28-628: Fort Defiance may refer to: Canada Fort Defiance (British Columbia) , winter quarters for American Captain Robert Gray United States Fort Defiance, Arizona , an unincorporated community Fort Defiance (California) , formerly Roop's Fort, located in Susanville Fort Morris , Georgia, known as Fort Defiance during the War of 1812 Fort Defiance (Illinois) ,
56-978: A Civil War post commanded by General Ulysses S. Grant, site of Fort Defiance Park Fort Defiance State Park near Estherville, Iowa Fort Defiance (Maryland) , a War of 1812 fort on the Elk River Fort Defiance (Massachusetts) , a 19th-century fort in Gloucester Fort Defiance (Brooklyn) , a fort in the neighborhood of Red Hook, Brooklyn, New York during the American Revolution Fort Defiance (Lenoir, North Carolina) , former plantation home of General William Lenoir Fort Defiance (Ohio) , in present-day Defiance, Ohio Gordon Stockade , South Dakota, initially called Fort Defiance Fort Defiance, Tennessee , in Clarksville TN, later renamed Fort Bruce Fort Defiance, briefly
84-647: A mast and planks. On March 23, 1792, the ship was launched, making it the first American-built vessel in the Pacific Northwest. Before setting sail with both ships in March, the Americans abandoned the fort, stripping it of anything useful. For most of the winter relations with Wickaninnish and his people were good. On Christmas Day, Wickaninnish and a number of other chiefs dined aboard the Columbia , and on New Year's Day,
112-515: Is also used for the larger region of land around the waterbody (essentially its watershed). The name Clayoquot is derived from the name of a subgroup of the Nuu-chah-nulth, who lived at Clayoqua . In the late 20th century, this group merged into the multi-group band government known as the Tla-o-qui-aht , meaning "different" or "changing" in their language. First Nations have inhabited
140-668: Is located on the west coast of Vancouver Island in the Canadian province of British Columbia . It is bordered by the Esowista Peninsula to the south, and the Hesquiaht Peninsula to the North. It is a body of water with many inlets and islands. Major inlets include Sydney Inlet, Shelter Inlet, Herbert Inlet, Bedwell Inlet, Lemmens Inlet, and Tofino Inlet. Major islands include Flores Island , Vargas Island, and Meares Island . The name
168-773: Is phasing out salmon farms by 2022 in the Discovery Islands on Vancouver Island's east side. The members of three major First Nations band governments of the Nuu-chah-nulth peoples inhabit the Clayoquot Sound: the Hesquiaht in the North, the Ahousaht in the middle, and the Tla-o-qui-aht in the south. The latter group is based in the village of Opitsaht on Meares Island . The village of Tofino lies opposite Opitsaht on
196-421: The Columbia were transferred ashore. Robert Haswell assumed charge of the base and ten men. The next task was constructing the sloop Adventure , incorporating framing supplies carried in the Columbia's hold. On October 3, the keel was laid. While the 45-ton sloop was built on the beach, the whaleboat was built within the fort. The crew felled tall trees, floated them to the site, and shaped them into
224-465: The fur trade . In 1791, the complex inner waters were explored and mapped by José María Narváez and Juan Carrasco ; their commander, Francisco de Eliza , met and befriended Wickaninnish , the chief of the Tla-o-qui-aht peoples. These explorers recognized the region's wealth of natural resources. These resources attracted growing numbers of non-First Nations peoples, who limited First Nation access to land, and generated resentment among
252-660: The intensive farming operation, occurred in 2019. The densely packed farms have the disadvantage of providing conditions that allow for the rapid spread of disease. A highly contagious virus variant found in Norwegian salmon farms has been found in Clayoquot Sound farmed salmon. Environmental advocacy organizations have stated such events are evidence of the environmental damage associated with this type of fish farming. The British Columbia provincial government has closed other salmon farming sites on Vancouver Island. For instance, it
280-514: The Americans were entertained onshore by Wickaninnish. During the winter, Gray's crew had foiled an attack planned by a Sandwich Island crew member and the Tla-o-qui-aht people. In final retaliation, on leaving the area, Gray ordered the destruction of 200 homes in the local Opitsaht village. The ship's log noted that Gray had let his passions go too far. The winter quarters in Disappointment Inlet (now called Lemmens Inlet) were on
308-477: The Clayoquot Sound region, including both land and water, is 350,000 hectares (860,000 acres). More than 200,000 hectares (490,000 acres) have been included as the subject of a multi-year study using Terrestrial Ecosystem Mapping (TEM) to identify areas prone to geologic and geomorphic hazards, in particular, landslides, soil erosion, and sedimentation. The study is also to identify and characterize terrain conditions associated with these hazards. The region contains
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#1732845527156336-662: The Forests Minister of British Columbia, Andrew Petter , and the Environment Minister, Elizabeth Cull , officially accepted the 127 panel recommendations, on behalf of the NDP government. Members of Greenpeace were reported to play a significant role in these protests and instigated a boycott of BC forest products to apply pressure on the industry. After the government accepted the scientific panel's recommendations, specifically deferring logging until an inventory of pristine areas
364-597: The area for thousands of years. The oldest dated location within Nuu-cha-nulth territory is 4,200 years (at Yuquot, Nootka Island ). Because post-glacial sea-levels are known to have risen, overtaking earlier locations, most scholars will date the beginnings of human habitation beyond 9,000 years BP before present . In the late 18th century, Clayoquot Sound and the Native American peoples were explored by ship by various Europeans and Americans who were involved mainly in
392-552: The early 21st century, the communities surrounding Clayoquot Sound (Tofino, Ucluelet, and Ahousaht) have been developing new sources of income. They are emphasizing ecotourism and selective logging, based on co-management strategies. The land around Clayoquot Sound includes vast coastal temperate rain forest , rivers, lakes, marine areas and beaches. It includes part of the Pacific Rim National Park Reserve and some of Strathcona Provincial Park . The total size of
