large Māori population exists in Australia, estimated at 155,000 in 2011. The Māori Party has suggested a special seat should be created in the New Zealand parliament representing Māori in Australia. Smaller communities also exist in
1248-524: Is a biennial competition that started in 2021 hosted at the New Zealand Portrait Gallery Te Pūkenga Whakaata and intended to 'provide emerging Māori artists with the opportunity to showcase their talents on the national stage'. It tours around Aotearoa after the initial exhibition in Wellington. The Crafts Council of New Zealand was established in 1965 and ceased in 1992. The Māori Artists and Writers Society influenced
1326-548: Is also a significant diaspora , estimated at around 750,000. Of these, about 640,800 lived in Australia (a June 2013 estimate ), which was equivalent to 12% of the resident population of New Zealand. Other communities of New Zealanders abroad are heavily concentrated in other English-speaking countries , specifically the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada, with smaller numbers located elsewhere. New Zealanders have had
1404-540: Is invoking a god or atua by using a specific design on an object can make the item more effective due to the Māori world-view of natural and spiritual worlds being closely connected. Māori art is connected to the art of Moana Oceania Indigenous groups, the peoples of the wider Pacific region. Common across Moana Oceania were whare wānanga, creative hubs of knowledge systems for training specialists ( tohunga) including arts specialists. Artistic skills were valued by Māori and leaders were expected to exhibit skills in
1482-436: Is often argued to have originated in New Zealand among Māori in the 19th century. New Zealanders also pioneered nuclear physics ( Ernest Rutherford ), the women's suffrage movement ( Kate Sheppard ), modern Western conceptions of gender identity ( John Money ) and plastic surgery ( Harold Gillies ). New Zealand culture is essentially a Western culture influenced by the unique environment and geographic isolation of
1560-619: Is regarded as the father of modern plastic surgery , which he pioneered on soldiers physically dismembered beyond regular care during the First World War . English ( New Zealand English ) is the dominant language spoken by New Zealanders, and a de facto official language of New Zealand. According to the 2013 New Zealand census , 96.1% of New Zealanders spoke English. The country's de jure official languages are Māori (Te Reo) and New Zealand Sign Language (NZSL). Other languages are also used by ethnic communities. Just under half of
1638-608: Is said to be the mother of Zealandia. As a rhetorical evocation of a New Zealand national identity, Zealandia appeared on postage stamps , posters, cartoons, war memorials , and New Zealand government publications most commonly during the first half of the 20th century. The personification was a commonly used symbol of the New Zealand Centennial Exhibition , which was held in Wellington in 1939 and 1940. Two large Zealandia statues serve as war memorials that honour
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#17328547955531716-509: The European Renaissance in the fifteenth century. Craft-based New Zealand artists include Ruth Baird, Merilyn Wiseman , Wi Taepa , Kobi Bosshard , Barry Brickell , Freda Brierley , Paerau Corneal , Ann Culy , Matarena George, and Susan Holmes , Humphrey Ikin , Rangi Kiu, Maureen Lander , Linley Main, Mike McGregor, John Parker , Baye Riddell , Emily Siddell and Diggeress Te Kanawa . The Kiingi Tuheitia Portraiture Award
1794-655: The New Zealand Expeditionary Force on the Western Front in France. Langbein was responsible for the design of many highway bridges in New Zealand, including the Rakaia Bridge . This business-related New Zealand biographical article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . New Zealanders New Zealanders ( Māori : Tāngata Aotearoa ) are people associated with New Zealand , sharing
1872-474: The New Zealand Parliament passed legislation that intended to limit Asiatic migration to New Zealand, and prevented Asians from naturalising. In particular, the New Zealand government levied a poll tax on Chinese immigrants up until the 1930s, when Japan went to war with China. New Zealand finally abolished the poll tax in 1944. An influx of Jewish refugees from central Europe came in the 1930s. Many of
1950-920: The New Zealand census since 1851 . One of the many complications in interpreting religious affiliation data in New Zealand is the large proportion who object to answering the question, roughly 173,000 in 2013. Most reporting of percentages is based on the total number of responses, rather than the total population. New Zealand art New Zealand art consists of the visual and plastic arts (including woodwork, textiles, and ceramics) originating from New Zealand and comes from different traditions: indigenous Māori art and that brought here including from early European mostly British settlers. Visual artwork as defined in New Zealand includes paintings, drawings, carvings, printing such as lithographs and woodcuts, and prints (including books of prints). It also includes photographs, sculptures, collages, models and works of art in
