69-569: Friends Life Group Limited was a Guernsey -incorporated investment vehicle which had the stated intent of forcing consolidation in the British life insurance industry. It was listed on the London Stock Exchange and was a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index . It was acquired by Aviva on 13 April 2015. The firm was founded as Resolution Limited by entrepreneur Clive Cowdery in 2008 after agreeing
138-536: A tidal island . Le Braye du Valle was drained and reclaimed in 1806 by the British Government as a defence measure. The eastern end of the former channel became the town and harbour (from 1820) of St Sampson's , now the second biggest port in Guernsey. The western end of La Braye is now Le Grand Havre. The roadway called "The Bridge" across the end of the harbour at St Sampson's recalls the bridge that formerly linked
207-848: A 30-year bond in December 2015 for £330m, its first bond in 80 years. The island has been given a credit rating of AA-/A-1+ with a stable outlook from Standard & Poor's . Liberation Day For other uses, see Liberation Day (disambiguation) . Holiday marking a country's liberation [REDACTED] This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Liberation Day" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Liberation Day
276-403: A complex geological evolution (especially the rocks of the southern complex) with multiple phases of intrusion and deformation recognisable. Guernsey is composed of nine main rock types; two of these are granites and the rest gneiss . Guernsey is a parliamentary representative democracy and a British Crown Dependency . The Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey is the "representative of
345-513: A deal to retain the naming rights to Resolution plc , the zombie fund investor he founded which was sold to Pearl Group that year. The company was established with the intention of completing the leveraged buyout and merger of at least three UK life insurance operators by 2012 and spinning out the enlarged company on the stock market. The first of these, Friends Provident , was acquired in November 2009 for £1.86 billion. Upon completion of
414-549: A holiday as of 1990) Liberation Day [REDACTED] Hong Kong Last Monday in August 1945 Liberation from Japan , celebrated between 1945 and 1996 (no longer a holiday as of 1997) Liberation Day (V-J Day 30 August) [REDACTED] India December 19 ( Goa only) 1961 Liberation of Goa from Portugal Goa Liberation Day [REDACTED] Israel 28 Iyar 1967 Reuinfication of Jerusalem in
483-619: A parish meeting each year. The senior Douzenier is known as the Doyen (Dean). Two elected Constables ( Connétables ) carry out the decisions of the Douzaine, serving for between one and three years. The longer serving Constable is known as the Senior Constable and his or her colleague as the Junior Constable. The Douzaines levy an Occupiers Rate on properties to provide funding for running of
552-413: A popular offshore finance centre for private-equity funds . Guernsey does not have a Central Bank and it issues its own sterling coinage and banknotes . UK coinage and (English, Scottish and Northern Irish-faced) banknotes also circulate freely and interchangeably. Total island investment funds, used to fund pensions and future island costs, amount to £2.7billion as at June 2016. The island issued
621-421: A tidal range of 10 metres (33 feet) and fast currents of up to 12 knots , this makes sailing in local waters dangerous. The very large tidal variation provides an environmentally rich inter-tidal zone around the islands, and some sites have received Ramsar Convention designation. The tidal flows in the area are remarkable, owing to the flatness of the ground for nearly 32 km (20 mi) westward. Guernsey
690-583: Is financial services , followed by tourism and agriculture. The island is particularly well known for its cattle . Guernsey's culture is strongly influenced by Britain , evident in its use of the pound sterling and the status of English as the primary native language. Norman and French culture also have an impact, such as the island's traditional language, Guernésiais . In addition, French writer Victor Hugo spent fifteen years in exile in Guernsey, where he wrote some of his best-known works. The island's name, "Guernsey", like that of neighbouring " Jersey ",
