Adobe FrameMaker is a document processor designed for writing and editing large or complex documents, including structured documents . It was originally developed by Frame Technology Corporation, which was bought by Adobe .
57-530: FrameMaker became an Adobe product in October 1995 when Adobe purchased Frame Technology Corp. Adobe added SGML support, which was eventually adapted into XML support. In April 2004, Adobe stopped supporting FrameMaker for the Macintosh . This reinvigorated rumors surfacing in 2001 that product development and support for FrameMaker were being wound down. Adobe denied these rumors in 2001, later releasing FrameMaker 8 at
114-500: A flow charts . This basic design can be enhanced by the simple addition of new links and new documents, located anywhere in the local area network, that foreshadowed Tim Berners-Lee's initial prototype that was written on NeXTSTEP in October–December 1990. In the 1990s, the pioneering PC games Doom , Doom II , Quake , and their respective level editors were developed by id Software on NeXT machines. Other games based on
171-575: A DTD, the different character sets, features, delimiter sets, and keywords are specified in the SGML Declaration to create the concrete syntax of the document. Although full SGML allows implicit markup and some other kinds of tags, the XML specification (s4.3.1) states: Each XML document has both a logical and a physical structure. Physically, the document is composed of units called entities. An entity may refer to other entities to cause their inclusion in
228-401: A demonstration of /etc/publisher. They thought there was a great opportunity for this and contacted Corfield. After several days of meetings they decided to form a company together. Kirsch, Murray, and Blakeslee left Mouse Systems and Corfield moved from New York to join them. Originally written for SunOS (a variant of UNIX) on Sun machines, FrameMaker was a popular technical writing tool, and
285-553: A document instance, provided: For example, if OMITTAG YES is specified in the SGML Declaration (enabling the OMITTAG feature), and the DTD includes the following declarations: then this excerpt: which omits two <title> tags and two </title> tags, would represent valid markup. Omitting tags is optional – the same excerpt could be tagged like this: and would still represent valid markup. Note: The OMITTAG feature
342-596: A few months, Corfield had completed a functional prototype he called /etc/publisher. The prototype caught the eye of salesmen at the fledgling Sun Microsystems, which lacked commercial applications to showcase the graphics capabilities of their workstations. They got permission from Corfield to use the prototype of /etc/publisher as demoware for their computers. Kirsch and Blakeslee were founding members of Mouse Systems , where they brought on Murray as Director of Application Software Development. In early 1986, Kirsch and Murray were visiting Sun Microsystems where they were given
399-491: A grammar, or documents which have a DOCTYPE declaration that makes no XML Infoset contributions to the document. The standard calls this fully tagged . Integrally stored reflects the XML requirement that elements end in the same entity in which they started. Reference-free reflects the HTML requirement that entity references are for special characters and do not contain markup. SGML validity commentary, especially commentary that
456-417: A great deal of typographical control in a reasonably intuitive and totally WYSIWYG way. The output documents could be of very high typographical quality. Frame Technology later ported FrameMaker to Microsoft Windows , but the company lost direction soon after its release. Up to this point, FrameMaker had been targeting a professional market for highly technical publications, such as the maintenance manuals for
513-454: A notion of unambiguity which closely resembles the LL(1) conditions and specifies various differences. There appears to be no definitive classification of full SGML against a known class of formal grammar . Plausible classes may include tree-adjoining grammars and adaptive grammars . NeXTSTEP NeXTSTEP is a discontinued object-oriented , multitasking operating system based on
570-462: A one-page letter. And despite some initially enthusiastic users. Adobe Systems acquired the product and returned the focus to the professional market. Then, they released a new version under the name Adobe FrameMaker 5.1 in 1996. Today, Adobe FrameMaker is still a widely used publication tool for technical writers , although no version has been released for the Mac OS X operating system, limiting use of
627-612: A redesigned user interface and several enhancements, including: full support for DITA , support for more media types, better PDF output, and enhanced WebDAV-based CMS integration. Platform support for Sun Solaris and Windows 2000 was dropped, leaving Windows XP and Windows Vista as the sole remaining platforms. FrameMaker 10 (2011) again refined the user interface and introduced several changes, including: integration with content management systems via EMC Documentum 6.5 with Service Pack 1 and Microsoft SharePoint Server 2007 with Service Pack 2. There were several major competitors in
