63-680: Captain Francis Bartelo (?-1750) was a ranger who served under Edward Cornwallis during Father Le Loutre's War . Bartelo may have served with the Free Companies at Flanders during the war. Bartelo arrived in Halifax on the Merry Jacks with Cornwallis expedition. In February 1750, Bartelo successfully arrested Priest Jacque Girrard and a number of Acadians who participated in the Siege of Grand Pre . After
126-491: A statue of Cornwallis in a downtown park, leading to its removal. A Halifax church, junior high school, street and park all are no longer named after Cornwallis. Other municipalities are also removing Cornwallis' name. Cornwallis' grandfather, Charles Cornwallis, 3rd Baron Cornwallis , was First Lord of the Admiralty. His maternal grandfather was Richard Butler, 1st Earl of Arran , a Governor of Ireland (1682-1684). Cornwallis
189-628: A Call to Action. On July 1, 2017, a mourning ceremony was held at the Cornwallis statue site in Halifax. It was a ceremony to remember the missing indigenous women. It was disrupted by five members of the Canadian Armed Forces , calling themselves members of the right-wing Proud Boys . The five were suspended from the Forces and the Forces' leadership apologized. The incident was used to amplify Dan Paul's allegations against Cornwallis and to support
252-535: A Nova Scotia teacher at The Booker School, was awarded the Governor General's History Award for her class's proposal to return the statue to Cornwallis Park as part of a larger commemoration of regional ethnic groups. They suggested that the Cornwallis statue be installed among three other statues: Acadian Noël Doiron ; Viola Desmond , a civil rights activist and Black Nova Scotian ; and Mi'kmaw Chief John Denny Jr. The four statutes would be positioned as if in
315-468: A conversation with each other, discussing their accomplishments and struggles. The Canadian Coast Guard vessel CCGS Edward Cornwallis was renamed CCGS Kopit Hopson 1752 in honor of Mi'kmaq Chief Jean-Baptiste Cope and governor of Nova Scotia Peregrine Hopson . In September 2018, a petition was started by a Halifax resident requesting Cornwallis Street in North End, Halifax be renamed to honour
378-493: A fighter for the rights of the Mi’kmaq people. The statue has been a site for protests since as least 2008, when several Mi'kmaq youth gathered at its base to mark the second annual Aboriginal Day of Action . Historian John G. Reid asserts that the statue reflects the imperialist, colonial times of its creators in the early part of the twentieth century. Reid writes that the creation of the statue "was governed not by history but by
441-416: A letter to Cornwallis making it clear that, while they tolerated the small garrison at Annapolis Royal , they completely opposed settlement at Halifax: "The place where you are, where you are building dwellings, where you are now building a fort, where you want, as it were, to enthrone yourself, this land of which you want to make yourself absolute master, this land belongs to me". Mi'kmaq leaders regarded
504-658: A militia of 840 men. Despite these efforts, the conflict would continue for several years after Cornwallis' term. Despite the war footing, Cornwallis' administration would establish the Nova Scotian government, consisting of an Executive and Legislative Council, governed by the first constitution in a Canadian colony. It instituted the first British law courts in Canada; established a public school for orphans; and respected religious diversity through separation of church and state. It recruited European immigrants to Halifax, establishing
567-639: A possible Mi'kmaw name. ^ Ben Bathurst Statue of Edward Cornwallis The Statue of Edward Cornwallis was a bronze sculpture of the military/political figure Edward Cornwallis atop a large granite pedestal with plaques. It had been erected in 1931 in an urban square in the south end of Halifax, Nova Scotia , opposite the Canadian National Railway station. Cornwallis was the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia (1749–1752) and established Halifax in 1749. A Cornwallis Memorial Committee
630-410: A potent mixture of imperialism, a racially-charged triumphalism based on the savagery-civilization binary, state promotion, and an economic agenda." He writes further, "The ideology that had underpinned the raising of the statue had offered a strong and positive answer to any such concerns [of imperialist conquest] - the establishment of Halifax was a triumph of civilization over savagery, and Cornwallis