759-1421: Is a day, often a public holiday , that marks the liberation of a place, similar to an independence day . Liberation marks the date of either a revolution , as in Cuba , the fall of a dictatorship, as in Portugal , or the end of an occupation by another state, as in the Netherlands , thereby differing from original independence day or creation of statehood. List [ edit ] Country Date Year Event Name of holiday [REDACTED] Afghanistan February 15 1989 Soviet Union withdrawal from Afghanistan Liberation Day [REDACTED] Albania November 29 1944 Liberation from Nazi Germany Dita e Çlirimit or Liberation Day [REDACTED] Bangladesh December 16 1971 Liberation from Pakistan Bijoy Dibosh in Bangladesh and Vijay Diwas in India 's West Bengal , or Victory Day [REDACTED] Belarus July 3 1944 Liberation from Nazi Germany Republic Day or Independence Day [REDACTED] Bulgaria March 3 1878 Creation of
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#1732844979920828-716: Is administered as part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, a self-governing dependency of the British Crown . The island is thus not part of the United Kingdom , although the UK government has certain responsibilities for the Bailiwick. The British monarch is the head of state and the head of government is the President of the Policy and Resources Committee . The jurisdiction's parliament and government
897-499: Is also a source of Guernsey law for those matters which are reserved to the UK, namely defence and foreign affairs. The head of the bailiwick judiciary in Guernsey is the Bailiff, who, as well as performing the judicial functions of a Chief Justice, is also the head of the States of Guernsey and has certain civic, ceremonial and executive functions. The Bailiff's functions may be exercised by
966-446: Is based at Victor Hugo 's former residence at Hauteville House . While the jurisdiction of Guernsey has complete autonomy over internal affairs and certain external matters, the topic of complete independence from the British Crown has been discussed widely and frequently, with ideas ranging from Guernsey obtaining independence as a Dominion to the bailiwicks of Guernsey and Jersey uniting and forming an independent Federal State within
1035-446: Is called the States of Deliberation ( États de Délibération ) and consists of 38 People's Deputies, elected on an islandwide basis every four years. There are also two representatives from Alderney , a semi-autonomous dependency of the Bailiwick, but Sark sends no representative since it has its own legislature. The Bailiff or Deputy Bailiff preside in the assembly. There are also two non-voting members: H.M. Procureur (analogous to
1104-647: Is not part of the United Kingdom , although defence and most foreign relations are handled by the British Government. The entire jurisdiction lies within the Common Travel Area of the British Islands and the Republic of Ireland . Taken together with the separate jurisdictions of Alderney and Sark it forms the Bailiwick of Guernsey . The deliberative assembly of the States of Guernsey ( États de Guernesey )
1173-652: Is of Old Norse origin. The second element of each word, " -ey ", is the Old Norse for "island", while the original root, "guern(s)", is of uncertain origin and meaning, possibly deriving from either a personal name such as Grani or Warinn, or from gron , meaning pine tree. Previous names for the Channel Islands vary over history, but include the Lenur islands, and Sarnia ; Sarnia for Guernsey, or Lisia (Guernsey) and Angia (Jersey). Around 6000 BC, rising seas created
1242-598: Is responsible for Guernsey's constitutional and external affairs, developing strategic and corporate policy and coordinating States business. It also examines proposals and Reports placed before Guernsey's Parliament (the States of Deliberation) by Departments and Non States Bodies. The President of the committee is the de facto head of government of Guernsey. Guernsey's legal system originates in Norman Customary Law, overlaid with principles taken from English common law and Equity as well as from statute law enacted by
1311-616: Is the States of Guernsey . The island is divided into ten parishes . It has one town, called Saint Peter Port . The government variously defines the position of the King of England as "Head of State" or "successor to the Duke of Normandy. Although no document explicitly defines the Head of State as a "monarch", or the islands as a monarchy, all documents refer to the king by royal titles. Guernsey's largest industry
1380-447: Is the largest island in the Bailiwick of Guernsey , which includes five other inhabited islands – Alderney , Herm , Jethou , Lihou and Sark – and many small islets and rocks. The bailiwick has a population of 63,950, the vast majority of whom live on Guernsey, and the island has a land area of 24 square miles (62 km ). Guernsey was part of the Duchy of Normandy until 1204, when
