A trading post , trading station , or trading house , also known as a factory in European and colonial contexts, is an establishment or settlement where goods and services could be traded.
82-605: Fort Frontenac was a French trading post and military fort built in July 1673 at the mouth of the Cataraqui River where the St. Lawrence River leaves Lake Ontario (at what is now the western end of the La Salle Causeway ), in a location traditionally known as Cataraqui. It is the present-day location of Kingston, Ontario , Canada. The original fort, a crude, wooden palisade structure,
164-570: A British fleet under Admiral John Harman arrived and in the Battle of Martinique bombarded the French ships off Saint-Pierre . La Barre appears to have panicked and ordered his ships to be scuttled. On 31 July 1667 the Treaty of Breda restored peace and ordered return of colonies captured by either side. A letter from the king dated 15 September 1668 named Jean-Charles de Baas governor and lieutenant general of
246-572: A campaign against the Iroquois to resolve the Iroquois threat, beginning with Governor Antoine Lefèbvre de La Barre 's unsuccessful expedition to Fort Frontenac and into Seneca territory south of Lake Ontario in 1684. In 1687 La Barre's successor, the Marquis de Denonville , gathered an army to travel into the Seneca territory. To quell suspicion about his motives, Denonville let on that he was merely travelling to
328-720: A delegation of 43 Iroquois chiefs met La Barre in Montreal. La Barre could not get the Iroquois to agree to make peace with the Illinois, but they did agree to leave the Ottawas and Hurons in peace and to return the next spring to ratify the treaty. He reported that they demanded that René-Robert de La Salle be forced to leave Fort Saint-Louis , a post on the Illinois River . The delegates left on good terms, but La Barre thought they were insincere. The Iroquois forces were growing in strength while
410-540: A desperate battle with the English ship Colchester . The Armes d'Angleterre with 24 guns and a crew of 110 defeated the larger Colchester with 44 guns and 300 men in an engagement off the point of Nevis. La Barre was wounded and returned to Martinique . The Dutch commander Abraham Crijnssen heard that an English squadron commanded by Sir John Berry had entered the Caribbean, and sailed to Martinique to discuss plans with
492-462: A few servants to attend to the French. When the Frenchmen learned that this was the case, they decided to feign interest in a few of the guns available at the trading post, which they turned back onto the servants. They ordered for all things valuable, leaving with £500 of goods and £300 in beaver pelts. A good portion of Fur, Fortune, and Empire focuses on the journey of John Jacob Astor, who founded
574-403: A hundred paces away or almost there is a barn for storing the harvest. There are quite near the fort several French houses, an Iroquois village, a convent and a Recollet church. La Salle used Fort Frontenac as a convenient base for his explorations into the interior of North America. Fur trade rivalries continued to cause friction between the French and the Iroquois in the 1680s. The French began
656-402: A large amount of land because of their efficient systems for spreading information, goods, and other supplies across large distances. Goods specifically were vital to fueling outposts in distant territories, like northern Africa and western Asia. Trading posts played a large part in managing these goods, where they were going, and when. Some goods exchanged at these trading posts and other parts of
738-531: A lime kiln, hospital, barracks, officers' quarters, storehouses, and a bakehouse were completed. In 1787, the rebuilt fort became known as Tête-de-Pont Barracks. During the War of 1812 , the fort was the focus of military activity in Kingston, having housed many military troops. Many of the present barrack buildings were built between 1821 and 1824. After British imperial forces withdrew from most Canadian locations in 1870–71,
820-461: A peace council at Fort Frontenac. As Denonville and his army moved up the St. Lawrence toward the fort, several Iroquois, many of whom were friendly to the French, including women and children and some prominent leaders, were captured and imprisoned at Fort Frontenac by intendant de Champigny ostensibly to prevent them from revealing Denonville's troops' location. Some were held hostage and sent to Montreal in
902-444: A simple revetement of masonry, with poor foundations of small stones badly set, and the lime is bad; one could easily damage it with a sledge or a pick. The wall is about three to three and a half feet thick at the bottom and two at the top; it has been necessary to build walls for cover. The walls are from 20 to 25 feet high; there are no moats. The trees have been cut down within cannon-shot north and west and about two cannon-shots from