693-574: A public school for orphans. His administration also established the first Jewish community, the first German community and the first protestant dissenting congregation in present-day Canada. The arrival of Cornwallis in 1749 was during a period of armed resistance by the indigenous Miꞌkmaq , who objected to the founding of Halifax and the British colonization of Miꞌkmaꞌki , their traditional lands. The Mi'kmaq militia executed raids upon British settlements and Cornwallis responded with orders to bring back
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#1732852764972756-553: A settlement expedition of 15 vessels (including HMS Baltimore and HMS Winchelsea ) carrying about 2500 settlers. Cornwallis arrived at Chebucto Harbour on 21 June 1749, followed by the rest of the fleet five days later. The expedition suffered only one death during the passage, due to careful preparations, good ventilation on the ships, and good luck. This was remarkable at a time when the lengthy transatlantic expeditions regularly lost large numbers of persons to infectious disease. Cornwallis immediately had to decide where to site
819-464: A touch of sternness in it which is usually to be found in the faces of all men who achieve – all leaders of men and all pioneers." The Mi'kmaq militia had executed armed resistance throughout Father Le Loutre's War, preventing the British from establishing a stronghold over Mi'kma'ki. The speeches at the unveiling of the Cornwallis statue played down the Mi'kmaq armed resistance, simply giving passing reference to
882-607: The Battle at St. Croix , he also arrested the Acadians who killed Cornwallis' messenger. In March 1750, Cornwallis wrote, " Gorham is no officer at all; Capt. Bartelo, I can confided in as a good officer, and an honest man." In April, Bartelo was appointed the commander of all the independent companies in Nova Scotia . In September, Cornwallis gave command of Gilman's rangers to Captain Bartelo. He
945-516: The Battle of Fontenoy during the War of the Austrian Succession . He fought under Colonel Craig, who was killed in action. Cornwallis took over command of the regiment and organised a retreat. Cornwallis's regiment lost eight officers and 385 men. While the retreat was respected by the military, the British public chided expedition for their losses. Cornwallis played an important role in suppressing
1008-699: The Cornwallis River , and the village of Cornwallis Park ), and landmarks have been named after Cornwallis. A number of ships were named after Cornwallis, including the 1944 harbour ferry Governor Cornwallis and the Canadian Coast Guard Ship Edward Cornwallis . These commemorations of Cornwallis have become controversial in Nova Scotia. Cornwallis Junior High School was renamed Halifax Central Junior High in January 2012, In 2018,
1071-511: The Jacobite rising of 1745 . After fighting with the victorious government soldiers at the Battle of Culloden , he led a regiment of 320 men north for the pacification of the Scottish Highlands. The Duke of Cumberland ordered him to "plunder, burn and destroy through all the west part of Invernesshire called Lochaber." Cumberland added: "You have positive orders to bring no more prisoners to
1134-628: The Monarchist League , was awarded the Governor General's History Awards for her students' proposal to retain the statue in Cornwallis Park. Her proposal was to include the Cornwallis statue among three other statues of Acadian Noël Doiron , Black Nova Scotian Viola Desmond and Mi'kmaw hereditary grand Chief John Denny Jr. The four statutes would be positioned as if in a conversation with each other, discussing their accomplishments and struggles. The joint Halifax-Mi'kmaw task force on
1197-556: The Board of Trade and Plantations. Lord Halifax (likely his staff) had drawn up the expedition plans for the British Government. When Cornwallis arrived in Halifax, there had already been a decades-long history of the Mi'kmaq participating in raids on British settlements in present-day Maine, often allied with French colonists in continuing national tensions. Both sides took captives, sometimes for ransom or adoption by First Nations. (See
1260-408: The British at Chignecto, Canso and Dartmouth . To stop the raids on the British settlements and pressure the natives into submission, Cornwallis announced an extirpation proclamation to remove the Mi'kmaq from peninsular Nova Scotia. As part of the proclamation, he offered a bounty for the capture or scalps of Mi'kmaw men. Later instructions offered a bounty for the capture of women and children:
1323-516: The Cornwallis Memorial Committee compared the founding of Halifax to that of ancient Rome, praising Cornwallis' "sterling manhood" and considering him an example to "men of English blood the world over [who] are accustomed to give voice to a just pride in the achievements of their race, as a colonizing power..." During one of the speeches at the unveiling of the statue, Cornwallis was described as "a virile, strong, stand fast face with