2028-609: The Ngare Raumati chief Rua in 1818, and Thomas Kendall with the chiefs Hongi Hika and Waikato in 1820, did not visit New Zealand at all, instead painting his subjects when they visited Britain. Landscape art was popular with early colonisers, and prints were widely used to promote settlement in New Zealand. Notable landscape artists included Augustus Earle , who visited New Zealand in 1827–28, and William Fox , who later became Premier . The first oil portraits of Māori Chiefs with full Tā moko in New Zealand were painted by
2106-467: The Society Islands . After a pause of 70 to 265 years, a new wave of exploration led to the discovery and settlement of New Zealand in about AD 1250–1300, making New Zealand one of the most recently settled major landmasses. Some researchers have suggested an earlier wave of arrivals dating to as early as AD 50–150; these people then either died out or left the islands. Over the following centuries
2184-411: The haka . A tradition of resourcefulness came from the pioneering backgrounds of both Māori and non-Māori. Zealandia is a national personification of New Zealand and New Zealanders. In her stereotypical form, Zealandia appears as a woman of European descent who is dressed in flowing robes (or gown). She is similar in dress and appearance to Britannia (the female personification of Britain), who
2262-780: The koru . The first university Māori art history course was taught in 1988 by Ngahuia Te Awekotuku at the University of Auckland . Hirini Moko and Apirana Mahuika have articulated that Māori have for many generations had traditions of art history talking about 'art, its origins, and influences'. Carving was done in three media: wood, bone, and stone. As an oral peoples, for Māori carving recorded genealogy, documented events and preserved traditions and stories. Examples of carved items include buildings, weapons including taiaha , musical instruments ( taonga pūoro ), special containers ( waka huia ), boats (waka) and ceremonial staffs used by orators ( tokotoko ). Pounamu (greenstone),
2340-641: The modern age . Polynesians made contact with nearly every island within the vast Polynesian Triangle , inventing the catamaran and conceiving some of the most complex astronomy in the world to help navigate the Pacific. The continuance of this knowledge after the immediate settlement of New Zealand is evident in the non-tangible 360° compass developed and used by Māori long before European settlement. Māori compasses were divided into 32 different whare , or houses, between north, south, east, and west. This helped navigators memorise upwards of 200 stars. Memorisation
2418-553: The 1840s to withstand British artillery bombardments. These systems included firing trenches, communication trenches, tunnels , and anti-artillery bunkers. The Ngāpuhi pā Ruapekapeka is often considered to be the most technologically impressive by historians, and was described in 2017 as "one of the most sophisticated military installations" the British Empire had ever tackled, by broadcaster Mihingarangi Forbes for RNZ . There has been an academic debate surrounding this since
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2496-447: The 1930s, many Pākehā (New Zealanders not of Māori origin, usually of European ancestry) attempted to create a distinctive New Zealand style of art. Many, such as Rita Angus , continued to work on landscapes, with attempts made to depict New Zealand's harsh light. Others appropriate Māori artistic styles; for example Gordon Walters created many paintings and prints based on the koru. New Zealand's most highly regarded 20th-century artist
2574-453: The 1960s and 1970s Māoridom underwent a cultural revival. The Māori population has seen stability in the 21st century. In the 2013 Census, 598,602 people identified as being part of the Māori ethnic group, accounting for 14.9% of the New Zealand population, while 668,724 people (17.5%) claimed Māori descent. 278,199 people identified as of sole Māori ethnicity, while 291,015 identified as of both European and Māori ethnicity (with or without
2652-489: The 1970s. The Waitangi Tribunal was set up in 1975 to consider alleged breaches, and in 1984 was empowered to look back to 1840. In general, New Zealanders of European descent consider themselves to be mostly free of racial prejudice, perceiving the country to be a more inclusive society, a notion that has been challenged especially by members of ethnic minority groups. According to research published in 2018, which analysed New Zealand adults' reported experience of racism over
2730-512: The 1980s, when in his book The New Zealand Wars, historian James Belich claimed that Northern Māori had effectively invented trench warfare during the first stages of the New Zealand Wars. However, given that trenches of some form or another have always been present in human warfare, this conclusion has been contentious and criticised by other historians. New Zealanders in the modern era have been prolific innovators. Instant coffee , today