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#1732854772214984-565: A trapper, offered Kenneth McKenzie to serve as this contact and get the AFC into negotiations with the Blackfoot. The talks were successful, and McKenzie was able to build a trading post in Blackfoot territory, adjacent to the Missouri and Marias Rivers, naming it Fort McKenzie. Noochuloghoyet Trading Post was an American trading post established in the last 19th century, located in central Alaska adjacent to
1066-432: A war on the Iroquois in the summer of 1684, apparently in order to force them to trade with the French rather than the English. On 30 July 1684 the king wrote to La Barre agreeing with the decision, which had been presented as a response to the attack on Fort Saint-Louis. La Barre left Montreal on 30 July 1684 with 700 militiamen, 400 Indian allies and 150 regular troops, and travelled to Fort Frontenac. He made contact with
1148-676: The Canadian Militia authorized the creation of two batteries of garrison artillery which provided garrison duties and schools of gunnery. " A " Battery School of Gunnery was established at Tête-de-Pont Barracks and other locations in Kingston (" B " Battery was located in Quebec). These batteries were known as the Regiment of Canadian Artillery. When this regiment evolved into the Royal Canadian Horse Artillery (RCHA), its headquarters
1230-449: The Relation de ce qui s’est passé dans les îles de l’Amérique en 1666–1667 (Paris, 1671). Jean-Baptiste Labat said this was "rather a Factum against M. de Closdoré, the governor of Martinique, than an exact and sincere account of what occurred there." In 1673 La Barre was in command of a ship in the squadron of Admiral Jean II d'Estrées and was distinguished in action. La Barre commanded
1312-667: The Sage in the Battle of Schooneveld on 7 June 1673, in which the Dutch were defeated. He was in command of the Maure in 1674 in the Mediterranean fleet of Jean-Baptiste de Valbelle . King Louis XIV appointed the 60 year old La Barre governor general of New France (Canada) on 1 May 1682. La Barre was to replace Louis de Buade de Frontenac . At this time the Iroquois were powerful and had defeated
1394-619: The Seven Years' War between Britain and France, who were vying for control of the North American continent, the British considered Fort Frontenac to be a strategic threat since it was in a position to command transportation and communications to other French fortifications and outposts along the St. Lawrence – Great Lakes water route and in the Ohio Valley. Although not as important as it once was,
1476-507: The American War of Independence . The centre of the region, a community focused on the old fort, would eventually become the city of Kingston. General Sir Frederick Haldimand , Governor of the Province of Quebec , ordered Major John Ross , commander at Oswego, to repair and rebuild the fort to accommodate a military garrison. This was done by a force of 422 men and 25 officers. By October 1783,
1558-649: The American Fur Company (AFC). One of the great feats achieved by the AFC was the establishment of a trading post in the native Blackfoot tribe's territory, located in modern-day Montana along the Rocky Mountains. The Blackfoot tribe had killed many Americans and, up to this point, only traded with the Hudson Bay Company. In order to erect a trading post in Blackfoot territory, they would need an inside contact to establish contact on their behalf. Jacob Berger,
1640-581: The Antilles. Another letter dated 19 September 1668 ordered La Barre to return to France to report on the state of the islands. Cayenne was looted by the British under the command of Rear-Admiral Sir John Harman in August 1667. The English destroyed Fort Cépérou and the town of Cayenne . Cyprien Lefebvre left on 23 September 1667. From December 1667 the Jesuit father Jean Morellet was the de facto governor. After peace
1722-452: The Antilles. among Dutch, French and English things are settled in a brotherly manner. Underneath the skin we are all humans. Guerin Spranger, a Dutchman, was once governor of Guyana, and the French fleet tried to seize the place. The Dutchman weighed up his forces, saw that it was useless to resist and proposes the Frenchmen to give him 21.850 guilder for his plantations. The guilder appeared and
