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66-583: More than a set of buildings in Deptford, it had trading links with four continents: part of what has been called the first globalisation . Cattle were brought there from the great grasslands of the world: initially, from Western Europe, Austria-Hungary and the steppes of the Russian Empire 30° to the east; but later, and mostly, from the Great Plains of America, literally being rounded up by cowboys . Such

132-519: A bullock team grazing on a neighbouring property. Pleuropneumonia spread up the overland route to New South Wales , into Queensland and across northern Australia. It later arrived in Western Australia via a shipload of cattle. Only Tasmania was to remain free of the epidemic in Australia. A national management strategy was implemented in 1959, inspired by the work of chief veterinary officer of

198-415: A cattle boat in as little as 15 minutes. Some cattle, especially from Argentina, were very wild, and were best given "a wide berth". A man in regular employment could earn as much as £4 a week (about £520 purchasing power in 2018 money). These men, who killed and butchered the animals, worked in gangs of four, and earned very high wages for the era: £5 (≅ £650 2018 ) a week was not uncommon. No slaughtering

264-468: A few days of landing, posed a challenge. Their meat would not keep — especially in hot weather — and had to be sent to market quickly, even at sacrificial prices if that market should happen to be glutted. Domestic farmers could avoid the loss by keeping their cattle back. It was not an option for foreign cattle meat traders, and it made their business risky. Accordingly, the City decided meat should be chilled;

330-460: A great impact on the world's global economy. Integration during the First globalization period can be demonstrated in many ways. The volume of international flows, the ratio of commodity trade to GDP and the cost of moving goods or factors of production across borders are a few of the measures, which help us show the increasing trade trend between 1870 and 1914. The third mentioned measure shows up in

396-456: A premium. For centuries the main cattle market for London had been held at Smithfield . There being no refrigeration, butchers bought an animal at the market, and slaughtered it themselves. The site was small and by the Victorian era the volume of trade had increased to the point that it was badly overcrowded and a public health nuisance. Driving cattle to Smithfield through the thoroughfares of

462-453: A sulphur chamber. Hides, horns, fleeces and offal were also disinfected; manure and litter were sterilised. A correspondent from The Times thought the market was very clean and by the standards of the day animals were slaughtered humanely. Foreign veterinarians observed for their governments. American cattle bore ear tags and, if one was found to be diseased, the American vet would telegraph

528-557: A superintendent for the market the City interviewed 25 candidates, and chose a 28-year old Southend station-master, George Philcox. Philcox was in charge of the market for the next 40 years; when he died in 1912, it soon closed. Apparently an able and popular man, it was said "The market made him, and in turn he made it". Employment conditions in Deptford Foreign Cattle Market were investigated by social researcher Charles Booth and are described in his Life and Labour of

594-400: A tidal basin surrounded by three ship-building sheds, each as lofty as Charing Cross station (see title image). By connecting these together Jones obtained a cattle lairage building comprising a pentagonal horseshoe with open sides facing the river and the landing piers (see Layout). To the east another lairage shed had its own pier. Animals were provided with water troughs and hay racks, and

660-468: A veterinary scientist, warned that free trade in animals was dangerous because it would import diseases—had already done so. But the commercial interests were too powerful, and the trade continued. As European rail links improved, these cattle came from as far away as the plains of Hungary and, eventually, Russia. That country had never been free from cattle plague ( rinderpest ), an infectious disease highly mortal to immunologically naïve cattle. It got into

726-402: Is a goal worth pursuing. However, after a brief return between 1925 and 1929 came a collapse of the gold standard in the 1930s, which drove trade volumes even lower. Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia ( CBPP – also known as lung plague ), is a contagious bacterial disease that afflicts the lungs of cattle , buffalo , zebu , and yaks . It

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792-530: Is caused by the bacterium Mycoplasma mycoides , and the symptoms are pneumonia and inflammation of the lung membranes. The incubation period is 20 to 123 days. It was particularly widespread in the United States in 1879, affecting herds from several states. The outbreak was so severe that it resulted in a trade embargo by the British government, blocking U.S. cattle exports to Britain and Canada. This prompted

