43-604: The Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel was a geological survey made by order of the Secretary of War according to acts of Congress of March 2, 1867, and March 3, 1869, under the direction of Brig. and Bvt. Major General A. A. Humphreys , Chief of Engineers, by Clarence King , U. S. geologist. More commonly known as the Fortieth Parallel Survey , the survey conducted field work from 1867 to 1872, exploring
86-434: A corps whose personnel—consisting of only about 100 officers and an equal number of civilian assistants—were greatly taxed by the numerous responsibilities heaped upon them. River and harbor work increased from 49 projects and 26 surveys in 1866 to 371 projects and 135 surveys in 1882". He held this position until June 30, 1879, when he retired, serving during this period on lighthouse and other engineering boards. Humphreys
129-585: A library on the site in 1958 and recreated the façade of the old LCP building. APS restored the former Farmers' & Mechanics' Bank building at 425–29 Chestnut Street , which was built in 1854–55 to the design of John M. Gries in the Italianate style , to serve as a lecture hall. It is the site of meetings and most major events the society hosts. The Constance C. and Edgar P. Richardson Hall at 431 Chestnut Street, immediately west of Benjamin Franklin Hall,
172-497: A salient directly in the path of the Confederate assault, and it was too long a front for a single division to defend. Assaulted by the division of Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaws , Humphreys' three brigades were demolished; Sickles had pulled back Humphreys's reserve brigade to shore up the neighboring division (Maj. Gen. David B. Birney ), which was the first to be attacked. Humphreys put up the best fight that could have been expected and
215-747: Is a collection of indigenous language documents from around the United States including recordings of the Odawa language from northern Michigan. APS has created a guide to help provide broad coverage of the Native American and Indigenous archival collections at the Library & Museum of the American Philosophical Society. These materials date from 1553 to 2020 and include manuscript, audio, and visual materials relating to Indigenous peoples throughout
258-651: Is named in honor of General A.A. Humphreys. He is the namesake of Mount Humphreys in Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming. American Philosophical Society The American Philosophical Society ( APS ) is an American scholarly organization and learned society founded in 1743 in Philadelphia that promotes knowledge in the humanities and natural sciences through research, professional meetings, publications, library resources, and community outreach. It
301-652: The American Civil War . He served in senior positions in the Army of the Potomac , including division command, chief of staff, and corps command, and was Chief Engineer of the U.S. Army. Andrew Atkinson Humphreys was born in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , to a family with Quaker ancestry. His grandfather, Joshua , was the "Father of the American Navy", who had served as chief naval constructor from 1794 to 1801 and designed
344-544: The Junto . Early members included: Benjamin Franklin , John Dickinson , George Washington , John Adams , Thomas Jefferson , Alexander Hamilton , James McHenry , Thomas Paine , David Rittenhouse , Peter Stephen Du Ponceau , Nicholas Biddle , Owen Biddle , Benjamin Rush , James Madison , Michael Hillegas , John Marshall , Charles Pettit , and John Andrews . It was common at
387-655: The Overland Campaign and the Siege of Petersburg in 1864, proving one of the best and most dependable generals in the Army of the Potomac during the latter phase of the war. In November 1864, he assumed command of the II Corps after Winfield Hancock was forced to resign for health reasons, which he led for the rest of the siege and during the pursuit of Gen. Robert E. Lee to Appomattox Court House and surrender. On March 13, 1865, he
430-705: The Philosophical Society of Washington , a scientific organization. He also wrote personal accounts of the war, published in 1883: From Gettysburg to the Rapidan and The Virginia Campaign of '64 and '65 . He died in Washington, D.C., and is buried there in the Congressional Cemetery . A military base in Virginia was founded during World War I as Camp A. A. Humphreys , named for Andrew A. Humphreys. The post
473-742: The United States Military Academy , more commonly known as West Point, at the age of seventeen. He graduated from the Academy on July 1, 1831. Upon graduation Humphreys joined the second artillery regiment at Fort Moultrie in South Carolina. Near the beginning of the Seminole Wars he followed his regiment in the summer of 1836 to Florida where he received his first combat experience, while also falling ill, having to leave by September. J. Watts De Peyster , who rose to brevet major general for
