60-778: Independence National Historical Park is a federally protected historic district in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania that preserves several sites associated with the American Revolution and the nation's founding history. Administered by the National Park Service , the 55-acre (22 ha) park comprises many of Philadelphia's most-visited historic sites within the Old City and Society Hill neighborhoods. The park has been nicknamed "America's most historic square mile" because of its abundance of historic landmarks. The centerpiece of
120-598: A "bundle of compromises". At the convention, delegate James Madison presented the Virginia Plan , which proposed a national government with three branches with proportional representation . Large states supported this plan, but smaller states feared losing substantial power under the plan. In response, William Paterson designed the New Jersey Plan , which proposed a one-house ( unicameral ) legislature in which each state, regardless of size, would have one vote, as under
180-584: A brick paved plaza. The trees ultimately failed due to the tight spacing and urban environment; many were removed, degrading the overall design intent. Concurrent with construction activities the Independence National Historical Park was created through an Act of Congress on June 28, 1948. When it was formally established and first opened to the public on July 4, 1956, the National Historical Park did not include any portion of
240-532: A heightened sense of patriotism and urgency toward the protection of national monuments. On June 28, 1948, Congress passed Public Law 795, H.R. 5053 to authorize the creation of Independence National Historical Park, and it was formally established on July 4, 1956. On March 16, 1959, it incorporated the Old Philadelphia Customs House ( Second Bank of the United States ), which had been designated
300-652: A national historic site on May 26, 1939. As with all historic areas administered by the National Park Service, the park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. In 1973, the Pennsylvania legislature voted to transfer the three blocks that compose Independence Mall to the federal government. Independence Hall was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site on October 24, 1979. The Federal Bureau of Prisons Northeast Region Office
360-1039: A pact among the colonies to boycott British goods, the Continental Association , starting December 1, 1774 and provided for a Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia. On May 10, 1775, the Second Continental Congress assembled at the Pennsylvania State House after the Battles of Lexington and Concord marked the beginning of the American Revolutionary War . Congress adopted the Olive Branch Petition in July 1775, which affirmed American loyalty to Great Britain and entreated King George III to prevent further conflict. The petition
420-496: A rather small group of delegates led by John Adams believed that war was inevitable, and they decided that the wisest course of action was to remain quiet and wait for the opportune time to rally the people. This allowed Dickinson and his followers to pursue their own course for reconciliation. Dickinson was the primary author of the petition, though Benjamin Franklin , John Jay , John Rutledge , and Thomas Johnson also served on
480-692: A small open-air café opened on the east side of the block in 2008. Public restrooms and the "Peoples' Plaza" (First Amendment Area) are located on the First Block. Buildings surrounding the Mall include Congress Hall , Independence Hall, and Old City Hall to the south; the Philadelphia Bourse , the National Museum of American Jewish History , Christ Church Burial Ground , and the Philadelphia Mint to
540-781: Is bounded by Chestnut, Race, 5th and 6th Streets. Buildings and structures on the Mall include the National Constitution Center (north 3rd block); the Independence Visitor Center and the Free Quaker Meetinghouse (middle 2nd Block); and the President's House Memorial and the Liberty Bell Center (south 1st Block). A multi-level underground parking garage lies beneath much of the Second Block, and
600-588: Is counted as one unit, despite its double designation. Counting methodology is rooted in the language of a park's enabling legislation. Furthermore, the NPS contributes resources to "affiliated areas" which do not fall under its administration, and these do not count toward the official list number. An example is Oklahoma City National Memorial . These units are a subset of the areas in the United States National Park System , and nearly all participate in
660-591: Is in the U.S. Custom House. The National Park Service , a federal agency within the Department of the Interior , is responsible for the park's maintenance and preservation. In the 2003 fiscal year , the National Park Service spent approximately US$ 30.7 million on the park. Personnel and benefit costs represented about 41 percent of expenditures, and non-recurring construction and investment projects represented about 25 percent of expenditures. The Independence Visitor Center