858-578: Is not only about the movement of goods or factors of production. First globalization also includes technological transfers and the rise of international cultural and scientific cooperation. The 1876 World Fair in Philadelphia was the first not to take place in Europe. The modern Olympics began in 1896 . The first Nobel prizes were awarded in 1901. International trade grew for many reasons. Constant technological improvement and increased usage associated with

924-423: Is not supported by reliable sources. One of the most unpleasant jobs was cleaning cattle and sheep intestines, which were used for making sausage skins (and, according to a later source, condoms). Originally men's work, in about 1891 they went on strike for more pay: management responded by assigning the work to women. First globalization " First globalization " is a phrase used by economists to describe

990-523: The Board of Agriculture ) was authorised to "schedule" it, which meant put it on a greylist. Animals from that country, while not banned outright, must be landed at this new market, and nowhere else. It was to operate under quarantine conditions, and no animal was to leave it alive, but had to be slaughtered within 10 days. Since the new market must be in a port, a suitable site on the Thames had to be chosen. There

1056-461: The germ theory of disease had yet to be established. Quarantines and the mass slaughter of infected herds led to agitation against the foreign cattle trade. Wrote Charles Dickens : All the evidence points to one short, simple, certain, severe and somewhat costly remedy—a market exclusively reserved for foreign fat cattle at every port of debarkation, where every animal intended for the butcher should be slain, after sale, in abbatoirs provided for

1122-522: The laissez-faire period, thus mostly liberal international policies are in place. However, the trade policies of the time lacked reciprocity. This period saw financial crises comparable to those of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries and the end of the First globalisation is associated with the collapse of international trade when World War I . started. Globalization revolves around technological and social advances, which further leads to advances in trade and cultural relativism throughout

1188-493: The Atlantic world , technologies had been circulating for a long time and relatively freely in the late 19th century, despite laws forbidding the emigration of skilled workers and machinery exports. The decline in transport and communication costs helped the diffusion of ideas, new goods and machines. The diffusion of technologies was also supported by the creation of international scientific and technical organizations. However, science

1254-612: The City officials, a board was put up bearing the following inscription: "Here worked as a ship-carpenter Peter, Czar of all the Russias, afterwards Peter the Great, 1698." The market was opened for business in January 1872. In 1871 nearly half of cattle and sheep imported into the UK had been sold live at Islington, but by 1880 most were slaughtered at Deptford. That animals had to be slaughtered within

1320-541: The Continent — over a thousand a year — came up the Thames on Sundays and Wednesdays. As the transatlantic cattle trade developed (see below), large ocean-going cattle steamers came into use, but these were reluctant to come alongside. Accordingly the market purchased three paddle steamers (named Racoon , Taurus and Claude Hamilton ) into which cattle were transshipped at Gravesend . Between them, those vessels conveyed more than 1.6 million animals to Deptford. One of

1386-431: The First globalization. Global financial integration collapse in the summer of 1914 saw the fall of the gold standard as well. The final collapse of the gold standard came in the 1930s. The beginning of World War I . has associated with a collapse of global financial integration and a decline in trade. The emerging of new borders and a rise in levels of protection shot up to trade barriers that would be still rising after

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1452-672: The Great of Russia had studied shipbuilding. The Deptford site comprised 22 acres (8.9 ha) (afterwards increased to 30 acres (12 ha), bigger than Les Halles in Paris) and had a river frontage of 1,012 feet (308 m). It was situated on a bend in the Thames, at the bottom of Limehouse Reach . It was designed to receive up to three cattle boats at once, which might conceivably arrive at any time, day or night. Hence three large, immensely strong, timber piers were constructed for disembarking cattle. Piers were provided with platforms at two levels, so that animals could be discharged no matter what

