A college town or university town is a community (often a separate town or city , but in some cases a town/city neighborhood or a district ) that is dominated by its university population. The university may be large, or there may be several smaller institutions such as liberal arts colleges clustered, or the residential population may be small, but college towns in all cases are so dubbed because the presence of the educational institution(s) pervades economic and social life. Many local residents may be employed by the university—which may be the largest employer in the community—many businesses cater primarily to the university, and the student population may outnumber the local population.
49-668: Freiberg is a university and former mining town in Saxony , Germany, with around 41,000 inhabitants. The city lies in the foreland of the Ore Mountains , in the Saxon urbanization axis, which runs along the northern edge of the Elster and Ore Mountains , stretching from Plauen in the southwest via Zwickau , Chemnitz and Freiberg to Dresden in the northeast. It sits on the Freiberger Mulde ,
98-464: A notable cathedral containing two famous Gottfried Silbermann organs. There are two other organs made by Gottfried Silbermann in the town – one at the St. Peter's Church ( Petrikirche ) and the other one at the St. James' Church ( Jakobikirche ). The Renaissance part of Freiberg, built after a fire destroyed the town in 1484, stands under heritage protection. In 1913, silver mining was discontinued due to
147-405: A stereotypical college town often has many people in non-traditional lifestyles and subcultures and with a high tolerance for unconventionality in general, and has a very active musical or cultural scene. Many have become centres of technological research and innovative startups . Universities with start-up centers can be large cities like Munich , but also small cities like Trieste . Although
196-579: A boundary between two variants of the Upper Saxon dialect : the Southeast Meissen dialect ( Südostmeißnisch ) to the east and the South Meissen dialect ( Südmeißnisch ) to the west of the town, both belonging to the five Meissen dialects, as well as just north of the border of the dialect region of East Erzgebirgisch . The nucleus of the town, the former forest village of Christiansdorf lies in
245-680: A burial place for the Albertines , and the Golden Gate ( Goldene Pforte ), of which exist three replicas in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Moscow and Budapest. Freiberg's christmas market Freiberger Christmarkt is typical for christmas markets in the Ore Mountain region, which are characterized by a strong connection to mining and the typical christmas decorations of this region like Raachermannel , Schwibbögen and Christmas pyramids . The town lies on
294-411: A low cost of living , and often a pedestrian - or public transit -friendly development pattern. Several development companies now specialize in constructing retirement communities in college towns. In some cases the communities have developed formal relationships with the local institution. The demand for housing from students, faculty, staff, and retirees kept college town home prices stable during
343-491: A term with somewhat derogatory connotations. While noise, traffic, and other quality of life issues have not been resolved, some advocates of New Urbanism have led the development of neighborhoods in college towns by specifically capitalizing on their proximity to university life. For instance, some universities have developed properties to allow faculty and staff members to walk to work, reducing demand for limited on-campus parking; Duke University 's Trinity Heights development
392-693: A tributary of the Mulde River. It is a Große Kreisstadt (large district town), and the administrative seat of Landkreis Mittelsachsen (district Central Saxony). Freiberg is connected to Dresden by the S3 line of the Dresden S-Bahn . The entire historic center of the Silver City is under monument protection, and together with local monuments of mining history such as the Reiche Zeche ore mine, it has been part of
441-579: A university expands its facilities, the potential loss of property tax revenue is thus a concern, in addition to local desire to preserve open space or historic neighborhoods. As a result, local people may resent the university and its students. The students, in turn, may criticize the local residents' taking jobs at the university provided by student tuition and fees, and accepting the tax revenues (e.g. local sales tax, property tax on rented properties) that students generate, but resenting students' lifestyles. Some students refer to other inhabitants as "townies",
