Lost television broadcasts are television programs that were not preserved or recorded after their broadcasting — thus making them lost to time. They cannot be found in studio archives nor in any other historical record. This phenomenon primarily affects shows or movies that aired before the widespread use of home video recording and digital archiving.
102-471: Freewheelers is a British television series made by Southern Television between 1968 and 1973 for the ITV network. It was created by the television producer Chris McMaster, who was aware of the popularity of adult action series such as The Avengers and Department S amongst teenagers and saw the potential of a version aimed at a younger audience. In the opening story, three young people become caught up in
204-510: A 4-channel service received via satellite. The channels at launch were Sky Channel , Sky News , Sky Movies and Eurosport . They were initially free to receive, and Sky Movies was the first to move to a subscription early in 1990. Sky News was the UK's first dedicated news channel. The new service was the UK's first consumer satellite TV service, beating rival BSB , with which Sky would later merge to become BSkyB. Sky's satellite service grew to become
306-421: A church. As the number of archived materials grew, there was a need for even larger repositories and constant relocation. During the 1960s and 1970s, Czech Television's repositories were scattered in up to 10 locations. Recordings were often stored in unsuitable conditions - suffering from moisture, pressure, and inappropriate temperature. As a result, many recordings were damaged. In 1996, a new archival building
408-634: A comprehensive archive of all its major productions from the 1960s and beyond, including Homicide , Division 4 , Matlock Police , and The Sullivans . The National Film and Sound Archive holdings of 1950s era shows include several episodes of the 1957 discussion series Leave it to the Girls , most of the 1958–1959 soap opera Autumn Affair , and a number of episodes of the comedy game show The Pressure Pak Show . These shows, produced by ATN-7 in Sydney, probably survive because they were pre-recorded for
510-631: A few films from 1969 and 1970 are known to survive. They include a still frame featuring the company's logo at the time, and the text Desde Arica, hasta Tierra del Fuego (From Arica, to Tierra del Fuego), as well as several idents featuring its mascot at the time, Tevito , which also included the mascot being crushed by the TVN logo. Canal 13 (formerly Catholic University of Chile TV) also had programs whose records are lost or never existed, because only were for live broadcasting. Sábado Gigante , though began in 1962, only had recorded programs or fragments since
612-517: A few months. See List of British television series . 100 Greatest British Television Programmes was a list compiled in 2000 by the British Film Institute (BFI), chosen by a poll of industry professionals, to determine what were the greatest British television programmes of any genre ever to have been screened. Although not including any programmes made in 2000 or later, the list is useful as an indication of what were generally regarded as
714-686: A fire in 1986, this fire did not reach the station's archives. After the bankruptcy of Manchete , in 1999, most of the collection was seized at the station's studios, in Rio de Janeiro , until it was included in the bankruptcy estate and later auctioned by the Brazilian courts, which caused part of the library to be lost. However, some telenovelas (such as Pantanal ) had reruns by some television networks (such as SBT and Band ). Many 1980s and 1990s SBT productions were lost due to wiping and also due to floods that occurred in 1987 and in 1991 at its studios in
816-607: A greater total number of regional news programmes. Ofcom sets a quota for the BBC and ITV on the amount of regional programming required. Advertising on ITV1/STV and Channel 4 is regional. Channel 4 is split into 6 advertising regions, but has no regional programming. BBC Scotland and the Gaelic-language channel BBC Alba target Scotland, and the Welsh-language channel S4C targets Wales. In Northern Ireland, channels originating in
918-538: A major part in the feature film Le Mans and when production of that overran by two months, he was unavailable for series 5; the absence of his character from the series was explained as him being on an overseas mission. The teenagers, almost invariably referred to as "the kids", varied over the years. The original line-up consisted of Tom Owen , Mary Maude and Gregory Phillips. Chris Chittell featured in series 2 and 3 and Adrian Wright played Mike Hobbs in series 4–7. Former Doctor Who companion Wendy Padbury joined
1020-636: A multiplex carrying channels from the Republic of Ireland can reach 71% of Northern Irish households from 3 transmitters. Local TV and radio is available to 54% of households from an additional multiplex via 44 transmitters, and an extra multiplex is available to 54% of households in Greater Manchester. Multiple vendors sell hybrid set-top-boxes or smart TVs which combine terrestrial channels with streamed (Internet TV) content. Internet-based TV apps such as BBC iPlayer , ITVX and Channel 4 are available via
1122-460: A production assistant at the ABC), arranged for a friend to pose as a silver nitrate dealer, and the anonymous collector purchased the films for a nominal cost. Subsequently, the collector occasionally rented some of the films out to schools for a small fee, but the daughter of one of the actors involved ( Owen Weingott ) recognized her father from a Shakespeare production, and told him about it. Assuming that
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#17331258984951224-422: A small portion of the early decades of Australian TV programming has survived. Many economic, technical, social, and regulatory forces combined to prevent large-scale preservation of Australian programs from this period, and also contributed to the later destruction of most of what was recorded at the time. To this date, there is no regulatory requirement to lodge copies of programs with an archive authority such as