1518-629: The Metropolitan Cattle Market and rapidly spread to most parts of Great Britain. The cattle plague epidemic of 1865-7 has been described as the most dramatic event in 19th century agricultural history. Believing it to be a divine retribution for the sins of society, the Archbishop of Canterbury demanded a day of national humiliation. Little was known about rinderpest in Great Britain and it took two years to eradicate. It did not help that

1584-730: The Northern Territory Colonel Lionel Rose . A National Committee for the Control and Eradication of Pleuropneumonia was established, under the Chief of the CSIRO Division of Animal Health and Production, D A Gill. It defined infected, protected and disease-free areas. Once these were established, there were restrictions on the movement of cattle between zones. The national programme was empowered to employ veterinary officers, stock inspectors and police across Australia. Pleuropneumonia

1650-546: The People in London (1896). The market had about 110 direct employees. In addition 1500 casual workers, mostly drovers and slaughtermen , were paid on piecework , and at times could earn high wages, but the hours were irregular and employment was precarious. They were irregular because they depended on when ships arrived. It was precarious because the volume of trade was driven by the animal disease regulations, which kept changing. As

1716-457: The United Kingdom , were less vulnerable to the price and rent reductions that globalization implied. Trade between industrialized economies was the prevalent form of trade before 1914. International capital market integration was impressive during this period. By 1914, foreign assets accounted for nearly 20% of the worlds GDP . A figure, that was not measured again until the 1970s. Europe

1782-580: The United States to establish the Bureau of Animal Industry , set up in 1884 to eradicate the disease, which it succeeded in doing by 1892. Louis Willems , a Belgian doctor, began pioneering work in the 1850s on animal inoculation against the disease. The bacteria are widespread in Africa, the Middle East, Southern Europe, as well as parts of Asia. It is an airborne species, and can travel up to several kilometres in

1848-453: The air removed surface moisture. It is now known that, not only the chilling, but the drying of meat surfaces inhibits the growth of micro-organisms (though excessive drying does reduce yields and make for an unsightly product). The market was surrounded by a high boundary wall. Services inside included bank branches, a postal telegraph office, and the market's own pub, the Peter the Great . It

1914-483: The butchers, and who are paid a few pence for so doing. When they get old enough, and begin to pick up the drover's craft, they apply to the City Corporation for a licence, which is granted on satisfactory proof of good character on the payment of a fee of 5 s , and is annually renewable without further payment. Drovers at Deptford market were paid a lump sum per vessel, George Philcox told Booth. They could unload

1980-436: The cattle boats & passenger boats been examined?" On landing, animals were examined by a veterinary surgeon who took their pulse and temperature. Suspects were set aside for observation. If one animal in a cargo was found to be contagious, it was slaughtered at once and its carcase sterilised by steam in an iron digester; its companions were put with the suspects. Drovers wore protective clothing, afterwards disinfected in

2046-556: The decline in international freight rates. The development of railways lowered the transport costs, which resulted in a massive migration within Europe and from the Old World to the New World . Exchange-trade stability and reduction of uncertainty in trade made possible by the gold standard. Peace between main powers and reduction of trade barriers promoted trade. 1870-1914 is also known as

Foreign Cattle Market - Misplaced Pages Continue

2112-530: The demand. In 1842-6 the Conservative government of Sir Robert Peel —as in its repeal of the Corn Laws —had legislated to allow all foreign cattle to be imported duty free . It was the beginning of the free trade era ("the first globalisation "). By railway the Metropolitan Cattle Market received livestock not only from most parts of Great Britain and Ireland, but increasingly from the Continent. John Gamgee ,

2178-475: The end of 1887 some 9.4 million animals had been landed at Deptford. The volume of trade fluctuated considerably, but from modest beginnings in 1872 it increased until, by about 1890, more (foreign) cattle were sent to Deptford than (British) to Islington. By 1907, according to the Westminster Gazette 78% of London's live cattle trade went to Deptford. The largest number of cattle ever landed in one year