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#1732851255382516-573: The University of California, Berkeley . Ten academic institutions have each been affiliated with 50 or more members: In 1786, the society established the Magellanic Premium , a prize for achievement in "navigation, astronomy , or natural philosophy," the oldest scientific prize awarded by an American institution, which it still awards. Other awards include the Barzun Prize for cultural history ,
559-586: The APS's own collections, along with objects on loan from other institutions. In 1789–90, the Library Company of Philadelphia (LCP) built its headquarters directly across 5th Street from APS. In 1884 LCP sold its building, which was demolished for the expansion of the Drexel & Company Building in 1887. This building was demolished in the mid-1950s, during the creation of Independence National Historical Park. APS built
602-483: The American Philosophical Society Museum, an extensive library, and regular meetings, the society supports a variety of disciplines in the humanities and the sciences. The American Philosophical Society was founded as the Philosophical Society in 1743 by Benjamin Franklin , James Alexander , Francis Hopkinson , John Bartram , Philip Syng Jr. , and others as an offshoot of an earlier club,
645-521: The Americas. The society also has a collection of manuscripts on the history of the British colonies, Revolutionary War, the history of American science, quantum physics, Charles Darwin and evolution, genetics and the history of technology. Philosophical Hall , at 104 South Fifth Street, Philadelphia, between Chestnut and Walnut Streets, immediately south of Old City Hall , was built in 1785–1789 to house
688-878: The Judson Daland Prize for Outstanding Achievement in Clinical Investigation, the Benjamin Franklin Medal , the Lashley Award for neurobiology , the Lewis Award, and the Thomas Jefferson Medal for distinguished achievement in the arts, humanities, or social sciences. The society has published the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society since 1771. Five issues appear each year. The Proceedings have appeared since 1838; they publish
731-517: The New York Volunteer Army during the Civil War and later Civil War historian says: The only fighting that he saw previous to the "Great American Conflict" was in the miserably mismanaged Seminole War in 1836. Of suffering he underwent sufficiency. Disgusted, he resigned 30 September 1836. For about two years he was a Civil Engineer in the U.S. service. On 7 July 1838, he was re-appointed in
774-522: The Potomac. Humphreys was put in this position because of his achievements in life but also because "those in power at Washington distrusted him because of his intimacy with Jefferson Davis before the war." Initially involved in planning the defenses of Washington, D.C., by March 1862, he shipped out with McClellan for the Peninsula Campaign . Humphreys was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers on April 28 and on September 12 assumed command of
817-458: The Stone Wall at Fredericksburg, Humphreys had bowed to his staff in his courtly way, "and in the blandest manner remarked, 'Young gentlemen, I intend to lead this assault; I presume, of course, you will wish to ride with me?'" Since it was put like that, the staff had done so, and five of the seven officers were knocked off their horses. After his men had taken as much as they could stand in front of
860-576: The Stone Wall on Marye's Heights, the next brigade coming up the hill saw Humphreys sitting his horse all alone, looking out across the plain, bullets cutting the air all around him. Something about the way the general was taking it pleased them, and they sent up a cheer. Humphreys looked over, surprised, waved his cap to them with a grim smile, and then went riding off into the twilight. In this way Humphreys had turned his first division's dislike of him into admiration for his heroic leadership ... Although respected by his men for his bravery under fire, Humphreys
903-563: The U.S. Army as 1st Lieutenant in the corps of Topographical Engineers. Of the next twenty-three years each one was illustrated by some distinguished engineering achievement which won for him a reputation at home only exceeded by that what he acquired abroad. After being reinstated in the engineer corps in 1844 Humphreys was put in charge of the Central Office of the Coast Survey at Washington and appointed to captain in 1848. During 1850 he
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#1732851255382946-505: The area along the fortieth parallel north from northeastern California , through Nevada , to eastern Wyoming . The results of the survey were published in eight volumes of the Fortieth Parallel Survey: Atlases: Andrew A. Humphreys Andrew Atkinson Humphreys (November 2, 1810 – December 27, 1883), was a career United States Army officer, civil engineer, and a Union General in