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#1732845189074720-512: Is operated as a joint venture between Independence National Historical Park and the Independence Visitor Center Corporation, a nonprofit organization. The National Park Service employs 247 permanent employees and seven seasonal employees. The park's cultural resource management program protects the historic buildings, archaeological sites, and cultural landscapes within the park, and approximately 1.5 million artifacts within
780-493: The Battles of Lexington and Concord combined with the "humble petition" would persuade the King to respond with a counter-proposal or open negotiations. Adams wrote to a friend that the petition served no purpose, that war was inevitable, and that the colonies should have already raised a navy and taken British officials as prisoner. The letter was intercepted by British officials and news of its contents reached Great Britain at about
840-637: The Declaration House , Welcome Park , the Bicentennial Bell , Carpenters' Hall , and the West Wing of Independence Hall . Independence National Historical Park includes: Other NPS sites associated with Independence NHP but not located within its boundaries include: List of the United States National Park System official units The Official Units of the National Park System of
900-635: The First Bank of the United States , the first bank chartered by the United States Congress , and the Second Bank of the United States , which had its charter renewal vetoed by President Andrew Jackson as part of the Bank War . The Park also contains City Tavern , a recreated colonial tavern, which was a favorite of the delegates and which John Adams felt was the finest tavern in all America. Most of
960-617: The Intolerable Acts . The introductory paragraph of the letter named twelve of the thirteen colonies, all except Georgia . The letter was approved on July 5 and signed by John Hancock , President of the Second Congress, and by representatives of the named twelve colonies. It was sent to London on July 8, 1775, in the care of Richard Penn and Arthur Lee where is now kept in the National Archives . Dickinson hoped that news of
1020-544: The Pennsylvania General Assembly , convincing legislators to build it as a state park and a monument to Pennsylvanians who had died in World War II , a concept that was never fully realized. Independence Mall State Park was created in the 1950s with the intention that the land would eventually be turned over to the NPS. Funded by 40-year state bonds, its construction was a joint venture between Pennsylvania and
1080-593: The Potomac River . Robert Morris , a representative from Pennsylvania, convinced Congress to designate Philadelphia as the temporary capital city of the United States federal government . From December 6, 1790, to May 14, 1800, the same block hosted federal, state, county, and city government offices. Congress Hall , which was originally built to serve as the Philadelphia County Courthouse, served as
1140-615: The Proclamation of Rebellion on August 23 in response to news of the Battle of Bunker Hill , declaring the American colonies to be in a state of rebellion and ordering "all Our officers… and all Our obedient and loyal subjects, to use their utmost endeavours to withstand and suppress such rebellion". The hostilities which Adams had foreseen undercut the petition, and the King had answered it before it even reached him. The King's refusal to consider
1200-509: The United States is the collection of physical properties owned or administered by the National Park Service . As of August 2024, there are 431 official units of the National Park System ; however, this number can be misleading. For example, Denali National Park and Preserve are counted as two units, since the same name applies to a national park and an adjacent national preserve. Yet Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve
1260-760: The United States of America . Historians believe that the Old State House Bell, now known as the Liberty Bell , was one of the bells rung to mark the reading of the Declaration on July 8. After 1781, the national government operated under the Articles of Confederation , which gave the federal government virtually no power to regulate domestic affairs or raise revenue. At the Annapolis Convention in September 1786,
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#17328451890741320-600: The national park passport stamps program. National Park System units are found in all 50 states, in the District of Columbia , and in the U.S. territories of Guam , American Samoa , the U.S. Virgin Islands , and Puerto Rico . (The territory of the Northern Mariana Islands has an affiliated area but not an official NPS unit.) Bold indicates national parks. Olive Branch Petition The Olive Branch Petition
1380-549: The official residence and principal workplace for President George Washington during his two terms, and President John Adams occupied it from March 1797 to May 1800. At the house, the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 and the Alien and Sedition Acts were signed. The Supreme Court met at Old City Hall , where Chief Justices John Jay , John Rutledge , and Oliver Ellsworth presided over eleven docketed cases. While plans for
1440-554: The 1774 meeting site for the First Continental Congress , and Congress Hall , the meeting place of the United States Congress in the 1790s prior to the establishment of Washington, D.C. as the nation's capital in 1800. Across the street from Independence Hall is the Liberty Bell , an iconic symbol of American independence, displayed in the Liberty Bell Center. The park contains other historic buildings, such as