490-648: Is a key example. In many cases, developers have built communities where access to the university (even if not directly adjacent) is promoted as an advantage. Student housing is also an important component of college towns. In the United States most state universities have 50 percent or more of their enrolled students living off-campus. This trend, which began in the 1960s, originally meant the conversion of near campus single-family homes to student housing, creating " student ghettos ." Colleges and other developers began building purpose-built off-campus student housing areas in
539-485: Is a subject of numerous stereotypical jokes. The mildly derogatory verb sächseln means to speak with a Saxon accent . Like many other German languages, Upper Saxon features the unrounding of vowel sounds descended from Middle High German (/ø/, /øː/, /y/, /yː/, and /yə̯/ to /e/, /eː/, /i/, and /iː/). This results in words such as bäse for Standard German böse (wicked) and Biehne for Standard German Bühne (stage). In common with other East Central German varieties
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#1732844639586588-555: Is due to it being used as the basis for early developments in the standardization of German during the early 1500s, including the translation of the Bible by Martin Luther . Upper Saxon evolved as a new variety in the course of the medieval German Ostsiedlung (eastern colonisation) from about 1100 onwards. Settlers descending from the stem duchies of Saxony , Franconia , and Bavaria , as well as Thuringia and Flanders , moved into
637-458: Is formed by the towns of Nossen , Roßwein , Großschirma , Freiberg and Brand-Erbisdorf . It currently has about 75,000 inhabitants. Freiberg is located about 31 kilometres (19 miles) west-southwest of Dresden , about 31 kilometres east-northeast of Chemnitz , about 82 kilometres (51 miles) southeast of Leipzig , about 179 kilometres (111 miles) south of Berlin , and about 120 kilometres (75 miles) northwest of Prague . Freiberg lies on
686-407: Is on an old mining tip at 491 m above NHN . Freiberg lies within a region of old forest clearances , subsequently used by the mining industry which left its mark on the landscape. The town is surrounded to the north, southeast and southwest by woods, and in the other directions by fields and meadows. Since the beginning of the 21st century an urbanised area has gradually developed which
735-596: Is pronounced [oˤ] (or similarly, depending on the subdialect), which speakers of other German dialects tend to hear as [oː] ; e.g. [ˈheːo̯ˤ] 'higher' (Standard [ˈhøːɐ̯] höher ) is misheard as if written hä(h)er . The Upper Saxon varieties outside the Ore Mountains can be easily recognized by the supposed "softening" ( lenition ) of the voiceless stop consonants /p/, /t/ and /k/ . Speakers of other dialects hear these as if they were "b", "d" and "g" respectively. In reality, these are merely non-aspirated versions of
784-950: Is the weakening of consonants, resulting in words such as Kardoffeln for Standard German "Kartoffeln" (potatoes) and Babba for Standard German Papa (dad). Additionally, /ë/ is reduced to /a/, resulting in Standard German Schwester (sister) becoming Schwaster in Upper Saxon. The most notable distinguishing feature of the dialect is that the letters o and u are pronounced as centralized vowels ( [ɞ] and [ɵ] , respectively, when short; [ɵː] and [ʉː] , respectively, when long). Speakers of other German dialects that do not have these sounds tend to perceive these sounds as being ö [øː] and ü [yː] respectively. For example, they hear [ˈɵːma] 'grandma' as if written Öma (Standard Oma [ˈoːma] ). Front rounded vowels are pronounced as non-rounded ( ö = [eː] , ü = [iː] ). Final -er
833-657: The Freiberg Germany Temple here because of the large number of members in the region. The building of this temple is considered quite historic by church members given the political climate in Eastern Europe at the time. The Freiberg Germany Temple serves members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from all over Eastern Germany and a majority of Eastern Europe. On 6 July 2019, the Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří Mining Region including Freiberg
882-605: The Margravate of Meissen between the Elbe and Saale rivers, formerly populated by Polabian Slavs . As the colonists belonged to different German tribes speaking different dialects, Upper Saxon became an intermediary, koiné dialect ( Kolonialdialekt or Ausgleichsdialekt ), having less distinct features than the older, more original dialects. In the Middle Ages , a variety of Upper Saxon called Meißner Kanzleisächsisch developed as