1326-427: A subscription platform through which Sky offer their own channels, pay-per-view services and channels from other broadcasters. Sky's digital platform launched in 1998, with the original analogue service closing in 2001. Sky was acquired by Comcast in 2018. Since 2012, Sky operate Now , an Internet TV streaming service offering subscriptions without a fixed-term contract. Sky's channel portfolio has grown greatly since
1428-463: A variety of distribution media, through which there are over 480 channels for consumers as well as on-demand content. There are six main channel owners who are responsible for most material viewed. There are 27,000 hours of domestic content produced a year, at a cost of £2.6 billion. Since 24 October 2012, all television broadcasts in the United Kingdom have been in a digital format, following
1530-402: A videotape) and junking (of a film) are colloquial terms for actions taken by radio and television production and broadcasting companies by which old audiotapes , videotapes , and kinescopes ( telerecordings ) are erased and reused or destroyed. Although the practice was once typical, especially in the 1960s and 1970s, wiping is now much less common. While the public appeal campaign,
1632-407: A week from 1957 to 1970, fewer than 100 episodes are known to survive, and many of the surviving episodes are edited prints made for rebroadcast across Australia. Early episodes of breakfast show Hey Hey It's Saturday do not exist because the program was broadcast live and did not begin live videotape recordings until a number of years later. From 1968 to 1969, Rede Tupi produced new episodes of
1734-500: Is a state-owned national broadcaster which is funded by its commercial activities (including advertising). Channel 4 has expanded greatly after gaining greater independence from the IBA , especially in the multi-channel digital world launching E4 , Film4 , More4 , 4Music , 4seven and various timeshift services . Since 2005, it has been a member of the Freeview consortium, and operates one of
1836-406: Is a subscription service operated by Sky Ltd , owned by Comcast , which launched in 1998 as SkyDigital. Compared to the previous analogue service which had launched in 1989, it provided more channels, widescreen, interactive TV and a near video-on-demand service using staggered start times for pay-per-view content. Innovations since have included high definition, 3D TV, a digital video recorder ,
1938-581: Is distributed as radio waves via terrestrial or satellite transmissions, or as electrical or light signals through ground-based cables. In the UK, these use the Digital Video Broadcasting standard. Most TVs sold in the UK (as well as much of the rest of Europe) come with a DVB-T (terrestrial) tuner. Set-top boxes are generally used to receive channels from other providers. All of the traditional services have integrated their broadcast TV with streamed channels or on-demand programmes when connected to
2040-436: Is free-of-charge to view. It replaced the subscription service named ONdigital or ITV Digital, which ran from 1998 to 2002. Digital terrestrial television was itself the replacement for analogue terrestrial TV , which ran from 1936 to 2012. As of March 2021 , Freeview provides over seventy TV and radio channels, which are received via an aerial. It is operated by Everyone TV and DTV Services Ltd., joint ventures between
2142-424: Is not the case. As no other broadcasters are known to have preserved a recording, only small portions of the original broadcast and audio from the radio transmission are accessible for the time being. State-controlled Czech Television started broadcasting in 1953. Early broadcasts were live and mostly not recorded. Only a small part, about 5–10% of Czech TV production from the 1950s, mostly news and art production,
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#17331258984952244-596: Is of the Leevi and the Leavings , which was discovered in a private collection recorded on a VHS cassette. The original tape from Yle (the Finnish Broadcasting Company) containing all fifteen acts is lost, although all acts that qualified for the final round are available online. The majority of these annual competitions held between 1961 and 1984 are now lost. The majority of Greek television shows produced before
2346-407: Is preserved. Later, the amount of programs being recorded for permanent storage increased, especially with usage of video recording since 1967. In the beginning, Czech Television lacked sufficient storage space to accommodate its constantly growing archive, so it had to store its recordings at various rented external locations. These repositories were located in rented bunkers, a barn, a pub, and even
2448-600: Is still extant is material that was captured on film (such as actuality footage, interviews, press conferences, etc., recorded for news stories). Another factor; common to all countries, was that before domestic video technology was introduced in the 1970s, there was generally no economic motive for Australian television to make or keep recordings of most TV shows, except in the case of pre-produced mainstream documentary, comedy or drama programs that could be sold to other stations in Australia, or to broadcasters overseas (e.g. Skippy
2550-419: Is the name Ofcom uses. ITV plc or its predecessor companies created additional free or subscription channels, of which the oldest still running is ITV2 , having launched in 1998. Several older channels have since stopped broadcasting; the oldest of these is Super Channel which was launched by a consortium of ITV regional companies in 1987, was sold and eventually closed in 1998. Launched in 1982, Channel 4