1500-524: The Articles of Confederation. Roger Sherman combined the two plans with the Connecticut Compromise , and his measure passed on July 16, 1787, by seven to six—a margin of one vote. Other contentious issues were slavery and the federal regulation of commerce, which resulted in additional compromises. The Residence Act of 1790 empowered President George Washington to locate a permanent capital along
1560-540: The City of Philadelphia and was overseen by Edmund Bacon , director of the Philadelphia City Planning Commission. Many buildings were purchased and demolished for the project, most of which were late nineteenth-century buildings that replaced earlier buildings destroyed by fire in 1851 and 1855. Proponents of the mall thought these buildings were eyesores because of their contrast with the historic nature of
1620-721: The July 6, 1775 Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms , however, which made its success unlikely in London. In August 1775, the colonies were formally declared to be in rebellion by the Proclamation of Rebellion , and the petition was rejected by the British government; King George had refused to read it before declaring the colonists traitors. The Second Continental Congress convened in May 1775, and most delegates followed John Dickinson in his quest to reconcile with King George. However,
1680-698: The Liberty Bell Center, National Constitution Center , Independence Visitor Center, and the former site of the President's House . The park also contains other historical artifacts, such as the Syng inkstand which was used during the signings of both the Declaration and the Constitution. In response to the Intolerable Acts , which had punished Boston for the Boston Tea Party , the First Continental Congress met at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia from September 5, 1774, to October 26, 1774. The convention organized
1740-478: The Liberty Bell made seven trips by train to various expositions and celebrations until the city refused further requests. The district's importance had waned with the western movement of City Hall and other institutions, but it remained an active and occupied business center. The first proposal for an Independence Hall park originated in 1915, when architects Albert Kelsey and D. Knickerbacker Boyd proposed clearing
1800-439: The Liberty Bell relocated outside of Independence Hall as the building was not able to accommodate the millions of visitors expected. The initial plan of 1972 to relocate the Liberty Bell to South Third Street and Chestnut, two blocks east, was met with resistance from residents of the city. An alternate plan was suggested in 1973 to construct a smaller pavilion north of Independence Hall between Race and Arch Streets, but that plan
1860-494: The Liberty Bell was moved into the Liberty Bell Center in October 2003. The Liberty Bell Pavilion was demolished in 2006. Exhibits include coverage of slavery in US history and its abolition. A memorial at the corner of 6th and Market Streets outlines the site of the former President's House and commemorates the slaves who worked there, with foundations visible below ground. In January 2024,
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1920-650: The Mall. In 1972, the Mall was donated to the NPS and the boundary for the INHP was redefined. In 1974, ownership and operation of the entire Mall was officially transferred to the National Park Service . Prior to 1976, the Liberty Bell was housed within Independence Hall. In preparation for the Bicentennial celebration, the National Historical Park Advisory Committee made a proposal to have
1980-443: The NPS announced a large suite of renovations planned to be completed by 2026, when the park and the city of Philadelphia expect an influx of visitors to celebrate the 250th birthday of the United States . While the park's annual budget is approximately $ 27 million, more than $ 85 million is earmarked to begin tackling the maintenance backlog in 2024 alone. The scope of the renovations is extensive, covering buildings and grounds across
2040-458: The Second Continental Congress appointed the Committee of Five , which included John Adams of Massachusetts, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, Robert R. Livingston of New York, and Roger Sherman of Connecticut, to draft an official declaration of independence . Congress unanimously adopted its final version of the Declaration on July 4, marking the formation of
2100-444: The area. Among these were the surviving walls of the President's House – the residence of George Washington and John Adams during the decade (1790–1800) that Philadelphia served as the temporary national capital. By 1959, the only building not demolished was the Free Quaker Meetinghouse at the southwest corner of 5th & Arch Streets. The building had been used as a warehouse for plumbing supplies before its restoration as part of
2160-565: The central lawn, would provide more intimate gathering and sitting areas with extensive trees and other landscaping. Several straight brick pathways carved each of the lawn areas within each block including two lateral cuts through the first block corresponding to Ranstead Street and Ludlow Street to the east of the park. The Independence Visitors Center opened in November 2001, the National Constitution Center opened in July 2003, and