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#17328527649721386-412: The Cornwallis Memorial Committee in the late 1920s to erect a statue to recognize Edward Cornwallis as the "Founder of Halifax" and to promote tourism. The statue was made by J. Massey Rhind and unveiled on June 22, 1931, on the 182nd anniversary of Cornwallis' arrival to Halifax as Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia . It was positioned in the center of a paved area within the new Cornwallis Park, across
1449-580: The Cornwallis Street Baptist Church changed its name to New Horizons Baptist Church to disassociate itself from Cornwallis. In 2023, Cornwallis Street in Halifax was renamed Nora Bernard Street. The statue became the site of several Mi'kmaw protests in 2017 and the city established a committee to determine how to deal with the issue. Disturbed by lack of progress, in January 2018 the Assembly of Mi'kmaq Chiefs called for immediate removal of
1512-516: The Halifax settlement as "a great theft that you have perpetrated against me." Cornwallis sought to project British military power throughout Nova Scotia by establishing forts in the largest Acadian communities, at Pisiguit ( Windsor ) ( Fort Edward ), Grand Pré ( Fort Vieux Logis ), and Chignecto ( Fort Lawrence ). The French erected forts at present- day Saint John , Chignecto ( Fort Beauséjour ), and Port Elgin, New Brunswick . The fighting started when Acadians and Mi'kmaq responded by attacking
1575-457: The Mi'kmaq being obstacles to settlement. Since the 1980s, the most notable advocate for the removal of the Cornwallis statue from a public space has been Daniel N. Paul , author of the 1993 book We Were Not the Savages . Paul has suggested renaming the park Donald Marshall Jr. Memorial Park and replacing the statue with one of Donald Marshall Jr. , wrongly convicted of murder in his youth and
1638-562: The Northeast Coast Campaigns 1688 , 1703 , 1723 , 1724 , 1745 , 1746 , 1747 ). During this time period, various British governors had issued proclamations against the Mi'kmaq for their participation in the raids. One of Cornwallis's first priorities was to renew early treaties with the Mi'kmaq and other indigenous tribes in the region. He met with chiefs of the Maliseet , Passamaquoddy and Mi'kmaq (Mi'kmaw) from Chignecto in
1701-708: The Summer of 1749. They agreed with the British to end fighting and renewed an earlier 1725 treaty drafted in Boston, redrafted as the Treaty of 1749. Cornwallis's efforts to have other Mi'kmaq tribes sign treaties were rejected. Most Mi'kmaq leaders in Nova Scotia remained loyal to the French King, Louis XV . Mi'kmaq leaders met at St. Peters with French missionary Malliard in September 1749 to respond to these British actions. They composed
1764-483: The age of 63. His body was returned to England and laid to rest at Culford Parish Church in Culford, near Bury St. Edmunds on 9 February 1776. Both of his family titles are now extinct. In 1899, MacDonald wrote, "His name is fast coming under the category of 'Britain's forgotten worthies'." In 1763, Cornwallis married Mary Townshend, daughter of Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend and Dorothy Townshend (Walpole),
1827-475: The argument that, despite the wording of the Halifax Treaties , the Mi'kmaw never surrendered to the British and that Nova Scotia is unceded Mi'kmaq lands. On July 15, a group of protesters arrived at the site with the intention of removing the statue. City of Halifax workers arrived and covered up the statue with a black tarpaulin. The shroud covered the statue for the duration of when the protesters were at
1890-466: The bounty promised a reward for "every Indian you shall destroy (upon producing his Scalp as the Custom is) or every Indian taken [prisoner], Man, Woman or Child." Despite the bounty, the British forces and settlers had virtually no encounters with the Mi'kmaq and their raids against the British continued. Cornwallis increased the bounty dramatically for Mi'kmaw warriors. Settlers brought in only one scalp in
1953-454: The camp." Cumberland's campaign was later described by one historian as one of unrestrained violence. Cornwallis ordered his men to chase off livestock, and destroy crops and food stores. Against Cornwallis' orders, some soldiers raped and murdered non-combatants in an incident to intimidate Jacobites from further rebellion. In 1747 Cornwallis was made a Groom of the Bedchamber , serving in
Francis Bartelo - Misplaced Pages Continue
2016-473: The colonial process. In April 2017, the city council voted to appoint an expert panel which would include Mi’kmaq representatives to recommend a way forward to deal with commemorations of Cornwallis in the city. During the Halifax Regional Council meeting, on July 18, 2017, an account from the group called Removing Cornwallis was read by Mayor Mike Savage, with respect to the group's Declaration for