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#17328547722141804-602: The Bourbonnais to colonize what is now French Guiana . On 26 February 1664 Tracy sailed from La Rochelle , France, with seven ships and 1,200 picked men of the Compagnie de la France équinoxiale led by La Barre. His first stop was in Cayenne, which the Dutch commander Guerin Spranger surrendered without opposition on 15 May 1664. Tracy disembarked La Barre and his garrison, and left for Martinique . Germán Arciniegas relates, In
1886-428: The British under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel John Bradstreet left Fort Oswego with a force of a little over 3000 men and attacked Fort Frontenac. The fort's garrison of 110 men, including five officers and 48 enlisted men of the regular colonial troops, employees, women, children, 8 Indians, and others commanded by Pierre-Jacques Payen de Noyan et de Chavoy, surrendered and were allowed to leave. Bradstreet captured
1968-642: The Canadian military, who continue to use it. The intent of Fort Frontenac was to control the lucrative fur trade in the Great Lakes Basin to the west and the Canadian Shield to the north. It was one of many French outposts that would be established throughout the Great Lakes and upper Mississippi regions. The fort was meant to be a bulwark against the English who were competing with the French for control of
2050-420: The English and the Dutch. La Barre denied these charges. La Barre was determined to remove La Salle, and in the summer of 1683 sent Aubert and Le Ber to seize Fort Frontenac and La Salle's merchandise on the grounds that La Salle had failed to meet the conditions under which he became owner of the fort. There was some validity to this. La Salle's 5-year concession had expired, and the minister had stated that he
2132-545: The French. La Barre proposed joint action against the English, which became more urgent when word arrived that Saint Christopher Island was being blockaded by Berry. La Barre and the governor of Martinique, Robert de Clodoré combined their forces with Crijnssen. The Franco-Dutch fleet sailed for Nevis, and engaged the English in the Battle of Nevis (20 May 1667). La Barre caused a retreat through his incompetence, and Crijnssen left for Virginia in disgust. After returning to Martinique La Barre and Clodoré were arguing when
2214-477: The Indians to bring their furs to La Barre in Montreal. La Salle's Fort Frontenac (today Kingston, Ontario ) was attracting furs away from the Montreal traders. La Barre entered a partnership against La Salle with the merchants Jacques Le Ber and Charles Aubert de La Chesnaye . The Intendant de Meulles accused La Barre in his letters to Seignelay of selling large numbers of licenses to fur traders and of trading with
2296-593: The Indians ;; but it was with different associates. The late governor's friends were the new governor's enemies ; and La Salle, armed with his monopolies, was the object of his especial jealousy. In 1682 La Barre founded the Compagnie du Nord trading company to compete with the Hudson Bay traders. La Barre gave Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut a 3-year commission early in 1683 to take an expedition of 15 canoes to
2378-446: The Indians, advised La Barre to avoid provoking the Iroquois, while the leading men of Quebec wanted to delay war until there was no longer any chance of a negotiated peace, and until fresh troops had arrived from France. The Jesuit missionary Julien Garnier sent a letter to La Barre on 23 April 1684 in which he opposed war against the Iroquois due to the effect it would have on the Jesuit missions. Despite this advice, La Barre launched
2460-463: The Iroquois on 29 August 1684 at a place named Famine Cove (Anse de la Famine) on Lake Ontario to the northeast of Oswego . His camp was in a marshy location without natural defenses. The force ran out of food and many came down with fever. He met with the Onondaga Iroquois leaders on 2 September 1684. The Jesuit Pierre Millet , who spoke the Iroquois language and had played a leading role in
2542-466: The Iroquois started to attack the Indians who were allied with the French. La Barre tried unsuccessfully to get Thomas Dongan, 2nd Earl of Limerick , governor of New York, to stop supporting the Iroquois and selling them goods at lower prices than the French. In the spring of 1683 La Barre sent two officers to the Great Lakes and Illinois regions to report on the practices of the coureurs de bois who were engaged in unlicensed fur trading, and to invite
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2624-525: The Iroquois who inhabited areas south of Lake Ontario. Increased tension between the British and the French in the 1740s led to the French upgrading the fort's defensive capabilities by adding new guns, building new barracks and increasing the size of the garrison. However, when the Marquis de Montcalm arrived at the fort in 1756 to launch an attack on the British at Oswego , he was not impressed with its construction. One of his engineers noted that: The fort has