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#1732854685953684-461: A right full stop , and an :e prefix denotes an end tag: :xmp.Hello, world:exmp. . According to the reference syntax, letter case (upper- or lower-case) is not distinguished in tag names, so the three tags <quote> , <QUOTE> , and <quOtE> are equivalent. (A concrete syntax might change this rule via the NAMECASE NAMING declarations.) SGML has features for reducing
741-478: A successor to the classic Mac OS , and merged NeXTSTEP and OpenStep with the Macintosh user environment to create Mac OS X. All of Apple's subsequent platforms since iPhone OS 1 were then based on Mac OS X (later renamed macOS ). NeXTSTEP (also stylized as NeXTstep , NeXTStep , and NEXTSTEP ) is a combination of several parts: NeXTSTEP is a preeminent implementation of the last three items. The toolkits are
798-464: A type-valid SGML document, a tag-valid SGML document, or both. Note: A user may wish to enforce additional constraints on a document, such as whether a document instance is integrally-stored or free of entity references. A type-valid SGML document is defined by the standard as An SGML document in which, for each document instance, there is an associated document type declaration (DTD) to whose DTD that instance conforms. A tag-valid SGML document
855-404: A user opens a structured file in unstructured FrameMaker, the structure is lost. MIF (Maker Interchange Format) is a markup language that functions as a companion to FrameMaker. MIF always had 3 purposes. The first was to represent FrameMaker documents in a relatively simple ASCII -based format, which can be produced or understood by other software systems and also by human operators. The second
912-480: A wide range of markup languages as found in the mid 1980s. These ranged from terse Wiki -like syntaxes to RTF -like bracketed languages to HTML -like matching-tag languages. SGML did this by a relatively simple default reference concrete syntax augmented with a large number of optional features that could be enabled in the SGML Declaration. Not every SGML parser can necessarily process every SGML document. Because each processor's System Declaration can be compared to
969-467: Is Apple's macOS , which then yielded iPhone OS 1 , iOS , iPadOS , watchOS , and tvOS . The first web browser , WorldWideWeb , and the first app store were all invented on the NeXTSTEP platform. 1990 CERN: A Joint proposal for a hypertext system is presented to the management. Mike Sendall buys a NeXT cube for evaluation, and gives it to Tim Berners-Lee . Tim's prototype implementation on NeXTSTEP
1026-521: Is a free software implementation of the OpenStep standard. Delivered on 2 CDs: NeXTSTEP CISC and NeXTSTEP RISC . The Developer CD includes libraries for all architectures , so that programs can be cross-compiled on any architecture for all architectures. Allegedly dropped due to complaints of having to re-teach users but not for technical reasons (the new UI worked well in the beta). Versions up to 4.1 are general releases. OPENSTEP 4.2 pre-release 2
1083-417: Is a standard for defining generalized markup languages for documents. ISO 8879 Annex A.1 states that generalized markup is "based on two postulates ": DocBook SGML and LinuxDoc are examples which used SGML tools. SGML is an ISO standard: "ISO 8879:1986 Information processing – Text and office systems – Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)", of which there are three versions: SGML
1140-513: Is called "OPENSTEP for Mach" and its first release (4.0) superseded NeXTSTEP 3.3 on NeXT, Sun, and Intel IA-32 systems. Following an announcement on December 20, 1996, Apple Computer acquired NeXT on February 4, 1997, for $ 429 million. Based upon the " OPENSTEP for Mach" operating system, and developing the OpenStep API to become Cocoa , Apple created the basis of Mac OS X , and eventually of iOS , iPadOS , watchOS , and tvOS . GNUstep
1197-491: Is defined by the standard as An SGML document, all of whose document instances are fully tagged. There need not be a document type declaration associated with any of the instances. Note: If there is a document type declaration , the instance can be parsed with or without reference to it. Tag-validity was introduced in SGML (ENR+WWW) to support XML which allows documents with no DOCTYPE declaration but which can be parsed without
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#17328546859531254-505: Is made in the space of a few months, thanks to the qualities of the NeXTSTEP software development system. This prototype offers WYSIWYG browsing/authoring! Current Web browsers used in "surfing the Internet" are mere passive windows, depriving the user of the possibility to contribute. During some sessions in the CERN cafeteria, Tim and I try to find a catching name for the system. I was determined that
1311-500: Is now associated with wiki markup , e.g. wherein two equals-signs (==), at the start of a line, are the "heading start-tag", and two equals signs (==) after that are the "heading end-tag". SGML markup languages whose concrete syntax enables the SHORTTAG VALUE feature, do not require attribute values containing only alphanumeric characters to be enclosed within quotation marks—either double " " (LIT) or single ' ' (LITA)—so that