2079-467: The colony in October 1752. The treaty was ultimately rejected by most of the other Mi'kmaq leaders. Cope burned the treaty six months after he signed it. As Governor, Cornwallis reported to the Board of Trade of Britain. The Board repeatedly expressed concern to Cornwallis for overspending: over the amount of bread delivered, the cost of arming Chignecto. In March 1751, Cornwallis was told that he would lose
2142-441: The confidence of parliament unless he refrained from overspending in the future. Cornwallis replied that the Board had underestimated the task of establishing Halifax under such hostile conditions and that to "flatter Your Lordships with hopes of savings" would be "dissimulation of the worst kind." In November 1756 Cornwallis was one of three colonels who were ordered to proceed to Gibraltar and from there embark for Menorca , which
2205-456: The first Jewish community , the first ethnic German community , made up of Protestants from Germany and Switzerland, and the first Protestant dissenting congregation in a Canadian colony. Cornwallis is commemorated in Nova Scotia in the naming of its rivers, parks, streets, towns, and buildings. Such historic commemoration of Cornwallis has become controversial because of the extirpation proclamation. In Halifax, there were numerous protests at
2268-466: The founding of the city and had local historical value. According to historian John G. Reid , the conflicting viewpoints centred on the issue of historical memory , that is, "how the past should be publicly remembered." In 2018, after several public protests at the site, the statue and pedestal were removed on order of the Halifax Regional Council , citing safety concerns and concerns about
2331-577: The households of both kings George II and George III until 1764. He also became MP for Eye from 1743 to 1749 and then for Westminster for 1753 to 1762, in Parliament he was seen as an Old Whig . The British Government appointed Cornwallis as Governor of Nova Scotia with the task of establishing a new British settlement to counter France's Fortress Louisbourg . In this period, governors were frequently selected from senior officers. He sailed from England aboard HMS Sphinx on 14 May 1749, followed by
2394-479: The king's commission. Though I think him no officer, I can (not) dismiss him." Edward Cornwallis Edward Cornwallis (5 March [ O.S. 22 February] 1713 – 14 January 1776) was a British career military officer and member of the aristocratic Cornwallis family, who reached the rank of Lieutenant General . After Cornwallis fought in Scotland, putting down the Jacobite rebellion of 1745 , he
2457-420: The naval forces, and James Wolfe , quartermaster general, voted to attack. Mordaunt and Cornwallis carried the day and the mission was abandoned. Mordaunt was arrested and faced court martial. Cornwallis testified that an attempted landing at Rochefort would have been "dangerous, almost impracticable and madness." Cornwallis served as the governor of Gibraltar from 14 June 1761 to January 1776 when he died at
2520-621: The next nine months. In May 1751, the Mi'kmaq mounted their largest attack on British settlers with the Raid on Dartmouth . With this raid, the Mi'kmaq stopped British expansion and they stopped attacking. Cornwallis interpreted the cessation of attacks as the Mi'kmaq wanting peace. Cornwallis laid the foundation for and was at the signing of the Treaty of 1752 with Major Cope, attending at Cope's request. Having committed to being Governor only for two years, Cornwallis eventually resigned his commission and left
2583-532: The night, which had a chilling effect on the New Englanders. Apparently unaware of Bartelo's death, in September 1750, Cornwallis wrote, "The command of the Rangers is given to capt. Bartelo, a good officer, and one I can confide in. He has both prudence, activity and courage. Gorham has my leave to go home, as he represents to me great sums are due him for raising and keeping up that company before I came here. He has
Francis Bartelo - Misplaced Pages Continue
2646-482: The other officers. The officers faced court martial on "suspicion of disobedience of orders and neglect of duty." Byng was found guilty and executed. Cornwallis testified that he had not disobeyed orders, but that it was "impracticable" to land at Menorca due to stiff French defences. Further, he said he was following Byng's command. "I looked upon myself as under the command of the admiral and should have thought it my duty to have obeyed him", he testified. Cornwallis