420-647: The eastern side of the main body of Meares Island , where the geography provided a natural defence against attacks. In Clayoquot Sound , just north of Tofino , Gray named the place Adventure Cove. Researchers identified the site in 1966, and BC officially adopted the name in 1975. At that time, the little island in the cove was named Columbia Islet. Fort Defiance is a protected 135-acre (0.55 km ) archaeological site. 49°12′19″N 125°50′55″W / 49.20521°N 125.84873°W / 49.20521; -125.84873 Clayoquot Sound Clayoquot Sound / ˈ k l ɑː k w ɒ t /
448-399: The largest area of intact (unlogged) temperate rainforest left on Vancouver Island. Clayoquot Sound is home to wolves , black bears , cougars , grey whales , orcas , porpoises , seals , sea lions , river otters , bald eagles , osprey , marbled murrelets , Pacific loons , Roosevelt elk , martens , and raccoons . In 2000, Clayoquot Sound Biosphere Reserve was designated as
476-557: The late 1980s, the situation escalated when the government approved MacMillan Bloedel Corporation's permit to log Meares Island. The First Nations peoples expressed their opposition to the MacMillan Bloedel Corporation logging in the Clayoquot Sound by several peaceful protests and blockades of logging roads from 1980 to 1994. In the summer of 1993, over 800 protestors were arrested, and many were tried for interfering with approved industry. Protestors included members of
504-463: The local Tla-o-qui-aht First Nation and Ahousaht First Nation bands, as well as NDP MP Svend Robinson , and environmental groups such as Greenpeace and Friends of Clayoquot Sound . International mass media covered the protests and blockades, helping to create national support for environmental movements in British Columbia and foster strong advocacy for anti-logging campaigns. Media reported
532-474: The locals. Government support of private company resource extraction allowed for the growth of such industry over time. Logging companies were active in harvesting timber in the Clayoquot Sound area as late as the 1980s and 1990s. In the late 20th century, First Nations became more active in trying to defend their rights and resources. They developed Native lobbying organizations and insisted on negotiations regarding governmental policies about such resources. In
560-491: The main building measured 11.0 metres (36 ft) long by 5.5 metres (18 ft) wide and was two storeys tall. Using 5,470 bricks from Boston , they built a large brick fireplace and a forge . The main building had two cannons mounted and musket loop holes for defending against possible attack. Other structures included a blacksmith shop, two sawpits for cutting logs, cabins, and a boatbuilding shed. On completion, four cannons, 40 muskets, and various other weapons on
588-758: The name of the Presidio La Bahía in Goliad, Texas during the Texas Revolution Fort Defiance (Vermont) , a fort in Vermont Fort Defiance, Virginia , an unincorporated community Fort Defiance (Wisconsin) , a fort during the Black Hawk War In film Fort Defiance (film) , a 1951 Western directed by John Rawlins Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
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#1732845527156616-432: The perceived injustice of numerous individuals being arrested for joining peaceful protests and blockades. In some cases, law enforcement responded aggressively, which eventually helped strengthen public support for non-violent protests. After the 1990 protests, the provincial government made its first significant change in policy. It commissioned a scientific panel to examine issues related to Clayoquot Sound. In July 1995,
644-599: The provincial government and Nuu-chah-nulth first nations signing the Interim Measures Act (IMA) on March 19, 1994. (This followed protests in 1993 that gained international coverage on this issue, increasing the pressure.) Since the IMA was signed, the First Nations and government have negotiated to co-manage local land and resources, including economic development strategies. With the reduction in logging in this area, in
672-483: The southern promontory of the entrance to the sound. In 1985, for the first time in British Columbia history, the courts froze resource development on crown land because of a related Aboriginal title claim. Chiefs of the Ahousaht and Tla-o-qui-aht first nations obtained an injunction halting logging on Meares Island in Clayoquot Sound pending treaty negotiations with the provincial government. These negotiations resulted in
700-531: The title Fort Defiance . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Defiance&oldid=1237133129 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Fort Defiance (British Columbia) Fort Defiance
728-602: Was a small outpost that the crew of the Columbia Rediviva built as winter quarters during 1791–1792 on Meares Island in present-day British Columbia , Canada. American merchant and maritime fur trader Captain Robert Gray was in command. In early August 1791, John Kendrick arrived in Clayoquot Sound and acquired land from Wickaninnish , chief of the Tla-o-qui-aht , in exchange for firearms. An Opitsaht village
756-680: Was completed, Greenpeace lifted the boycott. After the inventory, the government reduced the Annual Allowable Cut, and clear-cuts in the area were limited to a maximum of four hectares. In addition, once biological and cultural inventories were completed, the government required Eco-Based Planning. The sound's ecological features have made it a major site for the farming of salmon , a fish traditional to this area. Floating feedlots have been installed, consisting of giant fenced pens. There are roughly twenty such farms in operation. A massive die-off of fish, possibly linked to an algal bloom caused by
784-599: Was nearby. Kendrick fortified a small island, and like his Nootka Sound base, called it Fort Washington. In late August, Robert Gray, of the same trading company, arrived on the Columbia Redivia . Following a short overlap, Kendrick sailed away on the Lady Washington for China. On September 19, Gray located a narrow cove suitable for wintering the Columbia , and building a sloop . Two days later, construction of their winter quarters began. Completed by September 30,
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