2652-498: Is the oldest television society in the world. Free-to-air , free-to-view and subscription providers operate, with differences in the number of channels, capabilities such as the programme guide (EPG), video on demand (VOD), high-definition (HD), interactive television via the red button , and coverage across the UK. All providers make available the UK's five most-watched channels: BBC One , BBC Two , ITV ( ITV1 / STV ), Channel 4 and Channel 5 . Broadcast television
2754-426: Is the world's oldest and largest broadcaster, and is the country's principal public service broadcaster of radio and television. BBC Television is funded primarily by a television licence and from sales of its programming to overseas markets. It does not carry advertising . The licence fee is levied on all households that watch or record TV as it is broadcast and the fee is determined by periodic negotiation between
2856-590: The BBC Archive Treasure Hunt , that aimed to search for lost BBC productions has since ended, the BBC still does accept materials. They can be contacted through the "Donating to the BBC Collection" page of the history on the BBC website. In 2006, a life-sized Dalek was given to anyone who found and returned one of the missing episodes of Doctor Who . In December 2012, the Radio Times announced it
2958-632: The Democratic Republic of the Congo . TV via the Internet can be streamed or downloaded, and consist of amateur or professionally produced content. In the UK, most broadcasters provide catch-up TV services which allow viewing of TV for a window after it was broadcast. Online video can be viewed via mobile devices, computers, TVs equipped with a built in Internet connection, or TVs connected to an external set-top-box, streaming stick or games console. Most of
3060-581: The Internet . Since 2022, broadcast-like TV services can be wholly-received via Internet-connected devices, which don't require an aerial, satellite or a traditional cable TV connection. The Broadcasters' Audience Research Board publish quarterly statistics of the number of UK households per broadcast TV platform. Aggregating the statistics for Q1 2020 show that 56% subscribe to one or more broadcast TV services, vs 44% who receive free TV. The primary digital terrestrial TV service, Freeview , launched in 2002 and
3162-458: The National Library of Australia . In the first decade of Australian television (1956–1966), Australia produced very little original local drama content, compared to other English-speaking nations. From the introduction of television in Australia in 1956 to around 1964, the commercial stations did produce their own programs, but the majority of locally produced original programming was made by
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3264-495: The Pluto TV and Paramount+ Internet streaming services. Since 2012, additional local TV channels are available via Freeview channel 7 or 8. The channels are licensed by Ofcom, with 34 local TV channels licensed as of 2 July 2020. Nineteen of the licenses are held by That's TV, and eight are held by Made Television. The remainder are held independently. Each license contains the amount of local TV programming required. As an example,
3366-678: The telenovela Beto Rockfeller by recording over previous episodes; as a result, few episodes survive. After the closure of TV Tupi in 1980, the 536 tapes at its São Paulo studios were transported to a warehouse in the São Paulo municipality of Cotia and were simply left to deteriorate there until they were recovered by the Cinemateca Brasileira in 1985 and subsequently restored by TV Cultura in 1989. Only two Rede Tupi owned and operated stations are known to have any preserved videotapes; TV Itacolomi's archives are now owned by TV Alterosa ,
3468-402: The 1960s and early 1970s survives. The majority of ABC-TV's mainstream original content (including comedy, drama, variety, news and current affairs) was produced in-house; consequently these programs all suffered considerable losses due to the corporation's policy of reusing videotape – a practice further exacerbated by budget cuts in the 1970s. In one notorious case, a controversial installment of
3570-460: The 1970s ABC comedy series The Off Show (the infamous "Leave It to Jesus" episode) was lost because the show's producer vehemently objected to its religious satire, and deliberately erased the master tape the night before it was due to be broadcast. Notable losses include: All the episodes from the first 12 months (1969–1970) of the ABC's music magazine series GTK are now lost. The majority of
3672-595: The ABC still owned the print and was making money out of these recordings without compensating the actors, Weingott lodged an official complaint. Commonwealth police descended on the illegal collector, but he was warned that they were coming, and in a panic he destroyed almost all the material he possessed. Well into the 1970s, it was still common for news, current affairs, sports coverage, game shows, talk/panel shows, infotainment programs, and variety shows to be broadcast live, and these were usually not recorded. In this early period, recording and editing TV shows on videotape
3774-550: The ABC's popular soap Bellbird , two thirds of all the taped 166 episodes from the ABC's Certain Women , and a large proportion of the Ten Network's hugely popular Young Talent Time from the 1971–1976 era. Much of the early years of Nine's then-Saturday Morning children's program Hey Hey It's Saturday was unrecorded, and many episodes recorded in the early 1970s have since been erased. Some programs or segments of programs from
3876-505: The BBC's commercial units. Originating in 1992 with UK Gold , UKTV expanded its channels from 1997 onwards, with the BBC taking full ownership in June 2019. Unlike the BBC's public service channels, the UKTV channels contain advertising. ITV, branded as ITV1 or STV, is the network of fourteen regional and one national commercial television franchise, founded in 1955 to provide competition to the BBC. ITV