989-454: The division commander can hardly be estimated." For an officer with little combat experience, he inspired his troops with his personal bravery. Historian Larry Tagg wrote: ... for certain good reasons connected with the effect of what I did upon the spirit of the men and from an invincible repugnance to ride anywhere else, I always rode at the head of my troops." Lt. Cavada of the general's staff recalled that just before he took his troops up to
1032-494: The farthest advance against fierce Confederate fire from Marye's Heights, with Humphreys personally commanding from the very front of the line on horseback, while five of his seven staff were shot down. During the battle Humphreys himself had two of horses shot from under him and finding a third he continued to ride, having his clothes pierced by bullets but himself unharmed. His corps commander, Brig. Gen. Daniel Butterfield , wrote: "I hardly know how to express my appreciation of
1075-560: The first U.S. warships, six frigates, the USS Constitution ("Old Ironsides") and her sister ships. Andrew's father, Samuel designed and built the USS Pennsylvania , the largest and most heavily armed ship at the time. Samuel, like his father, was a chief naval constructor from 1826 to 1846. Andrew graduated from Nazareth Hall (predecessor to the present-day Moravian College and Theological Seminary). Thereafter, he entered
1118-544: The most practical route for the first transcontinental railroad . As a result, just before the Civil War, Humphreys was ranked among the upper echelon of American people of learning and gained membership to the American Philosophical Society . After the outbreak of the Civil War, Humphreys was promoted on August 6, 1861, to major and became chief topographical engineer in Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan 's Army of
1161-550: The name American Philosophical Society Held at Philadelphia for Promoting Useful Knowledge . Franklin was elected the first president. During this time, the society maintained a standing Committee on American Improvements; one of its investigations was to study the prospects for a canal to connect the Chesapeake Bay and the Delaware River . The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal , which had been proposed by Thomas Gilpin, Sr.,
1204-546: The new 3rd Division in the V Corps of the Army of the Potomac, two brigades of nine month regiments mustered in in August. The division did not arrive on the field until September 18 and so missed the battle of Antietam, instead getting its first taste of action at the Battle of Shepherdstown two days later when part of it was attacked and routed by A.P. Hill 's Confederate division. At the Battle of Fredericksburg , his division achieved
1247-555: The papers delivered at the society's biannual meetings. The society has also published The Papers of Benjamin Franklin , Joseph Henry , William Penn , and Meriwether Lewis and William Clark . Jane Aitken bound 400 volumes for the society. The society also has an expansive archive on framer of the U.S. constitution John Dickinson . APS holds the ACLS Collection (American Council of Learned Societies Committee on Native American Languages, American Philosophical Society) which
1290-671: The society and designed by Samuel Vaughan in the Federal style . A third floor was added in 1890 to accommodate the expanding library, but was removed in 1948–1950, when the building was restored to its original appearance for the creation of Independence National Historical Park . In 2001, it was opened to the public as The American Philosophical Society Museum, hosting revolving, thematic exhibitions that explore intersections of history, art, and science. The museum features works of art, scientific instruments, original manuscripts, rare books, natural history specimens, and curiosities of all kinds from
1333-829: The society. Many members of the Society of the Cincinnati were among the APS's first board members and contributors; the APS and SOC still maintain an informal, collegial relationship. Membership of the APS "honors extraordinary accomplishments in all fields." It has about 1,000 elected members, comprising about 840 "resident" members (United States citizens or those working or living in the United States) and about 160 "international" members. As of April 2020 it had elected 5,710 members since its foundation. Over that history, 208 members have been from Harvard University , 115 from Princeton University , 88 from Stanford University , and 84 from
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1376-408: The soldierly qualities, the gallantry, and energy displayed by my division commanders, Generals George Sykes , Humphreys, and Charles Griffin ." General Butterfield goes on to talk personally about Humphreys' actions: "General Humphreys personally led his division in the most gallant manner. His attack was spirited, and worthy of veterans. Made as it was by raw troops, the value of the example set by
1419-602: The third day of the battle. The nine month regiments were set to go home in May when their enlistment terms expired, so his command ceased to exist a few weeks after Chancellorsville. On May 23, 1863, Humphreys was transferred to the command of the 2nd Division in the III Corps , under Maj. Gen. Daniel E. Sickles . When Meade assumed command of the Army of the Potomac just before the Battle of Gettysburg , he asked Humphreys to be his chief of staff, replacing Maj. Gen. Daniel Butterfield , who