2808-410: The 2013 Census, Asian ancestries total was 11.8% of the population, Chinese remained the largest Asian ethnic group in 2013, with 171,411 people while Indian was the second-largest Asian ethnic group in 2013, with 155,178 with Filipino a distant third with 40,350 people. The Asian component actually predates the Pacific component. There had been people of Asian ethnicity living in New Zealand from
2886-519: The British colonisation of New Zealand. British settlers brought a legal, political, and economic system that has flourished, along with the British system of agriculture that has transformed the landscape. The development of a New Zealand identity and national character, separate from the British colonial identity, is most often linked with the period surrounding the First World War, which gave rise to
2964-677: The Dutch explorer Abel Janszoon Tasman and his crew in 1642. Māori killed several of the crew, and no more Europeans went to New Zealand until British explorer James Cook 's voyage of 1768–71. Cook reached New Zealand in 1769 and mapped almost the entire coastline. Following Cook, New Zealand was visited by numerous European and North American whaling , sealing , exploring and trading ships. They traded European food and goods, especially metal tools and weapons, for Māori timber, food, artefacts and water. On occasion, Europeans and Māori traded goods for sex. Some early European arrivals integrated closely with
3042-646: The Middle East, most recently from Somalia. While there had been previous settlers from the Middle East, such as Syrians, people from Equatorial Africa have been very few in the past. In 2013, 67,752 people or 1.7% self-identified with one or more ethnicities other than European, Māori, Pacific, Asian, Middle Eastern, Latin American, and African. The vast majority of these people, 65,973 people, identified only as 'New Zealander'. After 1840, many issues to do with sovereignty and land ownership remained unresolved and, for
3120-420: The Pacific community in New Zealand. Bergman Gallery also shows many Pacific art, and increasingly New Zealand Asian art as well. New Zealand has four university-based fine art schools: AUT School of Art and Design at Auckland University of Technology , Ilam School of Fine Arts at the University of Canterbury (formerly Canterbury College School of Art) was founded in 1882, Elam School of Fine Arts at
3198-518: The Polynesian settlers developed into a distinct culture now known as Māori . The population was divided into iwi (tribes) and hapū (subtribes) which would cooperate, compete and sometimes fight with each other. At some point a group of Māori migrated to the Chatham Islands where they developed their distinct Moriori culture. Due to New Zealand's geographic isolation, 500 years passed before
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3276-556: The South Island stretching from Kaikōura to North Otago including at the Takiroa Rock Art Shelter . The drawings are estimated to be between 500 and 800 years old, and portray animals , humans and legendary creatures , possibly stylised reptiles . Some of the birds pictured are extinct, including moa and Haast's eagles . They were drawn by Māori, but the meanings of the art is unknown. The ink they were drawn with
3354-430: The United Kingdom (approx. 8,000), the United States (up to 3,500) and Canada (approx. 1,000). The most common region this group lived in was Auckland Region (23.9 percent or 142,770 people). They are the second-largest ethnic group in New Zealand, after European New Zealanders. In addition, more than 120,000 Māori live in Australia. The Māori language (known as Te Reo Māori ) is still spoken to some extent by about
3432-415: The arts. The creation of art was governed by the rules of tapu . Styles varied from region to region: the style now sometimes seen as 'typical' in fact originates from Te Arawa , who maintained a strong continuity in their artistic traditions thanks partly to early engagement with the tourist industry. Most traditional Māori art was highly stylised and featured motifs such as the spiral, the chevron and
3510-437: The boom times stopped, some blamed the migrants for the economic downturn affecting the country, and many of those people suffered dawn raids from 1974. This component was 1.2% of the total population in the 2013 census. The Latin American ethnic group almost doubled in size between the 2006 and 2013 censuses, increasing from 6,654 people to 13,182. A more recent component comprises refugees and other settlers from Africa and
3588-577: The casualties of the Second Boer War : one is in Waimate and the other is in Palmerston . Some smaller statues exist in museums and in private hands. The female figure who appears on the left side of the national coat of arms has been identified as Zealandia (in a "cut down nightie"). Māori, and other Polynesians, have been credited by many historians as being the world's foremost navigators prior to