1449-590: Is the westernmost of the Channel Islands , and the jurisdiction is at the greatest distance from the coast of Normandy than any of the other islands. Guernsey's climate is temperate with mild winters and mild, sunny summers. It is classified as an oceanic climate , with a dry-summer trend, although marginally wetter than Mediterranean summers. The warmest months are July and August, when temperatures are generally around 20 °C (68 °F) with some days occasionally going above 24 °C (75 °F). On average,
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#17328449799201518-529: The Lager Lindele (Lindele Camp) near Biberach an der Riß and to Oflag VII-C in Laufen . Guernsey was very heavily fortified during World War II , out of all proportion to the island's strategic value. German defences and alterations remain visible, particularly to Castle Cornet and around the northern coast of the island. Guernsey and Jersey were both liberated on 9 May 1945, now celebrated as Liberation Day on
1587-511: The English Channel and separated the Norman promontories that became the bailiwicks of Guernsey and Jersey from continental Europe . Neolithic farmers then settled on its coast and built the dolmens and menhirs found in the islands today, providing evidence of human presence dating back to around 5000 BC. Evidence of Roman settlements on the island, and the discovery of amphorae from
1656-574: The Herculaneum area and Spain, show evidence of an intricate trading network with regional and long-distance trade. Buildings found in La Plaiderie, St. Peter Port dating from 100 to 400 AD appear to be warehouses. The earliest evidence of shipping was the discovery of a wreck of a ship in St Peter Port harbour , which has been named Asterix . It is thought to be a 3rd-century Roman cargo vessel and
1725-570: The Parliamentarians . The allegiance was not total, however; there were a few Royalist uprisings in the southwest of the island, while Castle Cornet was occupied by the Governor, Sir Peter Osborne , and Royalist troops. In December 1651, with full honours of war, Castle Cornet surrendered—the last Royalist outpost anywhere in the British Isles to surrender. Wars against France and Spain during
1794-705: The Principality of Bulgaria Liberation Day [REDACTED] Cambodia January 7 1979 Liberation from the Khmer Rouge Victory Day [REDACTED] Congo, Democratic Republic of the May ;17 1997 Takeover of Kinshasa by Laurent-Désiré Kabila following the First Congo War Liberation Day [REDACTED] Cuba January 1 1959 Cuban Revolution under
1863-534: The Rwandan genocide Liberation Day [REDACTED] Slovakia May 8 1945 Liberation from Nazi Germany Deň víťazstva nad fašizmom [REDACTED] South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands April ;25 1982 Liberation from Argentina [REDACTED] Togo January 13 1967 Military coup under
1932-662: The Second World War , the Channel Islands were occupied by German troops . Seventeen thousand people from Guernsey's total population of 41,000 were evacuated to England before the German occupation. The evacuees included 80 per cent of Guernsey children who lived with relatives or strangers in Great Britain during the war. Most children returned home after the war ended in 1945. The occupying German forces deported over 1,000 Guernsey residents to camps in southern Germany, notably to
2001-901: The Six-Day War Yom Yerushalayim (Jerusalem Day) [REDACTED] Italy April 25 1945 Liberation from Nazi Germany and the end of the collaborationist Fascist regime of the Italian Social Republic Festa della Liberazione [REDACTED] Jersey (Channel Islands) May 9 1945 Liberation from Nazi Germany Liberation Day [REDACTED] Korea, North / [REDACTED] Korea, South August 15 1945 Liberation from Japan Gwangbokjeol [REDACTED] Kuwait February 26 1991 Liberation from Iraq [REDACTED] Lebanon May 25 2000 Withdrawal of
2070-622: The "lamping technique" to ground ships close to the island. This intensified during the Hundred Years War , when, starting in 1339 , the island was occupied by the Capetians on several occasions. The Guernsey Militia was first mentioned as operational in 1331 and would help defend the island for a further 600 years. In 1372, the island was invaded by Aragonese mercenaries under the command of Owain Lawgoch (remembered as Yvon de Galles ), who
2139-577: The 17th and 18th centuries allowed Guernsey shipowners and sea captains to exploit the island's proximity to mainland Europe by applying for letters of marque and turning their cargo ships into privateering vessels . By the beginning of the 18th century, Guernsey's residents were starting to settle in North America, in particular founding Guernsey County in Ohio in 1810. The threat of invasion by Napoleon prompted many defensive structures to be built at
