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45-909: Drygalski Glacier is on the Nordenskjöld Coast of the Antarctic Peninsula . It is east of the Forbidden Plateau , southeast of the Herbert Plateau , southwest of the Detroit Plateau and northeast of the Weddell Sea . The Foster Plateau, Anderson Peak and Seal Nunataks are to the south. Drygalski Glacier was discovered in 1902 by the Swedish Antarctic Expedition (SwedAE), under Otto Nordenskiöld , and named "Drygalski Bay" after Professor Erich von Drygalski . The feature

90-455: A N-S direction, terminating at its south end in a small peak. The ridge forms the south end of Detroit Plateau and marks a change in the direction of the plateau escarpment along the east coast of Graham Land where it turns west to form the north wall of Drygalski Glacier. Doctor Otto Nordenskiöld, leader of the SwedAE, 1901–04, gave the name Cape Ruth, in honor of his sister, to what appeared to be

135-519: A barrier effect of winds in response to the mountains blocking its path. This effect means wind speed can accelerate to gale force. During the 1902 expedition they recorded speeds of hurricane force. The changes in ice shelf mass along the coast of the Peninsula, including the Nordenskjöld Coast, have been accelerated by the change in circumpolar currents. The warmer temperatures contributed to

180-627: A cape at the north side of Drygalski Glacier. The feature was determined to be a ridge in 1947 by the FIDS. 64°41′00″S 60°48′10″W  /  64.68333°S 60.80278°W  / -64.68333; -60.80278 A 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) long and 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) wide glacier situated southwest of Vrachesh Glacier and north of lower Drygalski Glacier. Draining the south slopes of Ruth Ridge, and flowing southeastwards to join Drygalski Glacier east of Bekker Nunataks. Named after

225-444: A comprehensive source of information on the physical relationship between snow mechanics and track-laying vehicles, skis and sledges. 64°44′30″S 60°43′00″W  /  64.74167°S 60.71667°W  / -64.74167; -60.71667 A 11.2 kilometres (7.0 mi) wide bay indenting 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) on the Nordenskjöld Coast, north of Balvan Point and south of the east extremity of Richard Knoll . Formed as

270-568: A connection between both regions and provide information about the Gondwana continent. The region of the Nordenskjöld Coast has particularly steep slopes on the coast, with high covered ice plateaus. Cape Sobral lies 12 miles from Cape longing. It is a high plank of rock that is projected above the water below, and is partly snow free. Behind Cape Sobral is a deep fiord that is surrounded by glaciers, which extends to Palmier Peninsula. Larsen Bay, which lies between Cape Sobral and Cape Longing, also has

315-417: A fiord in the middle of its shoreline. Cape Ruth is an area of high peaks that leads to the eastern entrance of Drygalski Bay. The fiord behind Cape Ruth forms the head of Dryglaski Bay.   There is evidence of a plate-boundary on the eastern margin of the peninsula during the breakup of Gondwana. A strike-slip formation found by Whitham and Storey in 1989 proves the placement of this boundary as well as

360-628: A result of the break-up of Larsen Ice Shelf in the area in the late 20th century. Named after the settlement of Balvan in Northern Bulgaria. Nordenskj%C3%B6ld Coast The Nordenskjöld Coast (64° 30' S 60° 30' W) is located on the Antarctic Peninsula, more specifically Graham Land, which is the top region of the Peninsula. The Peninsula is a thin, long ice sheet with an Alpine-style mountain chain. The coast consists of 15m tall ice cliffs with ice shelves. The Nordenskjöld Coast

405-442: A result of the break-up of Larsen Ice Shelf in the area in the late 20th century, and subsequent retreat of Drygalski Glacier. Named after the settlement of Solari in Northern Bulgaria. 64°46′S 60°54′W  /  64.767°S 60.900°W  / -64.767; -60.900 . A largely ice-free peak, 610 metres (2,000 ft) high, on the ridge running east from Foster Plateau toward Sentinel Nunatak. The name Tillberg