1368-430: Is part of a trio of enabling ISO standards for electronic documents developed by ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 34 (ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 34 – Document description and processing languages) : SGML is supported by various technical reports, in particular SGML descended from IBM 's Generalized Markup Language (GML), which Charles Goldfarb , Edward Mosher, and Raymond Lorie developed in
1425-568: Is the NET (Null End Tag) construction: <ITALICS/this/ , which is structurally equivalent to <ITALICS>this</ITALICS> . Additionally, the SHORTTAG NETENABL IMMEDNET feature allows shortening tags surrounding an empty text value, but forbids shortening full tags: can be written as wherein the first slash ( / ) stands for the NET-enabling "start-tag close" (NESTC), and
1482-513: Is unrelated to the tagging of elements whose declared content is EMPTY as defined in the DTD: Elements defined like this have no end tag, and specifying one in the document instance would result in invalid markup. This is syntactically different from XML empty elements in this regard. Tags can be replaced with delimiter strings, for a terser markup, via the SHORTREF feature. This markup style
1539-571: The Doom engine such as Heretic and its sequel Hexen by Raven Software , and Strife by Rogue Entertainment were developed on NeXT hardware using id's tools. Altsys made the NeXTSTEP application Virtuoso, version 2 of which was ported to Mac OS and Windows to become Macromedia FreeHand version 4. The modern "Notebook" interface for Mathematica , and the advanced spreadsheet Lotus Improv , were developed using NeXTSTEP. The software that controlled MCI 's Friends and Family calling plan program
1596-504: The Boeing 777 project, and licensed each copy for $ 2,500. But the Windows version brought the product to the $ 500 price range, which cannibalized its own non-Windows customer base. The company's attempt to sell sophisticated technical publishing software to the home DTP market was a disaster. A tool designed for a 1,000-page manual was too cumbersome and difficult for an average home user to type
1653-570: The Mach kernel and the UNIX -derived BSD . It was developed by NeXT Computer , founded by Steve Jobs , in the late 1980s and early 1990s and was initially used for its range of proprietary workstation computers such as the NeXTcube . It was later ported to several other computer architectures . Although relatively unsuccessful at the time, it attracted interest from computer scientists and researchers. It hosted
1710-579: The OPEN LOOK GUI standard to win over Motif, so Sun contracted Frame Technology to implement a version of FrameMaker on their PostScript -based NeWS windowing system. The NeWS version of FrameMaker was successfully released to those customers adopting the OPEN LOOK standards. At this point, FrameMaker was considered an extraordinary product for its day, not only enabling authors to produce highly structured documents with relative ease, but also giving users
1767-462: The information technology field. SGML also was extensively applied by the military, and the aerospace, technical reference, and industrial publishing industries. The advent of the XML profile has made SGML suitable for widespread application for small-scale, general-purpose use. SGML (ENR+WWW) defines two kinds of validity. According to the revised Terms and Definitions of ISO 8879 (from the public draft ): A conforming SGML document must be either
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1824-535: The regular expression notation of automata theory, because automata theory provides a theoretical foundation for some aspects of the notion of conformance to a content model. No assumption should be made about the general applicability of automata to content models. A report on an early implementation of a parser for basic SGML, the Amsterdam SGML Parser, notes the DTD-grammar in SGML must conform to
1881-529: The 1960s. Goldfarb, editor of the international standard, coined the "GML" term using their surname initials. Goldfarb also wrote the definitive work on SGML syntax in "The SGML Handbook". The syntax of SGML is closer to the COCOA format. As a document markup language, SGML was originally designed to enable the sharing of machine-readable large-project documents in government, law, and industry. Many such documents must remain readable for several decades—a long time in
1938-662: The canonical development system for all of the software on the system. It introduced the idea of the Dock (carried through OpenStep and into macOS ) and the Shelf . NeXTSTEP originated or innovated a large number of other GUI concepts which became common in other operating systems: 3D chiseled widgets, large full-color icons , system-wide drag and drop of a wide range of objects beyond file icons, system-wide piped services , real-time scrolling and window dragging, properties dialog boxes called "inspectors", and window modification notices (such as
1995-715: The company was profitable early on. Because of the flourishing desktop publishing market on the Apple Macintosh , the software was ported to the Mac as its second platform. In the early 1990s, a wave of UNIX workstation vendors— Apollo , Data General , MIPS , Motorola and Sony —provided funding to Frame Technology for an OEM version for their platforms. At the height of its success, FrameMaker ran on more than thirteen UNIX platforms, including NeXT Computer 's NeXTSTEP , Dell 's System V Release 4 UNIX and IBM 's AIX operating systems . Sun Microsystems and AT&T were promoting