3978-457: The BBC, ITV, Channel 4 and Channel 5. The transmitter network is predominately operated by Arqiva . The TV channels are transmitted in bundles, called multiplexes , and the available channels are dependent on how many multiplexes are transmitted in each area. The six national multiplexes are available to 90% of households from 92 transmitters; and three multiplexes are available to 9% of households from 1,067 transmitters. In Northern Ireland,
4080-487: The Bush Kangaroo ). Likewise, virtually no private recordings exist of Australian TV material produced before domestic video was introduced, because viewers had no practical means to record programs off-air. Before reliable, high-quality inter-city cable and satellite links were established, some Australian programs of the 1960s were routinely videotaped, usually for distribution to affiliate stations in other states – like
4182-533: The Czech Television studio archive in Ostrava experienced a devastating flood ; the flood destroyed 30,000 news film shots, 6,000 films, 2,000 video tapes, 9,000 scripts, 10,000 photographs, half of the sound archive and the costume department and the props warehouse. After the floods, the damaged archives were immediately transported to Prague, and an intensive cleaning and duplication process began, saving some of
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4284-480: The Internet. In the article, Ofcom responded that the licensing scheme was inherited from the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport . In April 2018, BBC News reported that "many of the stations have been ridiculed for the poor quality of their output or have been reported to Ofcom for breaching broadcasting rules". The local TV companies receive a subsidy from the BBC of £147.50 per local news story, funded by
4386-722: The Minas Gerais affiliate of SBT in Belo Horizonte, whereas almost all of TV Piratini's material was lost in a fire in 1983, two years after the building of the extinct station was occupied by TVE-RS , the statewide public television station in Rio Grande do Sul . The few TV Piratini surviving tapes are stored at the Hipólito José da Costa Communication Museum, in Porto Alegre , albeit in a heavily deteriorated state. Also, some tapes at
4488-578: The Rede Tupi studios in Urca , Rio de Janeiro were later found to have been significantly degraded by vinegar syndrome , hence they were unable to be migrated to a modern format. However, part of the library of Rio de Janeiro TV Tupi studios was found in 2005 at the headquarters of Radio Tupi, and later donated to the Brazilian National Archive, which signed an agreement with Globo in 2007 to preserve
4590-569: The Republic of Ireland are available, including RTÉ One , RTÉ2 and the Irish-language TG4 . British television differs from other countries, such as the United States , in as much that programmes produced in the United Kingdom do not generally have a long season run of around 20 weeks. Instead, they are produced in a series, a set of episodes varying in length, usually aired over a period of
4692-539: The Talking Pictures streaming service "TPTV Encore". The children's magazine Look-in featured a weekly cartoon strip of Freewheelers . Two novelisations by Look-in editor Alan Fennell , featuring the characters from series 6, were published in paperback: The Sign of the Beaver (1971) and The Spy Game (1972). A book about the series, Calling White Knight – The definitive book about Freewheelers by Mark Harris,
4794-616: The Ten archive include hundreds of episodes of the Melbourne-based pop music shows commissioned and broadcast by ATV-0 Melbourne in the 1960s and early 1970s— The Go!! Show (1964–1967), Kommotion (1964–1967), Uptight (1968–70), and the Happening 70s series (1970–1972). The Nine Network discarded copies of some of their programs, including the popular GTV-9 series In Melbourne Tonight starring Graham Kennedy . Though it ran five nights
4896-775: The UK, offering a combination of subscription, rental and purchase options for viewing online TV. Most are available via any Internet connection, however some require a specific broadband connection. Some services sell 3rd party services, such as Amazon's Prime Video. BARB tracks the number of households subscribing to Netflix, Prime Video and Now, referred to as SVOD households. Their statistics for Q1 2020 show that 53% of households subscribe to at least one of these, and 24% to at least two. Netflix has 13.01 million subscribers, Prime Video (Amazon) has 7.86 million, and Now has 1.62 million, according to BARB's figures for Q1 2020. BARB's equivalent figures for broadcast TV show that 56% of households subscribe. The table following summarises some of
4998-472: The UK. As of 2 January 2022, the average daily viewing time per home was 3 hours 8 minutes (of BARB-reported channels, includes broadcast and Internet viewings). 15 channels have a 4-week share of ≥ 1.0%. As of 2 January 2022 , there are 10 broadcaster groups with a four week share of ≥ 1.0% (although BARB reports sub-groups of BBC and Paramount individually, and it's unclear what the 'ITV' group refers to). The British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC )
5100-534: The ability to view recordings on other devices, remote operation via the Internet to add recordings, and on-demand content via the satellite-receiver's broadband connection of both Sky and third-party TV. The Sky subscription also includes access to Sky Go , which allows mobile devices and computers to access subscription content via the Internet. Freesat is a free satellite service operated by Everyone TV, who also operate Freeview. Like Sky, it provides high-definition content, digital recording and video-on-demand via