450-472: Is a possibility of a strike-slip formation based on evidence of deformation, dewatering and lithification. The deformation period was during Tithonian times, and provides further evidence of a plate boundary caused by the break-up of Gondwana along the eastern peninsula. The Nordenskjöld formation went through a significant burial period before the Miocene time which brought on uplifting and block faulting, exposing

495-492: Is located to the south. The Larsen A ice shelf experienced a major disintegration in 1995, which triggered the collapse of the Larsen B ice shelf in 2002. This then triggered an acceleration of the flow from outlet glaciers feeding into the ice shelves, accounting for the continuous loss in mass. Larsen A ice shelf is a narrow strip of floating ice between the Nordenskjöld Coast and Seal Nunatuks. There are smaller ice shelves along

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540-670: The Battle of Nicopolis , Vidin finally fell under the sphere of the Ottomans led by Bayezid I . Some Bulgarian historians suppose that Tsardom of Vidin 's most western territories may have remained under Constantine II's rule almost until his death in 1422. Together with his cousin Fruzhin , son of Ivan Shishman . Constantine II took advantage of the Ottoman Interregnum to raise an anti-Ottoman revolt in northwestern Bulgaria . Constantine II

585-775: The Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition (FIDASE) in 1956-57 and mapped from these photos by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS). Named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1960 for Richard A. Foster, FIDS leader of the Danco Island station in 1956 and 1957. 64°34′S 61°04′W  /  64.567°S 61.067°W  / -64.567; -61.067 . A rock buttress rising to more than 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) high, projecting from

630-727: The Ottomans under Murad II in 1422, and shortly afterwards Constantine II died at the Serbian court on September 17, 1422. Constantine II was the last emperor of Bulgaria, and his dispossession and death in 1422 marks the end of the Second Bulgarian Empire . The Ottoman conquest had begun in earnest half a century earlier, in 1369, and their rule lasted until 1878 . Konstantin Buttress on Nordenskjöld Coast in Graham Land , Antarctica

675-543: The Antarctic climate to be glacial, compared to continental or maritime. The expedition found new information about the geological makeup of the Antarctic Peninsula, explaining how the landforms were created. The expedition led to the discovery of fossiliferous rocks deposited during the Cretaceous and Tertiary age. It found that the area was a cordilleran belt of folded strata, overlain by sedimentary rocks and volcanic beds from

720-513: The Antarctic land masses. They are made from the slow buildup of ice, growing into larger bodies of ice. The Antarctic Peninsula has numerous ice shelves called the Larsen A, B and C . The Larsen C ice shelf at the southern end of the Antarctic Peninsula remains the most intact to this day. The flow of grounded ice into the Antarctic Ocean is regulated by the ice shelves. Scientists can enhance

765-665: The Bulgarian artist Dimitar Tomov Molerov (1780–1853). 64°32′40″S 60°54′40″W  /  64.54444°S 60.91111°W  / -64.54444; -60.91111 An ice-covered buttress rising to 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) high in the southwest foothills of Detroit Plateau. Situated between south-southwest-flowing tributaries to Drygalski Glacier, 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) northwest of Konstantin Buttress, 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) east-northeast of Molerov Spur, and 4.15 kilometres (2.58 mi) south of The Catwalk. Precipitous, partly ice-free west and southeast slopes. Named after

810-403: The Bulgarian prince St. Boyan-Enravota (9th century). 64°42′S 60°50′W  /  64.700°S 60.833°W  / -64.700; -60.833 . Three nunataks lying below Ruth Ridge on the north side of Drygalski Glacier. Mapped from surveys by FIDS (1960–61). Named by UK-APC for Lieutenant Colonel Mieczyslaw G. Bekker, Canadian engineer, author of Theory of Land Locomotion, 1956,