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2208-635: The 9th century. The principal court is the Royal Court and exercises both civil and criminal jurisdiction. Additional courts, such as the Magistrate's Court, which deals with minor criminal matters, and the Court of Appeal, which hears appeals from the Royal Court, have been added to the Island's legal system over the years. Several European countries have a consular presence within the jurisdiction. The French Consulate
2277-478: The Channel Islands remained loyal to the English crown, splitting from mainland Normandy. In 1290, the Channel Islands were divided administratively and Guernsey became part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey. During the Second World War , Guernsey was invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany . After five years of occupation, the island was liberated on 9 May 1945, that date being celebrated annually as Liberation Day . Guernsey
2346-590: The Climate Change Policy & Action Plan adopted in August 2020. Guernsey has a geological history stretching further back into the past than most of Europe. It forms part of the geological province of France known as the Armorican Massif . There is a broad geological division between the north and south of the island. The Southern Metamorphic Complex is elevated above the geologically younger, lower-lying Northern Igneous Complex. Guernsey has experienced
2415-607: The Commonwealth, whereby both islands retain their independence with regards to domestic affairs but internationally, the islands would be regarded as one state. Although it was not a member of the European Union , it had a special relationship with it until Brexit . It had been treated as part of the European Community with access to the single market for the purposes of the free trade in goods. From 2021 with free travel to
2484-547: The Crown in right of the république of the Bailiwick of Guernsey". The official residence of the Lieutenant Governor is Government House. Since 2022 the incumbent has been Lieutenant General Richard Cripwell CB , CBE , CStJ . The post was created in 1835 as a result of the abolition of the office of Governor. Since that point, the Lieutenant Governor has always resided locally. The jurisdiction
2553-489: The Deputy Bailiff. The posts of Bailiff and Deputy Bailiff are Crown appointments. Sixteen Jurats, who need no specific legal training, are elected by the States of Election from among Islanders. They act as a jury, as judges in civil and criminal cases and fix the sentence in criminal cases. First mentioned in 1179, there is a list of Jurats who have served since 1299. The oldest Courts of Guernsey can be traced back to
2622-1398: The Israeli Forces from Lebanon Liberation Day [REDACTED] Libya October 23 2011 Muammar Gaddafi killed , ending the 2011 Libyan civil war [REDACTED] North Macedonia October 11 1941 Uprising Day in North Macedonia , the beginning of the National Liberation War of Macedonia [REDACTED] Mali November 19 1968 End of Modibo Keïta 's regime [REDACTED] Moldova August 24 1944 Liberation from Nazi Germany Liberation Day (Moldova) [REDACTED] Netherlands May 5 1945 Liberation from Nazi Germany Bevrijdingsdag or Liberation Day [REDACTED] Nicaragua July 19 1979 Nicaraguan Revolution [REDACTED] Northern Mariana Islands July 4 1945 Liberation from Japan [REDACTED] Norway May 8 1945 Liberation from Nazi Germany [REDACTED] Poland November 11 1918 Gained independence from German empire , Russian empire , Austria-Hungary in
2691-547: The London-headquartered limited liability partnership through which the company is effectively run. Guernsey in the Bailiwick of Guernsey (red) Guernsey ( / ˈ ɡ ɜːr n z i / GURN -zee ; Guernésiais : Guernési ; French : Guernesey ) is the second-largest island in the Channel Islands , located 27 miles (43 km) west of the Cotentin Peninsula , Normandy . It
2760-669: The Royal Sanction at regular meetings of the Privy Council in London, after which they are returned to the islands for formal registration at the Royal Court . The States also make delegated legislation known as Ordinances ( Ordonnances ) and Orders ( ordres ) which do not require the Royal Assent . Commencement orders are usually in the form of ordinances. The Policy and Resources Committee