2706-532: The Miamis, but not with France's allies the Illinois. La Barre had no choice but to agree. The expedition had been a disaster for which La Barre was blamed by his Indian allies, the colonists and the French government. 300 soldiers from France arrived at Quebec on almost the same day as La Barre, too late. La Salle had gone back to France and was back in favour with the king and the minister, who returned forts Frontenac and Saint-Louis to him. On 10 March 1685 Louis XIV wrote
2788-602: The Navarre and Normandie regiments led by Marshall Saint Léon. The force advanced inland in search of the English force, which they could not find, but they did capture Osborne's wife and other civilians, forcing the governor to sue for peace. The French took large quantities of armaments, slaves, horses and cattle. 2,000 Irish residents of Montserrat agreed to become subjects of France under the Sieur de Praille as interim governor. In April 1667 La Barre's ship Armes d’Angleterre engaged in
2870-700: The Roman trade system were precious stones, fabrics , ivory , and wine . There is also evidence that they traded cattle at the Empúries trading post, established in the 6th century BCE, on the Iberian Peninsula. A trading house was typically strategically stocked with goods that the Native Americans would trade furs for; some of these goods included clothing, blankets, and corn. Eric Jay Dolin's Fur, Fortune, and Empire provides some historical context on events and
2952-483: The West Indies in 1666 to defend them against the English. The intendant at Rochefort , Charles Colbert du Terron [ fr ] ), told the minister that La Barre was a poor choice as leader of this expedition since he had no stomach for war. On 7 October 1666 La Barre presented himself to the council on Martinique and registered his commission, dated 26 February 1666, to command the vessels and maritime forces of
3034-502: The West Indies. La Barre thought the Iroquois wanted to destroy New France so they could control the fur trade, perhaps more a reflection of his own outlook than that of the Iroquois. On 10 October 1682 La Barre met with the military and religious leaders of New France to discuss the general situations and the threat from the Iroquois confederation, particularly the Tsonnontouans ( Senecas ) . La Barre and de Meulles managed to persuade
3116-477: The Yukon River. This was an important trading post for the fur trade, though it has historically gone by different names and the level of involvement varied greatly while active. Antoine Lef%C3%A8bvre de La Barre Joseph-Antoine le Fèbvre, sieur de La Barre (or Antoine Lefebvre , Antoine Lefèvre ; 1622–1688) was a French lawyer and administrator best known for his disastrous three years as governor of
3198-434: The age of 60 he was appointed Governor of New France , holding office from 1682 to 1685. He spent much of his energy in trading ventures, using his position as governor to attack his great rival René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle . He began a war with the Iroquois, the main power in the region, and led a poorly equipped expedition against them that ran into difficulty. He was forced to agree to a disadvantageous peace treaty that
3280-475: The canoes they could find, including ones that carried La Barre's goods. According to Francis Parkman it was these incidents and La Barre's desire to protect his own trading interests that caused him to go to war with the Iroquois. Baron Lahontan also states that the war was intended only to support a trading venture. The Iroquois attacked Fort Saint-Louis on 21 March 1684, but Tonti and Baugy drove them off. The Jesuits, who had much experience in dealing with
3362-559: The colony of New France (Quebec). As a young man he served in the administration in France. He then became governor of Cayenne (French Guiana) in 1664 after it was recovered from the Dutch. After handing Cayenne over to his brother, he served briefly as lieutenant-general of the French West Indies colonies, then for many years was a naval captain. In two engagements he was accused of cowardice, but in others he served with distinction. At
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3444-615: The development and use of the fort and surrounding area, and helped to establish the relationship between the physical remains and the information included in historical maps and plans. Intact remains of the east bastion were located in 2020 by archaeologists while preparing for infrastructure work. Deposits associated with the fur trade era were found on the south side of the bastion wall, including trade beads , beaver jaws, gun flints , and fish bones. 44°14′00″N 76°28′43″W / 44.23333°N 76.47861°W / 44.23333; -76.47861 Trading post Typically