2244-534: The end of World War I. Meanwhile, tariffs , quotas and other commercial policy barriers were on a rise. Global bodies and international conferences tried to normalize, but governments were unwilling to undo their barriers and after the Imperial Economic Conference in Ottawa in 1932 , international cooperation was no longer even an illusion. Interested parties thought that the restoration of the gold standard

2310-466: The first plant was inaugurated in July 1889. A refrigeration machine, made by Alfred Seale Haslam of Derby, drove dry, very cold air through a series of chilling rooms. Carcases on hooks were conveyed to these rooms directly from the slaughterhouses on overhead rails. Each room could hold 125 sides of beef. In less than 24 hours the warm carcases were chilled to slightly above freezing point. The dryness of

2376-424: The international price gaps and for example, the price gap of wheat between Liverpool and Chicago fell from 57,6% to 15,6%, and the price gap of bacon between London and Cincinnati fell from 92,5% to 17,9%. Many factors contributed to the growth of international trade. Falling transportation cost, reduction of trade barriers and move to free trade in several countries are just a few of those factors. Europe

2442-429: The lairs were brilliantly lighted at night by gas lamps. There was enough covered accommodation for 5,000 cattle and 14,000 sheep. Later it was enlarged, and could accommodate 8,500 cattle and 20,000 sheep. Admiralty storehouses were converted into abattoirs, comprising some 70 slaughterhouses. The demise of the old naval dockyard was regretted by many, and some features dating to Henry VIII were preserved. By order of

2508-533: The many theories about Jack the Ripper was that he was a Portuguese cattle attendant on a boat from Porto . When it docked at Deptford, a Whitechapel murder ensued, or so insisted a customs official who claimed to see a statistical correlation. His persistence irritated the police, but his theory was noticed by Queen Victoria. "The Queen fears the Detective Department is not as efficient as it might be... Have

2574-606: The metropolis e.g. Oxford Street was bad for traffic congestion and endangered life and limb. Hence in 1855 Parliament moved London's livestock market to a site in Islington . Later, Smithfield was rebuilt as a dead meat market: the one that stands today. The new Metropolitan Cattle Market was in Copenhagen Fields, Islington. A growing population and increasing money wages created a demand for more meat. The British farming industry, protected from competition, could not satisfy

2640-529: The natives gave European traders a new source of labor between the continents, which also increased trade. This stage has not been officially deemed the "first era of globalization" because the world trade numbers were not increasing exponentially. World trade increased by 1% per year from 1500 to 1800, which further led to the first era of globalization. Entering the 18th century, due to new technological breakthroughs world trade started to increase rapidly. The first technological advancement that contributed to this

2706-407: The purchase of £1000 worth of beef. The buyers were wholesale (and sometimes retail) butchers, who had access to slaughterhouse space on the premises, generally renting it by the year. Slaughtermen, paid by results, killed and butchered their purchases for them within the 10 days required by law; the buyers took away the meat, offal , hides and fleeces: most of the meat they resold at Smithfield. By

Foreign Cattle Market - Misplaced Pages Continue

2772-579: The purpose. New laws followed. They encouraged the City of London to open and run a second metropolitan livestock market exclusively for imported animals, to be known as the Foreign Cattle Market. It was appreciated that, not only rinderpest, but pleuro-pneumonia and foot-and-mouth disease were contagious threats. Unless convinced that a foreign country was disease-free, the Privy Council (later,

2838-413: The right conditions. Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia came to Australia on a shipment of five head of cattle from England in 1858, imported by one of Melbourne 's earliest settlers Mr Boadle. Three weeks later, a heifer named St Bees fell ill. Boadle called in a veterinarian who diagnosed it with the disease. The heifer died three weeks later. Whilst Boadle destroyed the herd, St Bees had already infected

2904-413: The rise and fall of the gold standard. During the trade boom from 1870 to 1914 one country after another joined the gold standard regime, and gradually the system spread. The gold standard allows countries to convert their currencies to gold. This reduces the exchange-rate risk, transaction costs and assures potential investors that returns are reasonably safe. The gold standard was the central pillar of