2709-437: The prominent human rights advocate Rocky Jones . The petition was signed by over 1,700 people, and presented to Halifax City Council by the area's City Councillor. The petition to name the street after Jones was again presented to Halifax Regional Council in October 2021, with 9,330 signatures. Council decided to rename the street and invited submission by the general public. A task force struck by Council has recommended naming
2772-683: The scalps of Mi'kmaq persons. The order was not effective and Father Le Loutre's War as it is known now, would continue past the term of Cornwallis, who resigned in 1752 and returned to England. The Mi'kmaq were defeated along with the French and Acadians in the French and Indian War and made peace with the British under the Halifax Treaties . The Mi'kmaq still contest the possession of Miꞌkmaꞌki and land claims actions are underway in New Brunswick and elsewhere. Nova Scotia Premier Edgar Nelson Rhodes set up
2835-438: The scene. The City crew removed their covering. However, an orange tarpaulin was attached to the statue to obscure it, later that evening. On January 31, 2018, the statue was removed after City Council voted 12–4 in favour of moving the statue into storage. Both the statue and the stone pedestal on which it stood were placed in storage. On January 28, 2019, Temma Frecker, a Nova Scotia teacher at The Booker School and member of
2898-454: The settlers and build the town at the site of present-day Downtown Halifax ; it was halfway up the harbour with deep water, and protected by a natural, defensible hill (later known as Citadel Hill ). By 24 July, the plans of the town had been drawn up. In August lots were drawn to award settlers their town plots in a settlement that was to be named "Halifax" after Lord Halifax , the President of
2961-716: The sister of Robert Walpole . His marriage to Mary did not produce any children. His brother, Charles Cornwallis, 1st Earl Cornwallis married Mary's half sister, Elizabeth, daughter of Charles and his first wife, Elizabeth Pelham. Through his brother's marriage, he became uncle of Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis. Several buildings, ( Canadian Forces Base Cornwallis , a former Canadian Forces Base located in Deep Brook, Nova Scotia ) places (Cornwallis Street in Halifax, Cornwallis Street in Shelburne , Cornwallis Street in Lunenburg ,
3024-407: The statue being vandalized and placed in storage. In 2021, the park was renamed "Peace and Friendship Park". During Cornwallis' term as Governor of Nova Scotia, he oversaw the founding of Halifax and Dartmouth, established the first law courts (court of General Sessions, County Court, and Supreme Court), erected forts at Grand Pre, Chignecto and Halifax, organized a militia of 840 men and established
3087-508: The statue. The Cornwallis statue was covered with a tarpaulin, then removed by order of Halifax Regional Council on 30 January 2018 and placed into storage. Council worked with Mi'kmaw Chiefs to establish a task force to examine the commemoration of Cornwallis and the final disposition of the statue, as well as how best to commemorate Indigenous history in the Halifax Regional Municipality. On 28 January 2019, Temma Frecker,
3150-514: The street New Horizons Street after the New Horizons Baptist Church. A short list of suggestions from submissions by the general public was gathered and a further poll was held to select a final name. "Nora Bernard Street", named after the late Mi'kmaq activist Nora Bernard , topped the public poll. In December 2022, Halifax council voted in favour of the new name, which took effect in October 2023. In 2021, Cornwallis Park in Halifax
3213-434: The street from the train station and the new Nova Scotian Hotel. The CA$ 20,000 (equivalent to $ 383,171 in 2023) statue was paid for primarily by Canadian National Railway . The statue is a 9 feet (2.7 m) tall bronze on a 10 feet (3.0 m) tall stone pedestal. The statue was modelled on Roman examples of statues of emperors, in a form of triumphalism. The design was deliberate. Archibald MacMechan who served on
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#17328527649723276-473: The town. Settlement organizers in England had recommended Point Pleasant , due to its close access to the ocean and ease of defence. His naval advisers opposed this site because it lacked shelter and had shallows preventing the docking of ocean-going ships. They wanted the town to be located at the head of Bedford Basin , a sheltered location with deep water. Others favoured Dartmouth . Cornwallis decided to land