931-481: The Prussian capital of Berlin , rated the "unpleasant singsong" and "highly peculiar confusion of b and p, of d and t"—even among upper-class speakers—"very crude". According to linguist Beat Siebenhaar , Upper Saxon — defined as a cohesive linguistic system with its own, clear rules for pronunciation , word formation and syntax — became largely extinct during the second half of the 19th to early 20th century. This
980-413: The cost of living above that of the region. It is common for university employees to commute from surrounding areas, finding the cost of living in town too expensive. "Studentification", in which a growing student population move in large numbers to traditionally non-student neighborhoods, may be perceived as a form of invasion or gentrification . It may be due to university enrollment expanding beyond
1029-416: The housing market downturn that began in 2005 . Upper Saxon German Upper Saxon ( German : Obersächsisch , standard pronunciation: [ˈoːbɐˌzɛksɪʃ] , Upper Saxon pronunciation: [ɵːb̥oˤˈsɛɡ̊sʃ] ) is an East Central German dialect spoken in much of the modern German state of Saxony and in adjacent parts of southeastern Saxony-Anhalt and eastern Thuringia . As of
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#17328446395861078-464: The mining and smelting industries. Since then it has restructured into a high technology site in the fields of semiconductor manufacture and solar technology , part of Silicon Saxony . Freiberg Cathedral is one of the most richly furnished houses of worship in Saxony and contains important works of art such as the tulip pulpit, two Gottfried Silbermann organs, the choir, which was converted into
1127-598: The " chancery language" of Saxony. This was the official, literary language of the Margravate of Meissen (respectively the Electorate of Saxony after 1423), replacing Latin as the language of administrators during the period of Renaissance humanism (15th to 16th century). It was less influenced by Upper German features than the Habsburg chancery language, and thus intelligible to speakers of both Upper and Low German dialects. In
1176-527: The 1970s in more college towns. Beginning around 2000 in the United States, nationwide real estate investment trusts (REIT) and publicly traded corporations began developing student housing complexes. Another notable development since the 1990s is the surge in popularity of retirees relocating to college towns. Retirees are attracted to these locations because of cultural and educational opportunities, college athletic events, good medical facilities (often at teaching hospitals affiliated with medical schools ),
1225-686: The B 101 south of Freiberg is the Große Kreisstadt of Brand-Erbisdorf and to the east is the municipality of Oberschöna . [REDACTED] Margraviate of Meissen 1186–1423 [REDACTED] Electorate of Saxony 1423–1806 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Saxony 1806–1871 [REDACTED] German Empire 1871–1918 [REDACTED] Weimar Republic 1918–1933 [REDACTED] Nazi Germany 1933–1945 [REDACTED] Allied-occupied Germany 1945–1949 [REDACTED] German Democratic Republic 1949–1990 [REDACTED] Germany 1990– present The town
1274-571: The Freiberg Art Award and the election of the Mining Town Queen ( Bergstadt-Königin ). The Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg (Freiberg University of Mining and Technology or Freiberg Mining Academy, University of Technology) was established in 1765 by Prince Franz Xaver, regent of Saxony, based on plans by Friedrich Wilhelm von Oppel and Friedrich Anton von Heynitz , and is the oldest extant university of mining and metallurgy in
1323-709: The SAXONIA Miners Music Corps. This includes a traditional Sermon on the Mount in St. Peter's Church and waiting by the miners on the second Saturday in Advent. Firmly established is the potter's gathering on a weekend in the second half of April on the Upper Market ( Obermarkt ). Every year on the Drei Brüder Schacht mineshaft in the quarter of Zug there is a model steam engine gathering . Other annual events include
1372-519: The UNESCO World Heritage Site Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří Mining Region since 2019 due to its exceptional testimony to the development of mining techniques across many centuries. Freiberg University of Mining and Technology ( Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg ), founded in 1765, is the oldest university of mining and metallurgy in the world. Until 1969, the town was dominated for around 800 years by
1421-508: The absence of a system for payments in lieu of taxes , the university population will disproportionately burden parts of the local public infrastructure, such as roads or law enforcement. Some analysts argue that students relieve the burden on other parts of the local public infrastructure, such as local primary and secondary schools, by far the most costly line item in most North American city and town budgets, by providing tax revenues through local sales tax and property tax paid by landlords. When