1462-547: The time for intellectual societies to invite members from around the world, where the society recruited members from other countries, including Alexander von Humboldt , the Marquis de Lafayette , Baron von Steuben , Tadeusz Kościuszko , and Princess Dashkova . The society lapsed into inactivity by 1746, but was revived in 1767. On January 2, 1769, the society united with the American Society for Promoting Useful Knowledge under
1505-468: Was breveted brigadier general in the regular army and then on May 26, 1865, he was awarded brevet major general in the regular army for "gallant and meritorious service at the battle of Gettysburg" for the Battle of Sayler's Creek during Lee's retreat. After the war, Humphreys commanded the District of Pennsylvania. He became a permanent brigadier general and Chief of Engineers in 1866. "He oversaw
1548-606: Was awarded the honorary degree of LL.D. by Harvard University in 1868. In retirement, he studied philosophy and was one of the incorporators of the National Academy of Sciences . Humphreys's published works were highlighted by the 1861 Report on the Physics and Hydraulics of the Mississippi River , co-authored with Lt. Henry Abbot , which gave him considerable prominence in the scientific community. In 1871, he co-founded
1591-779: Was built in the 1820s. Following the American Revolutionary War , the society looked for leadership to Francis Hopkinson , one of the signatories of the United States Declaration of Independence . Under his influence, the society received land from the government of Pennsylvania, along with a plot of land in Philadelphia, where Philosophical Hall now stands. Charles Darwin , Robert Frost , Louis Pasteur , Elizabeth Cabot Agassiz , John James Audubon , Linus Pauling , Margaret Mead , Woodrow Wilson , Maria Mitchell , and Thomas Edison were all prominent members of
1634-458: Was considered to be too close politically to the previous commander, Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker . Humphreys declined the opportunity to give up his division command. His new division immediately saw action at Gettysburg where, on July 2, 1863, Sickles insubordinately moved his corps from its assigned defensive position on Cemetery Ridge. Humphreys' new position was on the Emmitsburg Road, part of
1677-603: Was directed to commence surveys and investigate the Mississippi River Delta in order to figure out what could prevent inundation and increase the depth of water on the bars. This work took up ten years of Humphreys' life, during which he visited Europe. From 1853 to 1857 he also worked on the Pacific Railroad Surveys with Secretary of War Jefferson Davis . Humphreys, along with 100-plus men, including soldiers, scientists and technicians, went west to find
1720-480: Was eventually able to reform his survivors on Cemetery Ridge, but his division and the entire corps were finished as a fighting force. Humphreys was promoted to major general of volunteers on July 8, 1863, and finally acceded to Meade's request to serve as his chief of staff; as his division was decimated in the fighting at Gettysburg. He served in that position through the Bristoe and Mine Run campaigns that fall, and
1763-628: Was founded by the polymath Benjamin Franklin and is considered the first learned society founded in what became the United States. Philosophical Hall , the society's headquarters and a museum, is located just east of Independence Hall in Independence National Historical Park . In 1965, in recognition of the building's history, it was designated a National Historic Landmark . The society has about 1,000 elected members. As of April 2020, 5,710 members had been inducted since its creation. Through research grants, published journals,
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1806-491: Was not well liked by them. In his 50s, they considered him an old man, despite his relatively youthful appearance. His nickname was "Old Goggle Eyes" for his eyeglasses. He was a taskmaster and strict disciplinarian. Charles A. Dana , the Assistant Secretary of War , called him a man of "distinguished and brilliant profanity." At the Battle of Chancellorsville , Humphreys' division was attacked by Colquitt's brigade on
1849-693: Was renamed Fort Belvoir in the 1930s in recognition of the Belvoir plantation that once occupied the site, but the adjacent United States Army Corps of Engineers Humphreys Engineer Center retains part of the original namesake. In 1935, after the base in Virginia was renamed, the Washington Arsenal in Washington, D.C., was named in his honor. But in 1948, the Washington, D.C., base was renamed Fort McNair in honor of Lesley J. McNair who died in World War II. Humphreys Peak , 12,633', Arizona's highest peak,
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