2052-522: The current document in MIF. Any document that can be created interactively in FrameMaker can also be represented, exactly and completely, in MIF (the reverse, however, is not true: a few FrameMaker features are available only through MIF). All versions of FrameMaker can export documents in MIF, and can also read MIF documents, including documents created by an earlier version or by another program. Frame Technology
2109-436: The document's SGML Declaration it is always possible to know whether a document is supported by a particular processor. Many SGML features relate to markup minimization. Other features relate to concurrent (parallel) markup (CONCUR), to linking processing attributes (LINK), and to embedding SGML documents within SGML documents (SUBDOC). The notion of customizable features was not appropriate for Web use, so one goal of XML
2166-513: The document. A document begins in a "root" or document entity. Logically, the document is composed of declarations, elements, comments, character references, and processing instructions , all of which are indicated in the document by explicit markup. For introductory information on a basic, modern SGML syntax, see XML . The following material concentrates on features not in XML and is not a comprehensive summary of SGML syntax. SGML generalizes and supports
2223-640: The end of July 2007, FrameMaker 9 in 2009, FrameMaker 10 in 2011, FrameMaker 11 in 2012, FrameMaker 12 in 2014, FrameMaker (2015 release - confusingly, internal version 13.0) in June 2015, FrameMaker 2017 (internal version 14.0) in January 2017, FrameMaker 2019 (internal version 15.0) in August 2018, FrameMaker 2020 (internal version 16.0) in 2020, and FrameMaker 2022 (internal version 17.0) in 2022. FrameMaker has two ways of approaching documents: structured and unstructured. When
2280-471: The following declarations: (and "&#RE;&#RS;" is a short-reference delimiter in the concrete syntax), then: is equivalent to: SGML has many features that defied convenient description with the popular formal automata theory and the contemporary parser technology of the 1980s and the 1990s. The standard warns in Annex H: The SGML model group notation was deliberately designed to resemble
2337-399: The markup norm is using angle brackets as start- and end-tag delimiters in an SGML document (per the standard-defined reference concrete syntax ), it is possible to use other characters—provided a suitable concrete syntax is defined in the document's SGML declaration . For example, an SGML interpreter might be programmed to parse GML, wherein the tags are delimited with a left colon and
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2394-644: The name should not yet again be taken from Greek mythology. Tim proposes "World-Wide Web". I like this very much, except that it is difficult to pronounce in French... Some features and keyboard shortcuts now common to web browsers originated in NeXTSTEP conventions. The basic layout options of HTML 1.0 and 2.0 are attributable to those features of NeXT's Text class. Lighthouse Design Ltd . developed Diagram! , a drawing tool, originally called BLT (for Box-and-Line Tool) in which objects (boxes) are connected together using "smart links" (lines) to construct diagrams such
2451-459: The number of characters required to mark up a document, which must be enabled in the SGML Declaration. SGML processors need not support every available feature, thus allowing applications to tolerate many types of inadvertent markup omissions; however, SGML systems usually are intolerant of invalid structures. XML is intolerant of syntax omissions, and does not require a DTD for checking well-formedness. Both start tags and end tags may be omitted from
2508-554: The original development of the Electronic AppWrapper, the first commercial electronic software distribution catalog to collectively manage encryption and provide digital rights for application software and digital media , a forerunner of the modern " app store " concept. It is the platform on which Tim Berners-Lee created the first web browser , and on which id Software developed the video games Doom and Quake . In 1996, Apple Computer acquired NeXT. Apple needed
2565-465: The previous markup example could be written: One feature of SGML markup languages is the "presumptuous empty tagging", such that the empty end tag </> in <ITALICS>this</> "inherits" its value from the nearest previous full start tag, which, in this example, is <ITALICS> (in other words, it closes the most recently opened item). The expression is thus equivalent to <ITALICS>this</ITALICS> . Another feature
2622-511: The product. The decision to cancel FrameMaker for OS X caused considerable friction between Adobe and Mac users, including Apple itself, which relied on it for creating documentation. As late as 2008, Apple manuals for OS X Leopard and the iPhone were still being developed on FrameMaker 7 in Classic mode; Apple has since switched to using InDesign . FrameMaker versions 5.x through 7.2 (from mid-1995 to 2005) did not contain updates to major parts of