1470-452: The boundary of the borough. Between Kleinwaltersdorf and Lößnitz is the Nonnenwald wood, and east of Leipziger Straße is a trading estate. In the area around Freiberg there are both industrial estates as well as agricultural and recreational areas. Smelting and metalworking firms are based at Muldenhütten and Halsbrücke and paper manufacturers at Weißenborn and Großschirma. Northeast of
1519-497: The capacity of on-campus housing, inadequate zoning enforcement, and/or student culture. Neighborhood associations may work to limit conversion of family homes to student rentals, while some local residents may oppose the construction of large on-campus dormitories or expansion of fraternity and sorority houses, forcing a growing enrollment to seek housing in town. In the US, educational institutions are often exempted from local taxes, so in
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1568-444: The case of a company town , the large and transient university population may come into conflict with other townspeople. Students may come from outside the area, and perhaps subscribe to a different—sometimes radically different—culture. Most students are young people, whose living habits may be different from older people. Economically, the high spending power of the university and of its students in aggregate may inflate
1617-564: The concept of a university town has developed since the European Middle Ages, equivalents already existed in earlier times and in non-European cultures. For example, in later Classical times the city of Athens – no longer having any political or military power, but renowned as the greatest center of learning in the Roman Empire – had many of the characteristics of a university town, and is sometimes called such by modern scholars. As in
1666-629: The context of the Bible translation by Martin Luther , it played a large part in the development of the Early New High German language as a standard variety. Due to the influence and prestige of the Electorate of Saxony during the Baroque era (17th to 18th century), and especially its role as a focal point of artists and scientists, the language of the Upper Saxon elite (but not of its ordinary people)
1715-713: The decline in the price of silver. Resumed before the Second World War, mining activities for lead, zinc and tin extraction continued until 1969. In 1944, a subcamp of Flossenbürg concentration camp was built outside the town of Freiberg. It housed over 500 female survivors of other camps, including Auschwitz . Altogether 50 or so SS women worked in this camp until its evacuation in April 1945. The female survivors eventually reached Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria. In 1985, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints built
1764-637: The early 21st century, it is mostly extinct and a new regiolect (also known as obersächsische Umgangssprache ) has emerged instead. Though colloquially called "Saxon" ( Sächsisch ), it is not to be confused with the Low Saxon dialect group in Northern Germany . Upper Saxon is closely linked to the Thuringian dialect spoken in the adjacent areas to the west. Standard German has been heavily based on Upper Saxon, especially in its lexicon and grammar. This
1813-543: The history of the city is often intertwined with that of the university. Many European university towns have not merely been important places of science and education, but also centres of political, cultural and social influence throughout the centuries. As an example of this, Paris also illustrates the course of educational history with the Sorbonne and the Grande école . Besides a highly educated and largely transient population,
1862-562: The main road axis is called Unterstadt ("Lower Town"), with its lower market or Untermarkt . The western area is the Oberstadt ("Upper Town") where the Obermarkt or "Upper Market" is situated. The town centre is surrounded by a green belt running along the old town wall. In the west, this belt, in which the ponds of the Kreuzteichen are set, broadens out into an area like a park. Just north of
1911-480: The northern declivity of the Ore Mountains , with the majority of the borough west of the Eastern or Freiberger Mulde river. Parts of the town are nestled in the valleys of Münzbach and Goldbach streams. Its centre has an altitude of about 412 m above sea level (NHN) (at the railway station). Its lowest point is on Münzbach on the town boundary at 340 m above NHN ; its highest point