3526-408: The event that any French were captured, and some were sent to France to be used as galley slaves . Denonville's troops and native allies went on to attack the Seneca. In retaliation for these incidents the Iroquois laid siege to Fort Frontenac and blockaded Lake Ontario. The fort and the settlement at Cataraqui were besieged for two months in 1688. Although the fort was not destroyed, the settlement
3608-418: The flanks. There are some places where the scaffold and even the wall would not stand cannon-fire long. The fort's strategic significance gradually decreased. Other forts such as Fort Niagara , Fort Detroit , and Fort Michilimackinac became more important. By the 1750s Fort Frontenac essentially served only as a supply storage depot and harbour for French naval vessels, and its garrison had dwindled. During
3690-499: The fort and built storage buildings and dwellings, brought in domestic animals and ensured some land outside the fort was cultivated with the aim of attracting settlers. The fort was sited to protect a small sheltered bay (the "cannotage") that the French could use as a harbour for large lake-going boats. Unlike the Ottawa River fur trade route into the interior, which was only accessible by canoes , larger vessels could easily navigate
3772-493: The fort by controlling trade. Frontenac, along with his entourage, journeyed up the St. Lawrence to the fort's future site where he met leaders of the Five Nations of the Iroquois on July 12, 1673 to encourage them to trade with the French, and to begin the fort's construction. The fort, which was constructed of wood surrounded by a wooden stockade consisting of sharpened poles, was completed within six days. La Salle administered
3854-791: The fort from the Royal Military College in 1948. The college is now known as the Canadian Army Command and Staff College . Fort Frontenac was also the location of the National Defence College until 1994. In 1982, archaeological investigation began at the fort. During the spring of 1984, the City of Kingston redesigned the intersection of Ontario and Place d'Armes Streets so that the northwest bastion (Bastion St. Michel) and curtain wall could be excavated and partially reconstructed. The research also provided important details about
3936-455: The fort was still a base from which the western outposts were supplied. The British reasoned that if they were to disable the fort, supplies would be cut off and the outposts would no longer be able to defend themselves. The Indian trade in the upper country (the Pays d'en Haut ) would also be disrupted. Fort Frontenac was also regarded as a threat to Fort Oswego, which was built by the British across
4018-433: The fort's supplies and nine French naval vessels, and destroyed much of the fort. He quickly departed to avoid further conflict with any French support troops. For the British, Fort Oswego was secured, and the army's reputation was restored. For the French, the fort's loss was considered to be only a temporary setback. Fort Frontenac's surrender did not succeed in completely severing French communications and transportation to
4100-455: The fur trade. By constructing the trading post the French could encourage trade with the Iroquois , who were traditionally a threat to the French because of their alliance with the English. Another function of the fort was the provision of supplies and reinforcements to other French installations on the Great Lakes and in the Ohio Valley to the south. Explorer René Robert Cavalier de La Salle
4182-553: The future of the colony as La Description de la France équinoxiale . He obtained the appointment of his younger brother Cyprien Lefebvre de Lézy as governor of Cayenne from the West Indies Company. Cyprien Lefebvre replaced the acting governor, Antoine de Noël de la Trompe d'Or , who left office on 8 September 1655. During the Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665–67) La Barre was appointed lieutenant general and sent to
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#17328547722144264-816: The great Iroquois council in mid-1684 that discussed how to appease the French, joined La Barre's expedition and helped with the negotiations at Anse de La Famine (Mexico Bay). The Onondaga leader Garangula said, "Hear, Yonnondio, take care for the future, that so great a number of soldiers as appear here do not choke the Tree of Peace planted in so small a fort. It will be a great loss, if after it had so easily taken root you should stop its growth and prevent its covering your country and ours with its branches." The Iroquois made it clear that any peace would be on their terms. They would be willing to hold further discussions at this location rather than Montreal or Quebec, as long as La Barre took his army back to Quebec. They would make peace with