2679-627: The program (including its general user interface, table editing, and illustration editing), concentrating instead on bug fixes and the integration of XML-oriented features (previously part of the FrameMaker+ SGML premium product). FrameMaker did not feature multiple undo until version 7.2 (its 2005 release). FrameMaker 8 (2007) introduced Unicode , Flash , 3D , and built-in DITA support. Platform support included Windows (2000, XP, and Vista) and Sun Solaris (8, 9, and 10). FrameMaker 9 (2009) introduced
2736-576: The saved status of a file). The system is among the first general-purpose user interfaces to handle publishing color standards, transparency, sophisticated sound and music processing (through a Motorola 56000 DSP ), advanced graphics primitives , internationalization, and modern typography , in a consistent manner across all applications. Additional kits were added to the product line. These include Portable Distributed Objects (PDO), which allow easy remote invocation , and Enterprise Objects Framework , an object-relational database system. The kits made
2793-461: The second slash stands for the NET. NOTE: XML defines NESTC with a / , and NET with an > (angled bracket)—hence the corresponding construct in XML appears as <QUOTE/> . The third feature is 'text on the same line', allowing a markup item to be ended with a line-end; especially useful for headings and such, requiring using either SHORTREF or DATATAG minimization. For example, if the DTD includes
2850-520: The system particularly interesting to custom application programmers, and NeXTSTEP had a long history in the financial programming community. NeXTSTEP was built upon Mach and BSD, initially 4.3BSD-Tahoe . A preview release of NeXTSTEP (version 0.8) was shown with the launch of the NeXT Computer on October 12, 1988. The first full release, NeXTSTEP 1.0, shipped on September 18, 1989. It was updated to 4.3BSD-Reno in NeXTSTEP 3.0. The last version, 3.3,
2907-585: The technical publishing market, such as Arbortext , Interleaf , and Corel Ventura . Many academic users now use LaTeX , because modern editors have made that system increasingly user-friendly, and LyX allows LaTeX to be generated with little or no knowledge of LaTeX. Several formats, including DocBook XML, target authors of technical documents about computer hardware and software. Lastly, alternatives to FrameMaker for technical writing include Help authoring tools and XML editors . SGML The Standard Generalized Markup Language ( SGML ; ISO 8879:1986)
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#17328546859532964-465: Was developed using NeXTSTEP. About the time of the release of NeXTSTEP 3.2, NeXT partnered with Sun Microsystems to develop OpenStep . It is the product of an effort to separate the underlying operating system from the higher-level object libraries to create a cross-platform object-oriented API standard derived from NeXTSTEP. OpenStep was released for Sun's Solaris , Windows NT , and NeXT's Mach kernel -based operating system. NeXT's implementation
3021-506: Was founded in 1986 by David Murray, Charles Corfield, Steven Kirsch , and Vickie Blackslee. While working on his doctorate in astrophysics at Columbia University , Corfield, a mathematician alumnus of the University of Cambridge , decided to write a WYSIWYG document editor on a Sun-2 workstation . The only substantial DTP product at the time of FrameMaker's conception was Interleaf , which also ran on Sun workstations. After only
3078-423: Was made before 1997 or that is unaware of SGML (ENR+WWW), covers type-validity only. The SGML emphasis on validity supports the requirement for generalized markup that markup should be rigorous. (ISO 8879 A.1) An SGML document may have three parts: An SGML document may be composed from many entities (discrete pieces of text). In SGML, the entities and element types used in the document may be specified with
3135-571: Was released in early 1995, for the Motorola 68000 family based NeXT computers, Intel x86 , Sun SPARC , and HP PA-RISC -based systems. NeXT separated the underlying operating system from the application frameworks, producing OpenStep . OpenStep and its applications can run on multiple underlying operating systems, including OPENSTEP, Windows NT , and Solaris . In 1997, it was updated to 4.4BSD while assimilated into Apple's development of Rhapsody for x86 and PowerPC. NeXTSTEP's direct descendant
3192-439: Was to ensure any version of FrameMaker could read a document produced by any other version, at least to the extent it had the same features. While every version of FrameMaker could read the last couple of version's documents, reading them all took too much software effort and testing, so reading MIF was sufficient. The third was to ensure that FrameMaker would never lose a writer's work. If FrameMaker crashed, it would first write out
3249-429: Was to minimize optional features. However, XML's well-formedness rules cannot support Wiki-like languages, leaving them unstandardized and difficult to integrate with non-text information systems. The usual (default) SGML concrete syntax resembles this example, which is the default HTML concrete syntax: SGML provides an abstract syntax that can be implemented in many different types of concrete syntax . Although
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