3666-453: The census showed that 91.8% of New Zealanders self-identified as being of European descent, down from 95% in 1926. The Māori-language loanword Pākehā came into use to refer to European New Zealanders, although some European New Zealanders reject this appellation. Twenty-first century New Zealanders increasingly use the word "Pākehā" to refer to all non-Polynesian New Zealanders. The first Europeans known to have reached New Zealand were
3744-673: The concept of the Anzac spirit . However, cultural links between New Zealand and Great Britain are maintained by a common language, sustained immigration from the UK, and the fact that many young New Zealanders spend time in Britain on " overseas experience ", known as "OE". New Zealanders also identify closely with Australians , as a result of the two nations' shared historical, cultural and geographic characteristics. The New Zealand government promotes Māori culture by supporting Māori-language schools, by ensuring
3822-585: The difference between rock art is that in the North Island there are more carvings and abstract motifs the South Island has more drawings and more figurative forms. Māori visual art consists primarily of four forms: carving ( whakairo ) , tattooing ( tā moko ), weaving ( raranga ), and painting ( kōwhaiwhai ). It was rare for any of these to be purely decorative; traditional Māori art was highly spiritual and as an oral society conveyed knowledge or mātauranga including spiritual matters and ancestry. An example
3900-411: The early 21st century, Pania Waaka is believed to be the first woman to earn a qualification in Māori carving. Tā moko is the art of traditional Māori tattooing , done with a chisel. Men were tattooed on many parts of their bodies, including faces, buttocks and thighs. Women were usually tattooed only on the lips and chin. Moko conveyed a person's ancestry. The art declined in the 19th century following
3978-404: The early days of European settlement, albeit in very small numbers. During the period of gold rushes later in the nineteenth century the number of Chinese temporary settlers both from China and from Australia and America increased sharply. This was an interlude in many respects, though there was a small population which remained and settled permanently. However, a century later in the 1980s and 1990s
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#17328547955534056-411: The ethnic makeup of the New Zealand population is undergoing a process of change, with new waves of immigration , higher birth rates and increasing interracial marriage resulting in the New Zealand population of Māori, Asian , Pasifika and multiracial descent growing at a higher rate than those of solely European descent, with such groups projected to make up a larger proportion of the population in
4134-399: The form of crafts, ceramics, glassware, jewellery, textiles, weaving, metalware and furniture. And also 'visual works of art created using computers or other electronic devices'. To be inclusive it also includes 'visual works of cultural expression of Māori and Pacific peoples'. Charcoal drawings can be found on limestone rock shelters in the centre of the South Island, with over 500 sites in
4212-679: The former Yugoslavia . New Zealand limited immigration to those who would meet a labour shortage in New Zealand. To encourage those to come, the Government introduced free and assisted passages in 1947, a schema expanded by the First National Government in 1950. However, when it became clear that not enough skilled migrants would come from the British Isles alone, recruitment began in Northern European countries. New Zealand signed
4290-493: The future. New Zealand has an estimated resident population of around 5,338,500 (as of June 2024). Over one million New Zealanders recorded in the 2013 New Zealand census were born overseas, and by 2021 over a quarter of New Zealanders are estimated to be foreign born. Rapidly increasing ethnic groups vary from being well-established, such as Indians and Chinese , to nascent ones such as African New Zealanders . While most New Zealanders are resident in New Zealand, there
4368-578: The grounds of Discovery, the Sovereign Rights of Her Majesty over the Southern Islands of New Zealand, commonly called 'The Middle Island' ( South Island ) and 'Stewart's Island' ( Stewart Island / Rakiura ); and the Island, commonly called 'The Northern Island', having been ceded Sovereignty to Her Majesty". The second proclamation expanded on how sovereignty over the "Northern Island" had been ceded under
4446-512: The imagination of Europeans and were an influence in the 19th century movement of art towards naturalism . Cook's artists' paintings and descriptions of moko sparked an interest in the subject in Europe, and led to the tattoo becoming a tradition of the British Navy. Early 19th-century artists were for the most part visitors to New Zealand, not residents. Some, such as James Barry, who painted