2970-547: The sea voyages most had endured long journeys on tightly packed cattle trains. Both on trains and ships severe methods were used to make recumbent cattle stand up—in case they were trampled to death. The intercontinental traffic in live animals was not actually necessary, because it was cheaper to import chilled meat, which was of good quality. Yet the Foreign Cattle Market survived for 40 years; possibly because of irrational prejudice, possibly because butchers could pass off Deptford-killed meat as Scotch or English meat, which sold at

3036-459: The serial number to his government: the animal's home farm could be traced within hours and a quarantine imposed if necessary. The Argentine government sent a vet too, in 1903. The quarantine rules could minimise, but could not altogether prevent, the importation of contagious diseases. The government accepted that cattle plague (1877) and foot-and-mouth disease (1880 and 1882) had escaped from Deptford market. Besides cattle, sheep and pigs, there

3102-461: The state of the tide. At low tides the water depth was at least 12 feet (3.7 m), thought to be sufficient for most steamers. These piers still stand today, though they have been interconnected. The architect was Sir Horace Jones , designer of Smithfield Market and Tower Bridge . Since time was short, Jones took a minimalist approach. The site was not cleared: the existing dockyard buildings were preserved and adapted as necessary. The dockyard had

3168-483: The world's first major period of globalization of trade and finance , which took place between 1870 and 1914. The "second globalization" began in 1944 and ended in 1971. This led to the third era of globalization, which began in 1989 and continues today. The period from 1870 to 1914 represents the peak of 19th-century globalization. First globalization is known for increasing transfers of commodities, people, capital and labour between and within continents. However, it

3234-499: The world. Some economists claim that globalization was first started by the discovery of the Americas by Christopher Columbus . This assumption is considered false due to the mass discovery of gold and silver in mines. This discovery led to the decrease in value of silver and gold in Europe, causing inflation in the Spanish and Portuguese empires . However, the discovery of the Americas and

3300-479: Was 224,831 (1897); of sheep, 783,440 (1882). Detailed statistics are set out in tables in this note. In the Edwardian era a combination of Chicago meatpackers took advantage of the loophole in the regulations — that animals need not be put up for sale on market days — to bypass the marketing system altogether. See The Beef Trust, below. Altogether 16.5 million animals were slaughtered at Deptford. Cattle boats from

3366-461: Was a large part of the First globalization. Migration rates were enormous in European countries like Italy , Greece or Ireland . Migrations were not just transoceanic, but within Europe as well. The fact that American and Australian workers earned higher wages than their European counterparts was the main reason for the mass migrations. Combined with low travel cost and liberal policies, mass migration

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3432-424: Was a matter of professional pride that cattle weights were guesstimated . A journalist described it for Australian readers: The buyer runs over the lot, say, twenty or fifty, averaging the weights by calculation, and then offers a price, which is of course contemptuously rejected at first. By a gradual process of approximation the difficulty is got over, and a shake of the hand, or other mysterious sign, indicates

3498-458: Was a net exporter of manufacturers and a net importer of primary products. New World exchanged food and raw materials for European manufactured goods. This ended up being beneficial for European workers because, in the era where a large portion of income was still spent on food, cheaper transport meant cheaper food and thus higher real wages . However, it was not so beneficial for farmers. Only in countries that retained agricultural free trade, like

3564-412: Was a small trade in horses and donkeys. The rule that no animal could leave the market alive was strictly enforced. A country bumpkin from Essex brought a complaint before magistrate Montagu Williams . The Essex man, needing a good steed, had been induced by a glowing advertisement to pay £30 for a horse, viewable at Deptford Market. He did not realise it was in no condition to be ridden away. To find