4346-463: The islands. Soon after he called an assembly of the senior officers and leading inhabitants of the island to hear their complaints concerning commerce and to respond on behalf of the company. La Barre rightly thought that Nevis was the most important English base in the Leeward Islands . In November 1666 the war council turned down his proposal to attack and capture Nevis. A letter patent from
4428-564: The king date 1 February 1667 confirmed La Barre as lieutenant-general of the French armies, islands and mainland of America. On 4 February 1667 a fleet under La Barre arrived at Montserrat . La Barre learned that the garrison of the English Governor Roger Osborne included many Irish Catholics of dubious loyalty, and decided to land a few days later. His land force included 500 militiamen from Saint Christophe under governor Claude de Roux de Saint-Laurent and 500 regular troops of
4510-559: The king to send money and 200 soldiers the next year. The king instructed La Barre to try for a diplomatic settlement with the Iroquois, and only to attack if he was sure of a rapid victory. La Barre had a list of land grants drawn up in 1682. He supported the independence of the clergy from the civil administration, and in 1684 increased the parish priests' pay. Charles Le Moyne de Longueuil managed to bring 13 Seneca Iroquois to meet La Barre on 20 July 1683 in Montreal , and on 14 August 1683
4592-525: The king's agreement, founded the Royal West Indies Company (Compagnie Royale des Indes Occidentales). La Barre was appointed Lieutenant General of the Company and Governor of Cayenne. In February 1665 the ship La Suzanne arrived in Cayenne with 180 men. La Barre learned from the ship of the new West India company, and set off for France. There he published an account of his mission and thoughts on
4674-515: The lake from Fort Frontenac in 1722 to compete with Fort Frontenac for the Indian trade, and later enhanced as a military establishment. General Montcalm had already used Fort Frontenac as a staging point to attack the fortifications at Oswego in August 1756. The British also hoped that taking the well-known fort would boost troop morale and honour after their demoralizing battle defeat at Fort Ticonderoga (Fort Carillon) in July 1758. In August 1758,
4756-594: The land. La Salle, however, could continue his explorations if they seemed useful. De Meules was given the same instructions by the Minister of the Marine. La Barre wrote letters to the king and the Navy minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert de Seignelay in which he said that unlike his predecessors he did not intend to engage in trade for his personal benefit. He was sure he could overcome the Iroquois, who would have heard of his victories in
4838-418: The location of the trading post allows people from one geographic area to trade in goods produced in another area. In some examples, local inhabitants can use a trading post to exchange local products for goods they wished to acquire. A trading post can be either a single building or an entire town. Trading posts have been established in a range of areas, including relatively remote ones, but most often near
4920-427: The lower lakes. The cost of transporting goods such as furs, trade items, and supplies through at least the lower Great Lakes would be reduced. La Salle was granted seigneurial privileges in the vicinity of the fort. In return for these privileges, La Salle was obliged to reimburse Frontenac for expenses related to building the fort, keep 20 workers onsite for two years, and maintain the fort. In 1675, La Salle rebuilt
5002-513: The ocean, a river, or another natural resource . Major towns in the Hanseatic League were known as kontors , a form of trading posts. Charax Spasinu was a trading post between the Roman and Parthian Empires. Manhattan and Singapore were both established as trading posts, by Dutchman Peter Minuit and Englishman Stamford Raffles respectively, and later developed into major settlements. The Roman Empire could control such