4524-570: The indigenous Māori people and became known as Pākehā Māori . James Belich characterises many of the very early European settlers as forerunners of a " crew culture" – as distinct from the majority of later European immigrants. The Treaty of Waitangi was first signed in the Bay of Islands on 6 February 1840. Confusion and disagreement continue to surround the Treaty. However, most New Zealanders still regard "the Treaty" as marking New Zealand's foundation as
4602-667: The introduction of Christianity, but in recent decades has undergone a revival. Although modern moko are in traditional styles, most are carried out using modern equipment. Body parts such as the arms, legs and back are popular locations for modern moko, although some are still on the face. Weaving was used to create numerous things, including wall panels in meeting houses and other important buildings, as well as clothing and bags (kete). While many of these were purely functional, others were true works of art taking hundreds of hours to complete, and often given as gifts to important people. Cloaks in particular could be decorated with feathers and were
4680-437: The islands, and the cultural input of the Māori and the various waves of multiethnic migration which followed the British colonisation of New Zealand. A colloquial name for New Zealanders is a Kiwi ( / k iː w iː / ). The table above shows the broad ethnic composition of the New Zealand population at the 1961 census compared to that from the most recent data of the 2013 census. People of European descent constituted
4758-478: The language is visible in government departments and literature, by insisting on traditional Māori welcomes ( pōwhiri ) at government functions and state school award programs, and by having Māori run the welfare services targeted at their people. New Zealanders are distinctive for their twangy dialect of English and propensity to travel long distances, and are quickly associated with the All Blacks rugby team and
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#17328547955534836-565: The loss of much of their land coupled with high fatality rate due to introduced diseases and epidemics, Māori went into a period of decline, and in the late 19th century it was believed that the Māori population would cease to exist as a separate race and would be assimilated into the European population. However, the predicted decline did not occur, and numbers recovered. Despite a high degree of intermarriage between Māori and European populations, Māori were able to retain their cultural identity and in
4914-432: The majority of the 4.2 million people living in New Zealand, with 2,969,391 or 74.0% of the population in the 2013 New Zealand census . Those of full or part-Māori ancestry comprise 14.9% of New Zealanders. The residual "others" ethnic group consists largely of Asians and Pacific Islanders. The Māori people are most likely descended from people who emigrated from Taiwan to Melanesia and then travelled east through to
4992-455: The mark of an important person. In pre-European times the main medium for weaving was flax, but following the arrival of Europeans cotton, wool and other textiles were also used, especially in clothing. The extinction and endangerment of many New Zealand birds has made the feather cloak a more difficult item to produce. Weaving was primarily done by women. Although the oldest forms of Māori art are rock paintings, in 'classical' Māori art, painting
5070-642: The next phase of settlement, the arrival of Europeans. Only then did the indigenous inhabitants need to distinguish themselves from the new arrivals, using the term "Māori" which means "normal" or "ordinary". Between the mid-1840s through to the 1860s, disputes over questionable land purchases led to the New Zealand Wars , which resulted in large tracts of tribal land being confiscated by the colonial government. Settlements such as Parihaka in Taranaki have become almost legendary because of injustices done there. With
5148-499: The number of people of Asian ethnicities grew rapidly, and they are likely to exceed the Pacific population within the next few years. In the 1950s and 1960s, New Zealand encouraged migrants from the South Pacific. The country had a large demand for unskilled labour in the manufacturing sector. As long as this demand continued, migrants were encouraged by the government to come from the South Pacific, and many overstayed. However, when
5226-612: The persons of Polish origin in New Zealand arrived as orphans from Eastern Poland via Siberia and Iran in 1944 during World War II. With the agencies of the United Nations dealing with humanitarian efforts following the Second World War , New Zealand accepted about 5,000 refugees and displaced persons from Europe, and more than 1,100 Hungarians between 1956 and 1959 (see Refugees in New Zealand ). The post-WWII immigration included more persons from Greece , Italy , Poland and
5304-403: The population at the 2013 census declared an affiliation to Christianity. However, regular church attendance is probably closer to 15%. Before European colonisation the religion of the indigenous Māori population was animistic , but the subsequent efforts of missionaries such as Samuel Marsden resulted in many Māori converting to Christianity. Religious affiliation has been collected in