855-485: The Bulgarian ruler Czar Konstantin II , 1396-1422. 64°36′10″S 60°51′10″W  /  64.60278°S 60.85278°W  / -64.60278; -60.85278 An ice-covered buttress rising to 1,650 metres (5,410 ft) high in the southwest foothills of Detroit Plateau. Situated between west-flowing tributaries to Drygalski Glacier, 4.2 kilometres (2.6 mi) north of Ruth Ridge, 10.35 kilometres (6.43 mi) east of

900-527: The Mesozoic time. This discovery, during the 1901 expedition, led scientists Dalziel and Elliot (1971,1973) to further amplify the theory of the Pacific crust subduction under the western continental margin. The Nordenskjöld coast is located in eastern Graham Land , at the top of the Antarctic Peninsula. The Antarctic Peninsula has undergone intense arc magnetism dating back to Jurassic times. The local basement of

945-560: The Nordenskjöld coast and further south which have since remained intact. The ice shelves remain in four basins along the coast: Dryglaski, Edgeworth, Pyke and Sjögren. All of them are losing mass except for the Pyke Glacier. The ice shelf collapse in 2002 triggered a perturbation of a massive accelerated flow. The instability of the ice shelves' mass can be traced back to changes in climate. The Larsen B ice shelf has contributed to 17% of

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990-489: The Swedish Expedition in 1902, Otto Nordenskjöld found that these winds are present along the entire coast of the Peninsula. These strong, cold winds are due to the semi-permanent Weddell Sea pressure cell. The Weddell Sea is one of the coldest masses in the ocean. This tends to build up in this area due to the damming-up effect against the high slopes on the eastern side of the Antarctic Peninsula. The coast experiences

1035-671: The ancient town of Odesos in Northeastern Bulgaria. 64°33′45″S 60°50′20″W  /  64.56250°S 60.83889°W  / -64.56250; -60.83889 An ice-covered buttress rising to 1,830 metres (6,000 ft) high in the southwest foothills of Detroit Plateau. Situated between southwest-flowing tributaries to Drygalski Glacier, 9.7 kilometres (6.0 mi) west-northwest of Glazne Buttress , 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) north of Stoykite Buttress, and 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) southeast of Odesos Buttress. Precipitous, partly ice-free west and south slopes. Named after

1080-524: The area once again. Between Cape Longing and Cape Sobral, the Nordenskjöld formation is, at its thickest, around 450 cm. It is characterised by ash beds and radiolarian-rich mudstones, around 580m deep. Reports of new calcisphere species, microorganisms that allow scientists to determine time and place in relation to the breakup of Gondwana, found throughout the Nordenskjöld formation, have previously been reported in Indonesia and Argentina. This suggests

1125-687: The disintegration of the ice sheet along the Antarctic Peninsula. The melting of the Larsen Ice Shelf has contributed to ocean mass; the Larsen A and B ice shelves that fell in 1995 and 2002 were of considerable mass. ThenNorthern area of the Antarctic Peninsula, including the Nordenskjöld Coast, Trinity Peninsula and the off-laying islands, are particularly vulnerable to varying climatic gradients. The Nordenskjöld Coast experiences low levels of rain, and yearly snowfall. Humidity can reach high levels, with temperatures above freezing. Permafrost (permanent frozen ground) and seasonal thaw-activity are

1170-534: The magmatic arc is made of Greywake-shale formations and Metasedimentary sequences, extending to parts of the Trinity Peninsula located next to the Nordenskjöld Coast. Metamorphic rocks can be found at the boundary of the Mesozoic – Cenozoic magmatic arc. Antarctica used to be part of the supercontinent Gondwana . The Nordenskjöld formation between Cape Longing and Cape Sobral consists of Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous anoxic mudstones and air-fall ashes. There