2220-547: The delegates asked for a broader meeting to be held the next May in Philadelphia to address the regulation of trade and the structure of the government. This resulted in the Philadelphia Convention , which met from May 14 to September 17, 1787, at the Pennsylvania State House. The convention was dominated by controversies and conflicting interests, but the delegates forged a Constitution that has been called
2280-467: The drafting committee. Dickinson claimed that the colonies did not want independence but wanted more equitable trade and tax regulations. He asked that the King establish a lasting settlement between the Mother Country and the colonies "upon so firm a basis as to perpetuate its blessings, uninterrupted by any future dissensions, to succeeding generations in both countries", beginning with the repeal of
2340-903: The east; the approach to the Benjamin Franklin Bridge to the north; and WHYY-TV , the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia , the James A. Byrne Federal Courthouse (which houses the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania ), and the Rohm & Haas Building to the west. The groundwork for a park area surrounding Independence Hall
2400-413: The entirety of the park site. Work includes both "mundane" yet "necessary" projects, such as replacing leaking roofs and outdated HVAC systems, as well as projects with more "pizzazz," such as the installation of a new public square and an overhaul of how the park will now tell a "broader story of the nation's founding." The designated "major" projects include renovating the First Bank of the United States ,
2460-419: The first block. The northernmost block was designed by Dan Kiley , a landscape architect influential in the modernist style. His 1963 plan was designed based on Philadelphia's original five-city-square layout. Each square was represented by fountains placed in scale to the Center City map. Surrounding the fountains was a regularly spaced array of 700 honey locust trees planted 12'-6" by 18' on-center within
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2520-436: The half-block between Chestnut Street and Ludlow Street in front of Independence Hall. Kelsey and Boyd were motivated by a desire to create a fitting setting for Independence Hall, lessen the fire hazard, reduce congestion, and beautify the entire district. The idea for a park gained momentum in the 1920s and 1930s, with patriotic sentiment accompanying the American Sesqui-Centennial in 1926. The commencement of World War II led to
2580-402: The hall in 1816. By 1818, the buildings had become surplus state property and were purchased by the City of Philadelphia, which used them uneventfully until late in the nineteenth century when the city government moved into a new city hall . In 1852, the Liberty Bell was removed from its steeple and put on public display within the "Declaration Chamber" of Independence Hall. Between 1885 and 1915,
2640-404: The park is Independence Hall , where the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution were debated and adopted by America's Founding Fathers in the late 18th century. Independence Hall was the principal meetinghouse of the Second Continental Congress from 1775 to 1783 and the Constitutional Convention in the summer of 1787. Next to Independence Hall is Carpenters' Hall ,
2700-516: The park's historic structures are located in the vicinity of the four landscaped blocks between Chestnut, Walnut, 2nd, and 6th streets. The park also contains Franklin Court , the site where Benjamin Franklin 's home once stood and the present-day location of a Franklin museum and the United States Postal Service Museum (Franklin was the first Postmaster General of the revolutionary government). An additional three blocks directly north of Independence Hall, collectively known as Independence Mall, contain
2760-422: The park. In 2003, the park's major projects primarily addressed repair and rehabilitation of park buildings and grounds. The Independence Visitor Center has information on Independence National Historical Park, the City of Philadelphia, the South Jersey and Delaware River waterfront, and the surround Bucks, Chester, Delaware, and Montgomery counties in Pennsylvania. The 50,000-square-foot (4,600 m) building
2820-408: The permanent capital were being developed, Pennsylvania delegates continued to put forth effort to undermine the plan. The city began construction on a massive new presidential palace on Ninth Street and an expansion to Congress Hall . Regardless of these efforts, the federal government relocated from Philadelphia for the final time on May 14, 1800. Despite its crucial role in the nation's founding,
2880-399: The plan, several new public buildings were constructed. The extensive redesign proposed the removal of all previous structures, except the Free Quaker Meetinghouse . It proposed to focus all of the proposed buildings along 6th Street at the western edge of the park with smaller pocket parks along 5th Street to the east. The smaller parks along the eastern edge, some of which were raised above