5202-821: The available Internet TV services in the UK. For brevity, it does not include catch-up-only or amateur-only services, individual channels, distributors of illegal or adult content, services which solely redistribute free broadcast channels, portals, or services which don't target the UK. 'Free' refers to free at the point of consumption, not including fees for Internet connectivity or a TV licence. Other international streaming services with pricing in GBP include: Acorn TV, Arrow, BKTV, Crunchyroll, Dekkoo, Demand Africa, Docsville, Funimation Now, GuideDoc, Hayu, Hoichoi, Hotstar, iQiyi, iWantTFC, Mubi, NewsPlayer+, Revry, Shudder, Starz, True Story, WOW Presents Plus and ZEE5. The Broadcasters' Audience Research Board (BARB) measures television ratings in
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#17331258984955304-403: The average viewership achieved by each broadcast during its run-time and do not include peak viewership. Notes : Lost television broadcast#Wiping A significant portion of early television programming was never recorded, largely because the means of recording were not available or because the content itself was thought to have little monetary or historical value . Wiping (of
5406-625: The beret-wearing Burke ( Michael Ripper ) in series 5 and 6. The first five series were wiped by Southern but telerecordings of series 1 and a single episode from series 2 survive, and the final three series exist in various formats. A Region 2 DVD of series 6 was released in April 2009. Repeats of the surviving episodes of Freewheelers were shown on the British satellite television channel Film 24 in 2010 and on Talking Pictures TV in 2017 and 2019. In December 2021, series 6 and 7 were made available on
5508-513: The broadband connection of Freeview Play and Netgem devices. These also support optional subscription services such as Netflix and Prime Video. EE TV and TalkTalk TV offer additional subscription services for their respective broadband customers using Netgem or YouView devices. Saorview , the terrestrial TV service in the Republic of Ireland which launched in 2011, can be received in parts of Northern Ireland via overspill transmissions. Many regional companies developed cable-television services in
5610-460: The broadband connection. Freesat and Sky TV transmit from SES Astra satellites at 28.2° east ( Astra 2E / 2F / 2G ). As the satellites are in geostationary orbit , they are positioned above the earth 's equator ( 0°00′N 28°12′E / 0°N 28.2°E / 0; 28.2 ( Satellites transmitting Sky TV and Freesat to the UK and Ireland ) ) approximately 35,786 km above sea level ; this places them above
5712-425: The broadcast TV providers have integrated their set-top-boxes with Internet video to provide a hybrid broadcast and online service. Since 2006, UK channel owners and content producers have been creating Internet services to access their programmes. Often, these are available for a window after the broadcast schedule. These services generally block users outside of the UK. There are numerous online services targeting
5814-412: The cast in series 5 as art student Sue Craig. Her youthful looks enabled her to portray a character several years her junior, although by the final series, with the actress in her mid-twenties and then married to actor Melvyn Hayes , careful camera angles were required to conceal an advancing pregnancy. Padbury was the only regular actor to appear in the eighth series, which was a single 13-part serial. She
5916-529: The channel name of STV for its two franchises in Scotland. ITV plc names the channel UTV in Northern Ireland, and ITV1 for the remaining regions, although UTV has used ITV or ITV1 branding since April 2020. The national breakfast-time franchise is held by ITV plc, which appears as an indistinguishable programming block across the network. Legally, the network has been known as Channel 3 since 1990, which
6018-498: The damaged recordings. The flooded film reels remain stored in the repository. Since 2006, a systematic digitization of all analog media in the Czech Television archive has been underway. In Finland, the law on the archiving of TV programs came into effect in 1984. In 1981, Finland held a televised competition to select their musical entry to the Eurovision Song Contest. The only live performance from their semi-final round
6120-607: The district of Vila Guilherme . The network did not have an archiving policy until 1996, when the network moved its studios to CDT da Anhanguera in Osasco , Greater São Paulo . The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation never wiped programs it produced. As a result, the CBC now maintains a nearly complete archive of all programming it produced that was recorded. One exception was the 1953–54 science-fiction series Space Command , of which only one out of 150 episodes are known to survive, although
6222-470: The early 1970s. Popular live sitcom El litre 4916 , broadcast between 1963 and 1965, was not recorded and no episodes survive. The first edition ever of the Eurovision Song Contest in 1956 was broadcast live on radio and television, but only a partial audio recording of a radio transmission has survived from the original broadcast, with an independently filmed clip of the winner's reprise as
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#17331258984956324-423: The end of analogue transmissions in Northern Ireland. Digital content is delivered via terrestrial, satellite and cable, as well as over IP. As of 2003, 53.2% of households watch through terrestrial, 31.3% through satellite, and 15.6% through cable. The Royal Television Society (RTS) is a British-based educational charity for the discussion and analysis of television in all its forms, past, present, and future. It
6426-453: The first Australian television sitcom. Information on archival status is also lacking for other 1950s-era series like The Isador Goodman Show (1956–1957), It Pays to Be Funny (1957–1958), Sweet and Low (1959), among others. Some of the best-known survivors of this period are comedy or drama series commissioned and broadcast by the ABC's commercial rivals. Frequently, these were outsourced productions made by private companies, such as