1215-533: The main indicators of climate change. There is a correlation between the mean annual temperatures of the arctic and the boundaries of permafrost on the Antarctic Peninsula, meaning that rising temperatures impact the mass of permafrost. Permafrost can survive if the mean annual temperature remains − 2.5 °C. Due to global warming , permafrost levels have become unstable, and there is a historic degradation of permafrost levels all over Antarctica. Ice shelves are permanent floating ice sheets that are extended from

1260-735: The mass depletion rate of the Antarctic Peninsula. The decline in mass from the Larsen A and Larsen B ice shelves have contributed to sea ice, atmosphere and ocean changes. With temperatures changing, so do the ice shelves; accelerated melting occurs, subsequently changing ocean masses and temperatures. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from "Nordenskjöld Coast" . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey .   [REDACTED] Constantine II of Bulgaria Constantine II ( Bulgarian : Константин , Konstantin ) ruled as emperor ( tsar ) of Bulgaria in Vidin from 1397 to 1422. He

1305-535: The mouth of Drygalski Glacier. Charted by the FIDS in 1947 and so named because of its commanding position at the mouth of Drygalski Glacier. 64°47′13″S 60°41′46″W  /  64.78694°S 60.69611°W  / -64.78694; -60.69611 A rocky point on the south side of the entrance to Solari Bay. Situated 4.35 kilometres (2.70 mi) north of Pedersen Nunatak , 2.7 kilometres (1.7 mi) southeast of Sentinel Nunatak, and 10.27 kilometres (6.38 mi) south-southwest of Richard Knoll. Formed as

1350-441: The party spent a month dedicated to sea voyage, then settled on an Island called Snow Hill Island , located off the Trinity Peninsula , next to the Nordenskjöld coast at the top of the Antarctic Peninsula. Due to the harsh weather conditions and the loss of necessary transport, when their boat sunk, the expedition could not explore the coast of the Antarctic Peninsula until springtime in the following September. Nordenskjöld found

1395-471: The peninsula, have decreased significantly in recent years. The Larsen A ice shelf that was extended from the Nordenskjöld Coast disintegrated in 1995. There are now only a few small ice caps remaining along the Nordenskjöld coast. Otto Nordenskjöld and the expedition left Sweden on 16 September 1901 to explore Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula . They traveled on a boat called the Antarctic . In 1902

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1440-466: The processes that control the way atmospheric changes affect the ice shelves. With satellite altimeter studies, which records the density and surface lowering of ice shelves, they can better understand the loss of mass on the shelves. This allows ocean divers and other scientists to better estimate the sea level changes. The Larsen A ice shelf is an extension of the Nordenskjold Coast; Larsen B

1485-523: The product of the radioactive decay of an isotope to determine the time period, from the Schists that line the Nordenskjöld Coast has found that a metamorphic event, a process of heating and cooling sediments which ultimately changes their composition, happened around the Permian times, estimating its peak at 245-250 Ma. The climate of the Nordenskjöld Coast is an ice cap climate , which means that all 12 months of

1530-518: The south extremity of Fender Buttress, and 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) south of Konstantin Buttress. Precipitous, partly ice-free northwest and southeast slopes. Named after the settlement of Stoykite in Southern Bulgaria. Features around the mouth of the glacier include: 64°39′S 60°48′W  /  64.650°S 60.800°W  / -64.650; -60.800 . A black, rocky ridge 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) long in

1575-422: The south foothills of Herbert Plateau. Descending southwards into Drygalski Glacier, with ice-covered upper part rising to 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) high and rocky lower part rising to 1,400 metres (4,600 ft). Situated 8.5 kilometres (5.3 mi) northwest of Stoykite Buttress, 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) northeast of Fender Buttress, and 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) southwest of The Catwalk . Named after

1620-441: The south side of Herbert Plateau into the head of Drygalski Glacier. Mapped from surveys by FIDS (1960–61). Named by tye UK-APC for Guillaume Fender of Buenos Aires, inventor of an early type of track-laying vehicle (British Patent of 1882, taken out by John C. Mewburn). 64°33′19″S 60°59′31″W  /  64.55528°S 60.99194°W  / -64.55528; -60.99194 A ridge extending 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) in