3339-524: Was a career officer and rose to the rank of major-general in the Army. Initially it was not determined which twin brother would enter the church and which the military. The matter was decided by accident: one day, Frederick fell and the injury paralysed his arm. He would take the religious path. At age 18, in 1731, Edward was commissioned into the 47th Regiment of Foot . In the 20th regiment, led by Brig. General Thomas Bligh , Edward Cornwallis participated in
3402-523: Was also one of the senior officers in the September 1757 Raid on Rochefort which saw a failed amphibious descent on the French coastline. The vast force massed on the Isle of Wight before sailing for Rochefort. The fleet stopped at Île D'Aix and examined the French defences. General Sir John Mordaunt , head of the land forces, decided the defences were too strong to attack. He called a council of war. Cornwallis voted to retreat, while Admiral Edward Hawke , head of
3465-542: Was appointed Groom of the Chamber for King George II (a position he held for the next 17 years). He was then made Governor of Nova Scotia (1749–1752), one of the colonies in North America, and assigned to establish the new town of Halifax, Nova Scotia . Later Cornwallis returned to London, where he was elected as MP for Westminster and married the niece of Robert Walpole , Great Britain's first Prime Minister. Cornwallis
3528-426: Was just that they were an inconvenient obstacle, but rather was an invasion and – like all invasions – was bitterly resisted." There is also concern about the message the statue sends about Cornwallis. Dr Reid says, “When you have somebody on a pedestal in public place of that kind, then what you are doing essentially is validating that person.” Reid felt that the continued presence of the Cornwallis statue normalized
3591-478: Was next appointed as Governor of Gibraltar . Cornwallis arrived in Nova Scotia during a period of conflict with the local indigenous Miꞌkmaq peoples of peninsular Nova Scotia. The Mi'kmaq opposed the founding of Halifax and conducted war raids on the colony. Cornwallis responded with the extirpation proclamation of 1749, orders to bring back scalps of those he considered to be rebels. His administration erected forts at Grand Pre, Chignecto and Halifax and organized
3654-572: Was renamed "Peace and Friendship Park" by the Regional Municipality of Halifax. Bridgewater renamed Cornwallis Street to Crescent Street in 2022. The town of Kentville renamed its Cornwallis Street to Bridge Street in September 2023. Lunenburg is another municipality that is committed to renaming its Cornwallis Street. The town approved a change to Queen Street in December 2023, but is reconsidering that choice to provide for public input over
3717-456: Was struck in the 1920s and a statue was raised to pay tribute to Cornwallis and to promote tourism. Since the 1980s the existence of the statue has generated significant controversy. To the Mi'kmaq First Nation, the first residents of the area, the statue symbolized the injustices they had suffered through the colonial period, and up to the present day. To many other Nova Scotians, the statue represented
3780-419: Was the city's courageous founder." Reid identifies that Paul's work, along with historians from the 1980s onward, helped to highlight the violence used in the process of colonization. Reid suggests that Paul's work has been part of larger efforts to target Cornwallis in a symbolic manner, "representing the broader reality that colonization was not a benign process in which the significance of indigenous people
3843-459: Was the commander at Fort Sackville in August 1750, when he served as second in command at the Battle at Chignecto . On August 26 Salusbury recorded that the Mi'kmaq and Acadian militias killed him in the battle. 35 Mi'kmaq and Acadians ambushed Ranger Captain Francis Bartelo, killing him and six of his men while taking seven others captive. The Mi'kmaq conducted ritual torture of the captives throughout
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#17328527649723906-570: Was the son of Charles , 4th Baron Cornwallis , and Lady Charlotte Butler, daughter of the Earl of Arran and his wife. The Cornwallis family possessed estates at Culford in Suffolk and the Channel Islands . Cornwallis and his twin brother, Frederick Cornwallis , were made royal pages at the age of 12. They were enrolled at Eton at age 14. Their older brother, Stephen Cornwallis , the third son born,
3969-472: Was then under siege from the French . Admiral John Byng called a council of war, which involved Cornwallis, and advised the return of the fleet to Gibraltar leaving the garrison at Menorca to its fate. Byng, Cornwallis and the other officers were arrested when they returned to England. A large, unruly mob attacked the officers as they left their ships in Portsmouth and later burned effigies of Cornwallis and
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