2940-455: The project. In 1961, the building was moved 38 feet west and 8 feet south to its present location to allow for the widening of Fifth Street. The original approved designs for the Mall were created without involvement from the National Park Service. As plans emerged, retailers on Market Street resisted, arguing that the demolition was out-of-scale with the comparatively small landmark at its southern end. The first block closest to Independence Mall
3000-449: The same time as the petition itself. British advocates of a military response used Adams' letter to claim that the petition itself was insincere. Penn and Lee provided a copy of the petition to colonial secretary Lord Dartmouth on August 21, followed with the original on September 1. They reported back on September 2: "we were told that as his Majesty did not receive it on the throne, no answer would be given." The King had already issued
3060-423: The same year, the glass Liberty Bell Pavilion was completed. The bell was relocated as part of the New Year's Eve celebration and the Pavilion first opened to the public on January 1, 1976, at 12:01 am. This was the official home of the Liberty Bell until October 9, 2003. In 1997, the NPS announced a plan to redesign Independence Mall, developed by the landscape architecture firm Olin Partnership . As part of
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#17328451890743120-484: The seat of the United States Congress . The House of Representatives convened on the first floor and the Senate convened on the second floor. During Congress Hall's duration as the capitol of the United States, the country admitted three new states: Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee; ratified the Bill of Rights of the United States Constitution; and oversaw the Presidential inaugurations of both George Washington (his second) and John Adams. The President's House served as
3180-417: The site served most of its useful life as a municipal facility after the federal government relocated to the District of Columbia . The state government moved to Harrisburg in October 1812, and since there was little use for the Pennsylvania State House , the State of Pennsylvania considered selling it and dividing the State House Yard into building lots as early as 1802. The state came close to demolishing
3240-413: Was adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 5, 1775, and signed on July 8, 1775 in a final attempt to avoid war between Great Britain and the Thirteen Colonies in America. The Congress had already authorized the invasion of Canada more than a week earlier, but the petition affirmed American loyalty to Great Britain and entreated King George III to prevent further conflict. It was followed by
3300-442: Was also met with resistance. Mayor Frank Rizzo then suggested that the pavilion be placed in the block immediately north of the famous building. It was this later idea that prevailed and the plans were drafted to construct the new glass and steel pavilion at the north end of the first block of Independence Mall near Market Street. Designed by Romaldo Giurgola in 1974, ground breaking for construction occurred early in 1975. Later
3360-402: Was completed in 1954. The design for the first block was developed by Wheelwright, Stevenson and Langren, a Philadelphia landscape architecture firm. By their design, the block featured a central lawn surrounded by terraces, walkways and a formal allée of trees. The next block would have featured a central fountain and a square reflecting pool, surrounded by terraces and two brick arcades to mimic
3420-459: Was constructed in 2001 as the result of a cooperative effort among many area organizations, with funding from The Pew Charitable Trusts , the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the Delaware River Port Authority , the Annenberg Foundation , the Connelly Foundation , and the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation . Independence Mall is the main three-block section of Independence National Historical Park. It lies directly north of Independence Hall and
3480-413: Was laid when the Historic Sites Act of 1935 was adopted. Even before Independence Hall was officially named a National Historic Site in 1943, Architect Roy F. Larson developed the original concept for the site now known as Independence Mall in 1937. His concept called for a 5-block mall extending from Chestnut to Callowhill Streets, and incorporating the approaches to the Benjamin Franklin Bridge . and
3540-553: Was rejected in August 1775, the King's Proclamation of Rebellion formally declared the colonies to be in a state of rebellion. In February 1776, colonists received news that Parliament passed the Prohibitory Act , which established a blockade of American ports and declared American ships to be enemy vessels. Although the measure amounted to a virtual declaration of war by the British, Congress did not have immediate authority to declare independence until each individual colony authorized its delegates to vote for independence. On June 11,
3600-411: Was strongly backed by the Independence Hall Association and its president, Judge Edwin O. Lewis. In 1947, as a national park was being assembled around Independence Hall, Lewis advocated that the federal government purchase the three blocks north of the historic building for the park. The NPS was only interested in purchasing the First Block. His plan rejected, Lewis took the idea of a three-block mall to
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