6528-448: The frequency used by Channel 5's new broadcasts. Channel 5 was the first terrestrial channel to also broadcast via satellite. From 2006 onwards, Channel 5 launched new digital channels and an Internet on-demand service. After changing ownership several times, in May 2014 Channel 5 and its sister channels were acquired by Viacom, an American media conglomerate , known as Paramount since 2022. By
6630-504: The government and the BBC. Its first analogue terrestrial channel was launched by the BBC Television Service in 1936. It rebranded to BBC1 in 1964 following the launch of BBC2 , the UK's third analogue terrestrial channel after ITV. BBC News 24 launched as an analogue cable channel in 1997, later rebranding to BBC News in 2008. BBC Parliament , which was originally an analogue cable channel known as The Parliamentary Channel,
6732-512: The government-funded Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC) . By June 1964, the ABC had produced 185 of the 212 plays, all 31 operas , and 90 of the 95 ballets shown on Australian television in that period. Some of this was recorded, but little of that material has survived. Although the inaugural broadcast of TCN-9 Sydney (16 September, 1956) is a famous footage from this period, it is a re-staged fabrication recorded several days later for archival and promotional purposes. In this early period,
6834-529: The help of the Ressoar Institute. Globo lost the first 35 broadcasts of Fantástico and most of the first years of Jornal Nacional , in addition to many segments of their other soap operas as a result of wiping, and also due to three fires that occurred in 1969 (at its São Paulo studios), 1971, and 1976, (the latter two at its Rio de Janeiro studios) where in the 1976 fire, an estimated 920 to 1,500 tapes were destroyed. Most of TV Excelsior 's output
6936-668: The late 1980s and 1990s as licences for cable television were awarded on a city-by-city basis. The mid-1990s saw the companies start to merge and the turn of the century only three big companies remained. In 2007 Telewest and NTL merged, resulting in the formation of Virgin Media , which is available to 55% of households. Cable TV is a subscription service normally bundled with a phone line and broadband. There are two distinctly-marketed direct-broadcast satellite (DBS) services (also known as direct-to-home (DTH), to be distinguished from satellite signals intended for non-consumer reception). Sky TV
7038-448: The launch of digital TV. Sky make their channels available via rival cable and Internet services as well as their own satellite service and Now. Channel 5 was the fifth analogue terrestrial channel to launch, in March 1997. Due to constraints with the available UHF frequencies at the time, many households had to retune their video recorders , which shared the frequency on their RF output with
7140-546: The license fee, paid whether the BBC uses the content or not. A June 2018 article on BuzzFeed claimed that That's TV was created "primarily to extract money from the BBC whilst delivering little content of useful value". BBC One, BBC Two and the ITV network (comprising ITV1 and STV) are split into regions in which regional news and other programming is broadcast. ITV1/STV is split into fourteen geographic licencees , with several of these split into two or three sub-regions, resulting in
7242-460: The license for Scarborough, which is held by That's TV, requires seven hours of local programming per week (one hour per day on average). Thirteen additional licenses were originally intended, but Ofcom decided not to advertise these in June 2018. The way Ofcom structured local television – being dependent on terrestrial transmission – was criticised in a Guardian article in 2015 for being "years behind in its thinking", as it does not account for
7344-399: The loss of many recordings made before early 1976, when the real reason is that Australian television converted to color in 1975. The ABC continued erasing older television output until the late 1970s. Programs known to have been produced then lost include most studio segments and stories from the 1960s current affairs shows This Day Tonight and Monday Conference , hundreds of episodes of
7446-510: The many drama series made by Melbourne-based Crawford Productions (a production brand of WIN Television ), which at its peak in the 1970s had major prime time series running concurrently on all three Australian commercial networks. Crawford retained the rights to its productions, and was able to earn money from reruns, so most of its production output was preserved. Crawford is now unique in Australian TV history because it still owns and markets
7548-477: The material recorded for the post-1970 episodes was rediscovered in ABC archives and storerooms in the early 2000s, when the ABC closed and sold off its Gore Hill , Sydney studio complex. This is due to most of the GTK program segments being recorded on film (in an older part of the studio complex) and then transferred to video for broadcast. Although many broadcast masters were wiped, many more were rescued and hidden by
7650-467: The material. Record also lost much footage from the 1960s due to wiping, fires, and deterioration; most of the MPB music festivals no longer exist, and the sitcom Família Trapo ( pt ) has only one surviving episode, featuring the late Pelé . Until 1997, Rede Record had no policy on archiving videotapes; since then, at least 600 videotapes that were previously believed to be lost have been recovered with
7752-604: The mid-1970s onward have been retrieved from people's home taping shows off-air (portions of Young Talent Time and Countdown have survived in this manner). No footage is known to exist of the Melbourne version of Tell the Truth . General lack of repeats of 1950s and 1960s Australian series makes it difficult to know what is extant and what is lost. For example, there is no information available as to whether any episodes still exist of Take That (1957–1959), sometimes considered to be