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#17328547722145084-655: The origins of trading posts in North America. One of the first examples given is that of the Kennebec Trading House, established in 1628 by the Plymouth colonists. The next event from Dolin's book features early conflicts between the French and Plymouth colonists. This occurs in 1631 when the French go to the Plymouth Penobscot trading post. With the masters and most of the crew gone to get supplies, this left only
5166-553: The other tribes in the region and were threatening the French. The English were active in Hudson Bay to the north and in New York to the south. La Barre reached Quebec City at the end of September 1682, a month after half the town had been burned down. He was accompanied by his wife Marie, his daughter Anne-Marie, his son-in-law Rémy Guillouet d'Orvilliers , captain of the guards, and the intendant Jacques de Meulles . Jacques de Meulles
5248-580: The province surrendered without firing one shot. It all happened on the white sheet of a cash book.(Arciniegas. p. 211). An agreement between Spranger, de Tracy and de la Barre dated 15 March 1664 set out the terms of surrender. It recognized the Dutch rights to lands in the island, and to their guns, ammunition, merchandise, provisions and appurtenances. The French would let the Dutch military march out, drums beating, and would give them and all other inhabitants transport with their goods and slaves to their destination island or country, providing food and drink on
5330-609: The rival Miami and Illinois Indians were weakening. Francis Parkman (1823–1893) wrote in The Discovery of the Great West (1874), La Barre showed a weakness and an avarice for which his advanced age may have been in some measure answerable. He was no whit less unscrupulous than his predecessor in his secret violation of the royal ordinances regulating the fur-trade, which it was his duty to enforce. Like Frontenac, he took advantage of his position to carry on an illicit traffic with
5412-413: The structure. Stone bastions and a stone wall were constructed to strengthen the fort and much of the wooden pallisade was rebuilt. He was also required to attract settlers and meet their spiritual needs by building a chapel and establishing a mission with one or two Recollet priests. A description of the fort written in the 17th century mentions that: Three quarters of it are of masonry or hardstone,
5494-420: The voyage. The inhabitants who remained, including the Jews, would have freedom of religion and full possession of their goods, lands and slaves. If they chose to leave they could sell their land and take their goods and slaves with them. La Barre established a garrison at Fort Cépérou , Cayenne, and started construction of a settlement of 200 huts. Back in France, on 11 July 1664 Jean-Baptiste Colbert , with
5576-420: The wall is three feet thick and twelve high. There is one place where it is only four feet, not being completed. The remainder is closed in with stakes. There is inside a house of squared logs, a hundred feet long. There is also a blacksmith's shop a guardhouse, a house for the officers, a well, and a cow-house. The ditches are fifteen feet wide. There is a good amount of land cleared and sown around about, in which
5658-400: The west since other routes were available (e.g. the Ottawa River – Lake Huron route). Supplies could also be moved west from other French posts (e.g. Fort de La Présentation ). In the long term, however, the surrender compromised French prestige among the Indians and contributed to the defeat of New France in North America. Since the fort was no longer perceived to be important to the French, it
5740-421: The west to the south. ...As for the interior, a wooden scaffold has been built all around except along the north curtain where the commandant's house and chapel are, where the buildings are against the wall. This scaffold is too high; battlements have been let in on a level with the scaffold only eight inches high, which makes them useless. There are two openings for cannons on certain faces of the basions and one on
5822-475: The western Great Lakes and the upper Mississippi. He was to restore the northwest tribes to obedience to the French, and prevent them from taking their furs to the English traders in Hudson Bay. De Meulles charged in a report of 10 October 1684 that La Barre had merchandise for his personal trading ventures carried by military supply convoys. Although he claimed he meant to fight the Iroquois, La Barre tried to organize trade with them to his own profit. In May 1683
5904-507: Was appointed intendant of Bourbonnais in 1663. In 1663 the French decided to regain control of their former colony of Cayenne (French Guiana) from the Dutch, despite being at peace with the Netherlands at the time. Alexandre de Prouville de Tracy was appointed Lieutenant Général of the Americas and was tasked with this mission. La Barre formed the Compagnie de la France équinoxiale in