2829-855: The South for national reunification " Reunification Day [REDACTED] Liberation Memorial in Stanley , Falkland Islands . See also [ edit ] National Day Revolution Day References [ edit ] ^ Mrŭchkov, Vasil (2011). Labour Law in Bulgaria . Kluwer Law International. p. 120. ISBN 978-9-041-13616-9 . ^ "Liberation Day in DR Congo in 2021" . Office Holidays . Retrieved January 4, 2021 . ^ Norman Sklarewitz (10 July 2012). "Guam: Tourist site steeped in military history, to mark Liberation Day" . Stars and Stripes . Archived from
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2898-601: The UK are largely unaffected by Brexit . Situated in Mont Saint-Michel Bay at around 49°35′N 2°20′W / 49.583°N 2.333°W / 49.583; -2.333 , Guernsey, Herm and some other smaller islands together have a total area of 71 square kilometres (27 sq mi) and coastlines of about 46 kilometres (29 mi). Elevation varies from sea level to 110 m (360 ft) at Hautnez on Guernsey. There are many smaller islands, islets, rocks and reefs in Guernsey waters. Combined with
2967-591: The administration. Guernsey's Church of England parishes fall under the See of Canterbury , having split from the Bishopric of Winchester in 2014. The biggest parish is Castel, while the most populated is St Peter Port. Financial services, such as banking, fund management , and insurance, account for about 37% of GDP. Tourism, manufacturing, and horticulture, mainly tomatoes and cut flowers, especially freesias , have been declining. Light tax and death duties make Guernsey
3036-624: The civil order of the island was fully regulated even before the Norman conquest of England. In 1204, when King John lost the continental portion of the Duchy to Philip II of France , the islands remained part of the Kingdom of England. The islands were then recognised by the 1259 Treaty of Paris as part of Henry III 's territories. During the Middle Ages , the island was a haven for pirates that would use
3105-609: The coldest month is February with an average air temperature of 6.9 °C (44.4 °F). Average air temperature reaches 17.1 °C (62.8 °F) in August. Snow rarely falls and is unlikely to settle, but is most likely to fall in February. The temperature rarely drops below freezing, although strong wind-chill from Arctic winds can sometimes make it feel like it. The rainiest months are December (average 119 mm (4.7 in)), November (average 107 mm (4.2 in)) and January (average 92 mm (3.6 in)). July is, on average,
3174-427: The competent legislature(s) – usually, but not always, the States of Guernsey. Guernsey has almost complete autonomy over internal affairs and certain external matters. However, the Crown – that is to say, the UK Government – retains an ill-defined reserved power to intervene in the domestic affairs of any of the three Crown Dependencies within the British Islands "in the interests of good government". The UK Parliament
3243-476: The continent ceasing, additional bureaucratic procedures come into force, including the need for international driving licences and green cards for vehicle insurance. Guernsey has ten parishes , which act as civil administration districts with limited powers. Each parish is administered by a Douzaine, made up of twelve members or more, known as Douzeniers. Douzeniers are elected for a four-year mandate, three, four or five Douzeniers being elected by parishioners at
3312-423: The deal Resolution, which obtained a listing on the London Stock Exchange in December 2008, took the place of Friends Provident in the FTSE 100 Index . Resolution purchased Axa Sun Life Holdings Ltd from Axa SA in Autumn 2010. In October 2010 it bought Bupa Health Assurance. In 2011 Resolution merged the UK operations of Friends Provident with the UK life assurance businesses acquired from Axa and Bupa under
3381-411: The end of World War I after 123 years of occupation. Dzień Niepodległości (Independence Day) [REDACTED] Portugal April 25 1974 Fall of the Estado Novo ( New State ) fascist regime: known locally as the Carnation Revolution ( Revolução dos Cravos ) Freedom Day [REDACTED] Rwanda July 4 1994 Victory of the RPF , ending
3450-447: The end of that century. The early 19th century saw a dramatic increase in the prosperity of the island, due to its success in the global maritime trade , and the rise of the stone industry. Maritime trade suffered a major decline with the move away from sailing craft as materials such as iron and steel were not available on the island. Le Braye du Valle was a tidal channel that made the northern extremity of Guernsey, Le Clos du Valle,