7854-476: The momentum, and Von Gelb's appearances were usually accompanied by stirring passages from Wagner's Ring Cycle . The frequent waterborne sequences of the programme were recorded using Southern Television's unique marine outside broadcast unit, known as Southerner , which also doubled as von Gelb's ship. Ronald Leigh-Hunt , as the British secret service agent Colonel Buchan, was the most regular cast member, appearing in series 1–4 and series 6. In 1971, he had
7956-458: The most successful British programmes of the 20th century. The top 10 programmes are: 100 Greatest TV Moments was a list compiled by Channel 4 in 1999. The top 10 entries are: The majority of special events attracting large audiences are often carried on more than one channel. The most-watched programme of all time on a single channel is the 1973 wedding ceremony of The Princess Anne , shown only on BBC1. The figures in these tables represent
8058-454: The need for Canadian-produced programming led to more preservation of the shows they produced, and even very poorly received programs (such as The Trouble with Tracy ) were saved and rerun for several years after their cancellation. Furthermore, Canadian rebroadcasts have been a source of some programming their producers in the United States and the United Kingdom have lost. Odd Job Jack
8160-554: The only video available. The ninth edition in 1964 was rumored to have been recorded on tape by DR , the Danish broadcaster and this edition's host nation, but later destroyed in a fire. However, DR later stated that a recording was never made in the first place, as no tape machines were available at the time. Another recording of the contest was thought to have existed at the French television archives , but it has since been revealed that this
8262-496: The plans of ex- Nazi officer Karl von Gelb to " reverse the verdict of the last war " and inflict revenge on his former enemies. Under the direction of Colonel Buchan of MI5 , the trio thwart Gelb's scheme to launch Polaris missiles on London from a captured nuclear submarine. This set the template for future stories, with the teenagers regularly preventing Gelb from carrying out massive and ingenious threats to Britain's security. The format of fast-paced action and outdoor locations
8364-451: The popular In Melbourne Tonight with Graham Kennedy – but the vast majority of these program tapes were later erased, or simply destroyed. Even after videotape was well-established in Australian TV production, the practice of erasing and reusing tapes was common in both commercial TV and the ABC, and this continued well into the 1970s. Only a very small portion surviving of the many thousands of hours of videotaped programming made during
8466-399: The program's later producer, Bernie Cannon, and nearly all the post-1970 filmed segments, including the archive of live-in-studio performances by local bands, have survived. Other shows suddenly missing from the archives include most of the first three years' of Countdown (episodes beyond 1978 of Countdown have survived in this manner), nearly all of the hundreds of 15-minute episodes of
8568-517: The purpose of interstate broadcast ( Autumn Affair , despite primitive production values, was repeated into the 1960s). The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) erased much of its early produced output. Much of the videotaped ABC program material from the 1960s and early 1970s was erased as part of an economy policy instituted in the late 1970s in which old program tapes were surrendered for bulk erasure and reuse. This policy particularly targeted older programs recorded in black-and-white, leading to
8670-591: The rural serial Bellbird , all but a handful of episodes of the early-1970s drama series Certain Women , an early-1970s miniseries of dramatizations based on Norman Lindsay 's novels, and nearly all of the pre-1978 episodes of the weekly pop-music show Countdown . Many produced episodes of popular Australian commercial TV series are also lost. In the 1970s, Network Ten had an official policy to reuse tapes; hence, many tapes of Young Talent Time and Number 96 were wiped. To this day, Network Ten still only keeps some of its programming. Other notable losses from
8772-500: The six digital terrestrial multiplexes with ITV as Digital 3&4 . Since the advent of digital television, Channel 4 is now also broadcast in Wales across all digital platforms. Channel 4 was the first British channel not to carry regional variations for programming, however it does have six set advertising regions. Sky is a European broadcaster owned by global American media conglomerate Comcast . Sky Television launched in 1989, with
8874-614: The technology then available to pre-record television programs, or to record live broadcasts off-air, was relatively primitive. Although Australia introduced television rather later (1956) than other nations like the U.S., the use of videotape did not become widespread in the Australian industry until the early 1960s, so only a small number of episodes from the earliest period have survived. Nearly all of that material exists as kinescopes . Although many important ABC programs from these early days were captured as kinescopes, most of this material
8976-556: The tenth episode was stolen and sold for a profit before it could be returned to the UK. Many lost British TV broadcasts were found in the personal archives of comedian Bob Monkhouse after his death. The 1951 unaired pilot of the American sitcom I Love Lucy was long believed lost, but in 1990, the widow of actor Pepito Pérez (who played Pepito the Clown), found a copy. It has since been shown on television. Like many other countries, only
9078-485: The time it acquired Channel 5, Paramount already operated a large number of subscription channels in the UK, including the MTV, Nickelodeon and Comedy Central channels, which are available via Sky TV, Virgin Media and Now. In terms of viewing share, the combined viewing across Paramount's channels make the group the UK's fifth largest broadcaster, according to BARB's viewing figures for 1 March 2020. Paramount additionally operates