3630-410: Was common in high-wage, insecure jobs that attracted improvident men, there was much insobriety, said Booth's researchers. Unemployment at the market might cause severe hardship in Deptford, where it was already high because people migrated to the district to find work. There is a record of market workers sending a wreath to the funeral of George Joseph Cooper MP, admired because at one time Argentina

3696-482: Was done on Saturdays; on other days it varied according to demand, and for a rush order might last up to 20 hours on end. The work was said to be brutalising "and conducive to drink". A carefully aimed blow at the head with a poleaxe was the usual method of stunning used in Britain. While The Times reported favourably on the relative humanity practised at Deptford, it came from the skill acquired by regular repetition; it

3762-472: Was inevitable. However, migration had the greatest impact on the European workers living standard during the First Globalization. Lowering the labour supply pushed up real wages. On the other hand, migration hurt their counterparts overseas. Immigration in the United States lowered unskilled wages. This resulted in tightening restrictions on immigration in the main destination countries. In Europe and

3828-475: Was lobbying for the market to be on the river's north bank, since many traders, especially the butchers of Whitechapel , did not want to have to travel to south London to buy their meat; but there were few adequate sites and access to these was poor. Eventually the defunct royal dockyard at Deptford was chosen. Here in times past Elizabeth I had come to knight Francis Drake aboard the Golden Hind , and Peter

3894-447: Was not an auction market. Trading was by private bargain, and in live animals only. Exporters consigned cattle, sheep and pigs to salesmen who worked on commission. Salesmen and buyers intermingled around the animal pens. Market days were Mondays and Thursdays, but there was nothing to stop animals being sold in their lairs on other days, and this was often done, especially when a shipload arrived late. Weighbridges were seldom used: it

3960-471: Was not infallible. A tanner , examining the lesions on a sample 100 cattle hides — albeit not from Deptford — noted that 45% showed signs of more than one blow i.e., they were not stunned by the first stroke. An advocate of the Jewish shechita method (which was also used at the market) said that he had observed that it often took five blows to fell an ox at Deptford. That women slaughtered animals at Deptford

4026-404: Was not to internationalize production but to facilitate access to raw materials, which Europe was not able to produce in great quantities. Therefore, international investment was highly concentrated. Investment mainly went into the construction of railways , land improvement, housing and other social projects that made it more pleasant for workers and beneficial for European consumers. Migration

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4092-415: Was put on the blacklist and he had tried very hard to get it removed. In 1924, years after the market had closed, efforts were still being made to get it re-opened. It was their job to drive the animals off the boats, or to transship them from the transatlantic steamers at Gravesend. Nearly all the drovers begin their life in the market as "ochre boys", that is, boys who mark the animals with ochre for

4158-418: Was seen as one of the weapons in the struggle between European nations. Between France and Germany , each hoped to tighten their links with allied and neutral countries, especially the United States . Later restrictive policies, aimed at import substitution, resulted in firms setting up production in foreign countries and transforming themselves into multinationals. The period of the First globalization saw

4224-500: Was the steam engine , introduced in the 17th century. This led to major progress in international trade among the economic powers of the world. The invention of the steamship had a great impact on the first wave of globalization. Before its invention, trade routes were reliant on wind patterns, but steamships reduced shipping time and shipping cost. By 1850, nearly 129 countries used steamships for trade, and approximately 5,000 imports and exports were made to 5,000 cities, thus making

4290-489: Was the main moving power. In 1914, over 87% of total foreign investment belonged to European countries. While economic institutions and policies helped with the expend of international capital integration, the absence of military conflict between main lending countries and reduction in exchange-rate risk and transaction due to the gold standard kicked off the trend. Investment went in economies with exploitable natural resources rather than economies with cheap labour. The target

4356-464: Was the volume and quality of the trade that it had an appreciable impact on the livestock industry of the American and Canadian West. Boats also brought live animals across the equator from the pampas of Argentina, and even from the other side of the globe: Australia and New Zealand. In stormy weather numbers of animals were fatally injured, washed overboard, or jettisoned to save the vessel; others were stifled to death under closed hatches. Prior to

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