3519-531: The end of the Vichy Regime [REDACTED] Greece October 12 1944 Liberation from Nazi Germany [REDACTED] Guam July 21 1944 Liberation from Japan Liberation Day [REDACTED] Guernsey (Channel Islands) May 9 1945 Liberation from Nazi Germany Liberation Day [REDACTED] Hungary April 4 1945 Siege of Budapest , celebrated between 1950 and 1989 (no longer
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#17328449799203588-420: The estates of Sausmarez, Les Bruniaux de St. Martin, Mauxmarquis, Rohais, etc. Most of Guernsey was soon cultivated, and around this time the island was divided into ten parishes. Each free fief had a manorial court to hear disputes between tenants, and the Abbot of St. Michael and the Seigneur d'Anneville had the right of high jurisdiction and the privilege of trying and executing criminals, respectively, so that
3657-408: The lands within the Close of the Vale to the abbot forever as fief of St. Michael, with permission to extend this to the northwestern part of the island as soon as settlers could be found to clear and cultivate the land; and he gave them engineers and workmen to complete the castle of St. Michael and to erect such other forts as were deemed necessary. Around the middle of the eleventh century, Guernsey
3726-629: The leadership of Etienne Eyadema Jour de la Libération [REDACTED] Turkey August 30 1922 End of the Turkish War of Independence Zafer Bayramı (Victory Day) [REDACTED] Uganda January 26 1986 End of Tito Okello 's regime and the capture of power by the Museveni regime [REDACTED] Ukraine October 28 1944 Liberation from Nazi Germany completed as Red Army captures Chop Liberation Day (Ukraine) [REDACTED] Vietnam April 30 1975 " Day of liberating
3795-478: The leadership of Fidel Castro Triunfo de la Revolución or Triumph of the Revolution [REDACTED] Czech Republic May 8 1945 Liberation from Nazi Germany Den osvobození (Liberation Day) [REDACTED] Falkland Islands June 14 1982 Liberation from Argentina Liberation Day [REDACTED] France August 25 1944 Liberation from Nazi Germany and
3864-454: The name Friends Life. Resolution changed its name to Friends Life Group in May 2014. In December 2014, British insurer Aviva agreed terms for a £5.6 billion all-share takeover of Friends Life. Andy Briggs, current group chief executive of Friends Life, will become CEO of Aviva UK Life, with Mark Wilson continuing as CEO of the enlarged Aviva Group. The takeover was completed on 13 April 2015. Friends Life operated from seven countries around
3933-437: The neutrality. The French attempted to invade Jersey a year later in 1549 but were defeated by the militia . The neutrality lasted another century, until William III of England abolished the privilege due to privateering activity against Dutch ships. In the mid-16th century, the island was influenced by Calvinist reformers from Normandy. During the Marian persecutions , three women, the Guernsey Martyrs , were burned at
4002-701: The original on 23 November 2015 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ Leibowitz, Arnold H. (1989). Defining Status: A Comprehensive Analysis of United States Territorial Relations . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 324. ISBN 9780792300694 . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . ^ Manchester, William (2008). Goodbye, Darkness: A Memoir of the Pacific War . Hachette Digital, Inc. p. 218. ISBN 9780316054638 . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . ^ Johnson, Ben. "Guernsey" . Historic UK . Retrieved September 18, 2018 . ^ "Hong Kong ceremony foreshadows end of an era" . CNN. 26 August 1996. Archived from
4071-1266: The original on 18 June 2022 . Retrieved 18 June 2022 . ^ "Archived copy" . Archived from the original on 2012-05-11 . Retrieved 2012-05-13 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link ) . ^ "Flag-hoisting ceremony signals start of Kuwait national celebrations of 2017" . Kuwait Times . 3 February 2017. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017 . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . ^ "Liberation Day in Togo / January 13, 2020" . AnydayGuide . Retrieved September 14, 2020 . ^ "National Events Calendar" . Government of Uganda . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Portal : [REDACTED] Holidays Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberation_Day&oldid=1255916718 " Categories : Types of national holidays Victory days January observances February observances March observances April observances May observances June observances July observances August observances October observances November observances December observances Hidden categories: CS1 maint: archived copy as title Articles with short description Short description