1960-662: The parlance of educated Upper Saxons. He claimed that the Upper Saxon variety was to the German language what Attic was to Greek and Tuscan to Italian . One motive of the parents of German national poet Johann Wolfgang Goethe (a native of Frankfurt ) to send him to study in Leipzig was to adopt a more sophisticated language. With Saxony's loss of political power after the Seven Years' War (1756–63), its dialect lost prestige as well. In 1783, philosopher Johann Erich Biester , residing in
2009-597: The town centre is Freudenstein Castle as well as the remnants of the town wall with several wall towers and Schlüsselteich pond in front of them. The remains of the wall run eastwards, in sections, to the Donats Tower . This area is dominated by the historic moat . The southern boundary of the old town is characterised in places by buildings from the Gründerzeit period. The B 101 federal road, here called Wallstraße , flanks
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2058-552: The town is the recreational area of the Tharandt Forest The town of Großschirma lies north of Freiberg on the B 101 federal road. To the northeast the municipality of Halsbrücke borders on the territory of Freiberg's borough and, to the east, is the municipality of Bobritzsch-Hilbersdorf . The municipality of Weißenborn to the southeast belongs to the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft of Lichtenberg/Erzgebirge . On
2107-505: The valley of the Münzbach stream. The unwalled town centre grew up on its two slopes and on the ridge to the west. This means inter alia that the roads radiating outwards east of the old main road axis (today Erbische Straße and Burgstraße running from the former Erbisch Gate ( Erbischer Tor ) on Postplatz to Freudenstein Castle ), some of which run as far as the opposite side of the Münzbach valley, are very steep. The area located east of
2156-480: The west of the town centre, the B 173 , as Schillerstraße and Hornstraße , bounds it to the south. Freiberg's north is dominated by the campus of its University of Mining and Technology . The main part of the campus on either side of Leipziger Straße (as the B 101 road, the most important transport link in this district) emerged in the 1950s and 1960s. Furthermore, the districts of Lossnitz , Lößnitz and Kleinwaltersdorf are found here, extending almost out to
2205-582: The world. Freiberg is twinned with: [REDACTED] Media related to Freiberg (Sachsen) at Wikimedia Commons College town In Europe , a university town is generally characterised by having an ancient university . The economy of the city is closely related with the university activity and highly supported by the entire university structure, which may include university hospitals and clinics, printing houses, libraries, laboratories, business incubators, student rooms, dining halls, students' unions, student societies, and academic festivities. Moreover,
2254-434: Was considered the exemplary variant of German during that period. The literary theorist Johann Christoph Gottsched (1700–1766), who spent most of his adult life in Leipzig, considered Saxony's upper-class speech as the guiding form of standard German. When Johann Christoph Adelung published his High German dictionary ( Grammatisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der hochdeutschen Mundart ), he made clear that "High German" to him meant
2303-509: Was due to the increased adoption of the standard language among the Saxony populace. Since then, (Upper) Saxon merely refers to a colloquial, regional variety of Standard German and not a dialect in the proper sense. Spoken by leading communists from the Central German industrial area such as Walter Ulbricht , the Upper Saxon dialect was commonly perceived as the colloquial speech of East Germany by West German citizens and up to today
2352-530: Was founded around 1168, after a silver discovery led to the first Berggeschrey , and has been a centre of the mining industry in the Ore Mountains for centuries. A symbol of that history is the Freiberg University of Mining and Technology , often just known as the Mining Academy ( Bergakademie ), established in 1765 and the oldest extant university of mining and metallurgy in the world. Freiberg also has
2401-637: Was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Every year in Freiberg the Mining Town Festival ( Bergstadtfest ) is held on the last weekend in June with a procession by the historic Miners' and Ironworkers' Guilds, the so-called Miners' and Ironworkers' Parade. The Freiberg Christmas Market takes place during Advent , when a so-called Mettenschicht is held with a parade by the Miners' and Ironworkers' Guilds and
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