5986-674: Was at the Tête-de-Pont Barracks from 1905 to 1939. When the RCHA left for operational duties during the Second World War , the fort was used as a personnel depot. On 25 May 1923, the site of Fort Frontenac was designated as a National Historic Site of Canada . In 1939 the site of the fort again became known as Fort Frontenac. Canadian Army staff training began at Fort Frontenac when the Canadian Army Staff College moved to
6068-416: Was called Fort Cataraqui but was later named for Louis de Buade de Frontenac , Governor of New France who was responsible for building the fort. It was abandoned and razed in 1689, then rebuilt in 1695. The British destroyed the fort in 1758 during the Seven Years' War and its ruins remained abandoned until the British took possession and reconstructed it in 1783. In 1870–71 the fort was turned over to
6150-845: Was condemned by France's Indian allies, the colonists and the French court. He was recalled as a result and spent his last few years as a wealthy man in Paris. Antoine Lefebvre, Sieur de la Barre, was born in Paris in 1622. His parents were Antoine Le Febvre de La Barre and Madeleine Belin. His father was a counsellor in the Parlement (court of appeal) of Paris and the prévôt des marchands . Around 1643 La Barre married Marie Gascon. They had one daughter, Marie ( c. 1644–1716 ). On 10 September 1645 La Barre married Marie Mandat. Their children included Robert (born c. 1647 ), François Antoine, Seigneur de La Barre (1650–1727), Marguerite (1651–1725) and Jeanne Françoise (1654–1735). In 1646 La Barre
6232-420: Was devastated and many inhabitants died, mostly from scurvy . The French abandoned and destroyed the fort in 1689, claiming that its remoteness prevented proper defense and that it could not be adequately supplied. The French again took possession of the fort in 1695 and it was rebuilt and strengthened to serve primarily as a military base of operations. From Fort Frontenac in 1696 the French organized an attack on
6314-464: Was far from satisfied with the very limited results delivered by La Salle from his explorations. Later that summer La Barre sent the Chevalier de Baugy to seize Fort Saint-Louis, a trading post built by La Salle's deputy Henri de Tonti . La Barre authorized the Iroquois to seize the goods from any canoe whose owner could not show a passport signed by La Barre. They used this as a license to pillage all
6396-539: Was made a counsellor of the Parlement. He was appointed a maître des requêtes ( master of requests ) in 1653. He was intendant in Paris during the Fronde civil war. He was then in turn intendant of Grenoble (Dauphiné), Moulins (Bourbonnais) and Auvergne . In 1659 Jean-Baptiste Colbert complained to Cardinal Mazarin that the people of Dauphiné hated La Barre. Mazarin replied that he should be allowed to resign. He
6478-575: Was never rebuilt and was left abandoned for the next 25 years. French imperial power was waning in the late 1750s, and by 1763 France had withdrawn from the North American mainland. Cataraqui and the remains of Fort Frontenac were relinquished to the British. In 1783, the Cataraqui region was selected by the British as a location to settle United Empire Loyalists who had fled the United States after
6560-480: Was ordered by governor Daniel de Rémy de Courcelle to select a location for a fort. He selected the strategic junction of Lake Ontario, the Cataraqui River, and the St. Lawrence River. Governor Louis de Buade de Frontenac, de Courcelle's successor, was concerned about further Iroquois threats, and endorsed La Salle's proposal. Governor Frontenac and his close associates also hoped to personally benefit from building
6642-564: Was related to the minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert by marriage. La Barre was personally instructed by Louis XIV that he must focus on restoring order and good government and must do everything to avoid internal disputes between the colonists, which had done great damage under Frontenac. He was told that he should allow no more expeditions against the Sioux and the Mississippi , since the king thought his subjects would be better employed in cultivating
6724-410: Was restored in 1668 de La Barre returned, and held office until 1670. Cyprien Lefebvre again took charge of Cayenne in 1670, and held office until March 1679. The 1670 Treaty of Dover united England and France against Holland. La Barre was made captain of a man-of-war in 1671. That year he published Journal du voyage du sieur de la Barre en la terre ferme et ile de Cayenne . It appeared as part of
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