4140-432: The other Channel Islands represent the last remnants of the medieval Duchy of Normandy . About the year 1030, the fleet of Robert, Duke of Normandy , which was to support the claim of his cousins Alfred and Edward to the English crown against Canute , was scattered by a storm, and was driven down the Channel to Guernsey. The Duke was taken to St. Michael's Abbey. In gratitude for the abbot's hospitality, he gave all
4209-503: The role of Attorney General ) and H.M. Comptroller (analogous to Solicitor General ), both appointed by the Crown and collectively known as the Law Officers of the Crown. A projet de loi is the equivalent of a UK bill or a French projet de loi , and a law is the equivalent of a UK act of parliament or a French loi . A draft law passed by the States can have no legal effect until formally approved by His Majesty in Council and promulgated by means of an order in council . Laws are given
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#17328449799204278-402: The stake for their Protestant beliefs, along with the infant son of one of the women. The burning of the infant was ordered by Bailiff Hellier Gosselin, with the advice of priests nearby who said the boy should burn due to having inherited moral stain from his mother. Later on, Hellier Gosselin fled the island to escape widespread outrage. During the English Civil War , Guernsey sided with
4347-485: The sunniest month with 253 hours recorded sunshine; December the least with 58 hours recorded sunshine. Sea temperatures have been rising and now vary between 8 °C (46 °F) in February to 20 °C (68 °F) in August. Average wind speeds vary between 20 kilometres per hour (12 mph) and 40 kilometres per hour (25 mph) with gusts over 60 kilometres per hour (37 mph) every 4–5 years. Guernsey plans to reach carbon neutrality by 2050, according to
4416-464: The two islands. During the late 1940s, the island repaired the damage caused to its buildings during the occupation. The tomato industry started up again and thrived until the 1970s when the significant increase in world oil prices led to a sharp, terminal decline. Tourism has remained important. Finance businesses grew in the 1970s and expanded in the next two decades and are important employers. Guernsey's constitutional and trading relationships with
4485-454: The two parts of Guernsey at high tide. New roads were built and main roads were metalled for ease of use by the military. Infrastructure was funded by creating money debt-free starting in 1815. During the First World War , about 3,000 island men served in the British Expeditionary Force . Of these, about 1,000 served in the Royal Guernsey Light Infantry regiment formed from the Royal Guernsey Militia in 1916. From 30 June 1940, during
4554-421: The world including: United Kingdom, Germany, Luxembourg, Dubai, Singapore, Hong Kong, and the Isle of Man. Friends Life was the 5th largest life and pensions company ranked by UK market capitalisation. Friends Life were the title sponsors of the Friends Life t20 cricket league organised by the England and Wales Cricket Board , from 2010 to 2013 (as Friends Provident t20 ). Senior management were employed by
4623-528: Was beset by a new breed of pirates who built a castle called Le Château des Sarrasins in the centre of the island near the present church of Catel; Duke William of Normandy (later the Conqueror) commissioned his Esquire Sampson d'Anneville to fight them. As a reward, in 1061 he received half of the western part of the island under the title of Fief d'Anneville. Sampson attracted many emigrants from Normandy to settle on his feudal estate, and Duke William distributed lands in Guernsey to other Norman landowners, such as
4692-496: Was in the pay of the French king. Owain and his dark-haired mercenaries were later absorbed into Guernsey legend as invading fairies from across the sea. As part of the peace between England and France, Pope Sixtus IV issued in 1483 a papal bull granting the "Privilege of Neutrality'", by which "the Islands, their harbours and seas, as far as the eye can see," were considered neutral territory. Anyone molesting Islanders would be excommunicated. A royal charter in 1548 confirmed
4761-409: Was probably at anchor or grounded when a fire broke out. Travelling from the Kingdom of Gwent , Saint Sampson , later the abbot of Dol in Brittany , is credited with the introduction of Christianity to Guernsey. In 933, the Cotentin Peninsula , including Avranchin , which included the islands, were placed by the French King Ranulf under the control of William I . The island of Guernsey and
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