1665-465: The south. The Nordenskjöld Coast faces the Weddell Sea at the top of the Antarctic continent. The thinness of the Antarctic Peninsula and its northerly location makes it prone to change due to global warming. The length and thickness of the ice sheet connected to the Nordenskjöld coast is monitored to track fluctuating climate patterns. Ice shelves, called the Larsen shelves, found on the eastern side of

1710-609: The spreading of the Weddell Sea Region, off the Antarctic Peninsula, and the change from fine anoxic to coarse clastic sedimentation. The Antarctic Peninsula was an active volcanic arc between the Late Jurassic and Tertiary period, created from the south-eastward subduction of the Panthalassa crust, the super ocean that surrounded the supercontinent of Pangaea . The finding from Potassium-argon or K-Ar dating , which measures

1755-407: The year average a temperature below 0 °C. Along the Antarctic Peninsula over the past 50 years the mean temperature has increased by 3.4 degrees Celsius and the mid winter temperature by 6 degrees. This makes the Antarctic region one of the global hotspots for climate change. Due to the steep mountains that line the Antarctic Peninsula, the south-west winds are cold and strong. First noted in

1800-800: Was also allied to the Serbian despot Stefan Lazarević and the Wallachian voivode Mircea I . The anti-Ottoman rebellion lasted for half a decade (1408–1413) and spread to much of Bulgaria until the rebels were defeated by the Ottoman Sultan Musa . The Bulgarians attempted to make up for their losses by siding with Musa 's brother and rival Sultan Mehmed I , but the latter's victory did little to improve their situation. After Mehmed I 's victory in 1413, Constantine II spent much of his life in Hungary and Serbia . His last possessions in Bulgaria were annexed by

1845-402: Was born in the early 1370s and died in exile at the Serbian court on 17 September 1422. Constantine II claimed the title Emperor of Bulgaria and was accepted as such by foreign governments, but he is often omitted from listings of rulers of Bulgaria. Constantine II Asen was the son of Ivan Sratsimir (Ivan Sracimir) of Bulgaria by Anna, daughter of prince Nicolae Alexandru of Wallachia . He

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1890-521: Was crowned co-emperor by his father in or before 1395 when he was sent on a mission to the old Bulgarian capital Tarnovo . Very little is known about Constantine II's circumstances after his father's arrest and imprisonment by Sultan Bayezid I in 1396. At that time, Ivan Stratsimir was contributing with soldiers to assist the Christian nations' bid to resist the advance of the Ottoman Empire . Following

1935-409: Was determined to be a glacier by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) in 1947. Features around the head of the glacier include: Download coordinates as: 64°43′S 61°25′W  /  64.717°S 61.417°W  / -64.717; -61.417 . A plateau, about 80 square miles (210 km) in area, lying between Drygalski Glacier and Hektoria Glacier. Photographed by

1980-573: Was discovered by Otto Nordenskjöld , a Swedish explorer and geographer, and Carl Anton Larsen , a Norwegian explorer and whaler, during the Swedish Antarctic Expedition in 1901–1904. The name was suggested by Edwin Swift Balch in 1909, who was part of the Antarctic Exhibition alongside Dr. Nordenskjöld. The Nordenskjöld coast extends 50 miles west-southwest from Cape Longing to Drygalski Bay and Cape Fareweather, with Oscar II Coast located to

2025-492: Was given to a group of four rocky outcrops in this area but, since they are not conspicuous topographically, the UK-APC in 1963 recommended that the name be transferred to this more useful landmark. Named by Doctor Otto Nordenskiöld after Judge Knut Tillberg, contributor to the SwedAE, 1901–04. 64°46′S 60°44′W  /  64.767°S 60.733°W  / -64.767; -60.733 . A high, black, pyramid-shaped nunatak at

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