9180-495: The villain and turned to criminal use. Teams of scientists were also regularly kidnapped and coerced into building similar gadgets: devices for changing the weather, controlling minds and melting metal at great distances all featured. Strong incidental and closing music by Laurie Johnson and a memorable theme tune, the Carnaby Street Pop Orchestra's " Teenage Carnival " composed by Keith Mansfield , helped maintain
9282-427: The whole series was kinescoped for distribution to stations across Canada. The CBC also says that the 1984–93 music video series, Video Hits , no longer exists in their archives; presumably, any recordings were wiped for legal reasons as the show used content licensed from music companies. The CTV Television Network has admitted to wiping many programs during the 1970s. Because of Canadian content requirements,
9384-500: Was a series that aired on The Comedy Network throughout 2003–2007 that has had its first season lost due to it not being properly preserved. The episode of Kevin Spencer titled "Fire Starter" was banned in 1999 from ever getting rerun, and to this day, only a Spanish version of this episode is known to exist. During the 1973 coup , the military burned a large portion of the publicly owned TVN 's archives between 1969 and 1973. Only
9486-447: Was acquired by the BBC in 1998. From 1998 onwards the BBC started digital TV transmissions, launching new channels and broadcasting via satellite in addition to terrestrial and cable. The BBC's Internet-based service iPlayer contains content from the BBC's TV channels, the Welsh-language public-service broadcaster S4C, as well as videos created from BBC radio programmes. UKTV is a commercial broadcaster owned by BBC Studios , one of
9588-666: Was completed in Kavčí Hory in Prague. All materials were relocated to this new repository, which featured strictly controlled storage conditions. Along with this, an effort to restore the damaged materials began. The Brno studio of Czech Television also stored its film reels in high humidity conditions, and these reels were later transported to the new Prague repository. Fifty percent of these film reels were found to be affected by vinegar syndrome due to poor storage conditions. Films suffering from vinegar syndrome continue to be duplicated. In 1997,
9690-601: Was damaged in a fire in 1969; however, in the late 1990s, about 100 tapes of Rede Excelsior programming were discovered in the archives of Globo and TV Gazeta and these tapes were restored by the Faculdade Cásper Líbero and subsequently donated to the Cinemateca Brasileira in 2001. The Brazilian public television network Cultura has preserved many old programs and has one of the most complete archives among Brazilian television networks. Despite having suffered
9792-553: Was enormously successful and the programme enjoyed a large home audience as well as gaining overseas sales. In colour from the fourth series, location filming moved out of the South of England with scenes shot in Spain and Majorca . Future locations would include Amsterdam , Sweden and the Ardèche . High-tech gadgets were a regular component, often machines developed for peaceful purposes seized by
9894-399: Was expensive and time-consuming, and because of the comparatively lower cost, and the high level of skill available to Australian TV networks in live broadcasting, and the lack of any market for such recordings, pre-recording or archiving of most day-to-day TV content was considered unnecessary and uneconomical. Although some news and other programming from this period has survived, most of what
9996-420: Was later lost or destroyed. In a 1999 newspaper article on the subject, author Bob Ellis recounted the story of a large collection of kinescopes of early ABC drama productions, and other programs, including some of the first Australian Shakespeare television productions, and the pioneering popular music show Six O'Clock Rock . Learning that the ABC planned to dispose of these recordings, Bruce Beresford (then
10098-452: Was launching a hunt for more Doctor Who episodes in aid of the show's 50th anniversary, by publishing their own list of missing episodes and setting up a specific address which the public could email if they had any information. In 2013, it was announced that ten 1960s episodes were discovered in a Nigerian television broadcasting station, although only nine were later released. Philip Morris, who discovered all ten episodes, speculated that
10200-557: Was published in December 2019. British television Television broadcasts in the United Kingdom began in 1932, however, regular broadcasts would only begin four years later. Television began as a public service which was free of advertising, which followed the first demonstration of a transmitted moving image in 1926. Currently, the United Kingdom has a collection of free-to-air , free-to-view and subscription services over
10302-745: Was teamed with co-star Martin Neil, who played Sue's boyfriend Dave. Initially Geoffrey Toone played the resident villain Karl von Gelb, a former high-ranking SS officer. To avoid prejudicing potential sales of the programme to West Germany , references to the character's Nazi past were dropped in series 3. From series 4, the character was replaced by a succession of similarly crazed criminal masterminds, such as Jerome Willis as Professor Nero and Commander Caine played by Kevin Stoney . The criminals were aided by various henchmen, perhaps most memorably by Ryan ( Richard Shaw ) and
10404-437: Was the country's first commercial television provider funded by advertisements . Each region was originally independent and used its own on-air identity . Through a series of mergers following relaxation of regulation in 1990, thirteen of the franchises are now held by ITV plc , and the remaining two by STV Group . Since 2012, ITV plc produces the network nationally, with STV Group acting as an affiliate . STV Group uses
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