5382-568: The portrait artist William Beetham . As colonisation developed a small but derivative art scene began based mostly on landscapes. However the most successful artists of this period, Charles Goldie and Gottfried Lindauer were noted primarily for their portraits of Māori. Most notable Pākehā artists of their period worked in two dimensions; although there was some sculpture this was of limited notability. Photography in New Zealand also began at this time and, like painting, initially concentrated mostly on landscape and Māori subjects. Beginning in
5460-713: The set-up of the Council for Māori and South Pacific Arts (MASPAC) in 1978 (later replaced by Te Waka Toi in the 1990s), and from this came the Mana Whakairo Carvers Committee and the Aotearoa-Moananui-a-Kiwa Weavers Committee. These came out Creative New Zealand the national agency for the development of the arts in New Zealand that was the Queen Elizabeth II Arts Council then. The National Art Gallery of New Zealand
5538-448: The south of England, giving a definite English influence to the "Canterbury Settlement" . By 1870 the non-Māori population reached over 250,000. Other settlers came from Germany, Scandinavia, and other parts of Europe as well as from China and the Indian subcontinent , but British and Irish settlers made up the vast majority, and did so for the next 150 years. Between 1881 and the 1920s,
5616-543: The treaty signed that February. Following the formalising of sovereignty, an organised and structured flow of migrants from Great Britain and Ireland began, and by 1860 more than 100,000 British and Irish settlers lived throughout New Zealand. The Otago Association actively recruited settlers from Scotland, generating a definite Scottish influence in Murihiku , while the Canterbury Association recruited settlers from
5694-581: Was Colin McCahon , who attempted to use international styles such as cubism in New Zealand contexts. His paintings depicted such things as the Angel Gabriel in the New Zealand countryside. Later works such as the Urewera triptych engaged with the contemporary Māori protest movement . From the early 20th century, politician Āpirana Ngata fostered a renewal of traditional Māori art forms, for example establishing
5772-476: Was a drawing by Isaac Gilsemans , the artist on Abel Tasman 's expedition of 1642. Sir Joseph Banks and Sydney Parkinson of Captain James Cook 's ship Endeavour produced the first realistic depictions of Māori people, New Zealand landscapes, and indigenous flora and fauna in 1769. William Hodges was the artist on HMS Resolution in 1773, and John Webber on HMS Resolution in 1777. Their works captured
5850-756: Was established in 1936, and was amalgamated into the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa in 1992. The Auckland Art Gallery is New Zealand's largest art institution with a collection numbering over 15,000 works, Waikato Museum, Te Whare Taonga O Waikato located on the banks of the Waikato River in downtown Hamilton . Tautai Pacific Arts Trust and Fibre Gallery are important public Pacific galleries, with Tautai situated on Karangahape Road , Auckland, and Fibre Gallery on Cashel Street, Christchurch . They are established in response to other public galleries in New Zealand not showing enough Pacific arts, and to empower
5928-458: Was integral to Māori knowledge, which had no written language . Oral tradition was maintained in New Zealand by guilds for centuries after Māori arrival, despite later colonial efforts to suppress it. In the New Zealand Wars (1845–1872), the Māori developed elaborate trench and bunker systems as part of the already-existent fortified areas known as pā , employing them successfully as early as
6006-735: Was not an important art form. It was mainly used as a minor decoration in meeting houses, in stylised forms such as the koru . Europeans introduced Māori to their more figurative style of art, and in the 19th century less stylised depictions of people and plants began to appear on the walls of meeting houses in place of traditional carvings and woven panels. The introduction of European paints also allowed traditional painting to flourish, as brighter and more distinct colours could be produced. Europeans began producing art in New Zealand as soon as they arrived, with many exploration ships including an artist to record newly discovered places, people, flora and fauna. The first European work of art made in New Zealand
6084-662: Was recorded in the 1920s and included resin and gum from tree's including tarata , and either shark liver oil or weka fat. There are preservation and restoration efforts being made including at 14 limestone caves and overhangs at Ōpihi in South Canterbury . Rock art is also found in the North Island with 140 rock art sites listed with the New Zealand Archaeological Association . Perry Fletchern, historical research consultant expects there believes there are more sites un-discovered on farm land. In general
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