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141-528: Encompassing roughly one-third of Everglades National Park , Florida Bay is variously stated to be 800 square miles (2,100 km), or 850 square miles (2,200 km), or 1,000 square miles (2,600 km). The bay has been described as an inner continental shelf lagoon. The northern edge of the bay is formed by the Florida mainland. The eastern and southern edge of the bay is defined by the Florida Keys, with only

282-428: A billion parts"). Parts-per notations may be expressed in terms of any unit of the same measure. For instance, the expansion coefficient of some brass alloy, α = 18.7 ppm/°C, may be expressed as 18.7 ( μm / m )/°C, or as 18.7 (μ in / in )/°C; the numeric value representing a relative proportion does not change with the adoption of a different unit of length. Similarly, a metering pump that injects

423-425: A chapter on its disappearance. She wrote: "What had been a river of grass and sweet water that had given meaning and life and uniqueness to this enormous geography through centuries in which man had no place here was made, in one chaotic gesture of greed and ignorance and folly, a river of fire." The book has sold 500,000 copies since its publication, and Douglas's continued dedication to ecology conservation earned her

564-452: A dense forest in the middle of a freshwater marl prairie. Closer to Flamingo, more rugged trails take visitors through mangrove swamps, along Florida Bay. Christian Point Trail, Snake Bight Trail, Rowdy Bend Trail and Coastal Prairie Trail allow viewing of shorebirds and wading birds among the mangroves. Portions of the trails may be impassable depending on the time of year, because of mosquitoes and water levels. Ranger-led tours take place in

705-414: A drought severe enough to cause serious wildfires in 1939. The influx of humans had a detrimental effect on the plants and animals of the region when melaleuca trees ( Melaleuca quinquenervia ) were introduced to help with drainage, along with Australian pines brought in by developers as windbreaks . The region's timber was devastated for lumber supplies. Alligators, birds, frogs, and fish were hunted on

846-705: A few natural passages between islands connecting to the Atlantic Ocean. The western edge of the bay is defined by the westernmost mud banks of the bay. Nearly all of Florida Bay is included in Everglades National Park . The southern edge, along the Florida Keys, is in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary . While there is no sharp boundary between Florida Bay and the Gulf of Mexico, the westernmost edge of Florida Bay can be approximated by

987-487: A large scale. Entire rookeries of wading birds were shot to collect their plumes, which were used in women's hats in the early 20th century. The largest impact people had on the region was the diversion of water away from the Everglades. Canals were deepened and widened, and water levels fell dramatically, causing chaos in food webs . Salt water replaced fresh water in the canals, and by 1997 scientists noticed that salt water

1128-452: A line drawn from Long Key to Cape Sable on the mainland, which is very close to the boundary line of Everglades National Park. The northeastern edge of Florida Bay is at Jewfish Creek in Key Largo . Blackwater Sound, southwest of Jewfish Creek, is generally considered part of Florida Bay; Barnes Sound , on the other side of jewfish Creek, is not. Barnes Sound is generally considered part of

1269-419: A night or $ 10 a night for backcountry permits. Visitors spent $ 2.6 million within the park and $ 48 million in local economies. More than 900 jobs were sustained or created within or by the park, and the park added value of $ 35 million to local economies. Everglades National Park has had 19 superintendents since it was dedicated in 1947. The park's first superintendent, Daniel Beard (1947-1958),

1410-424: A reduction in the amount of vegetation for a few years indicated a sharp increase in salinity. A second core from Russell Bank, also in the central part of the bay, goes back to about 1876. Until about 1884, salinity at the location was greater than 25 ppt. From 1884 to about 1900 salinity was below 25 ppt, and below 18 ppt at times. From about 1900 to about 1910 salinity rose above 25 ppt. From 1910 to 1940, salinity

1551-599: A result, seasons during which algal blooms flourish cause a temporary loss in wildlife. Spotted seatrout populations in the coasted Everglades are declining. As the second most commonly caught species of fish in the Florida Bay, spotted seatrout comprise a large portion of the fishing industry and are integral to the ecosystem as well as surrounding economy. Water temperature of less than 80 °F (27 °C) and salinity levels below 37.5 parts per thousand (ppt) are ideal for seatrout spawning; however, water management stations in

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1692-438: A result. Then, following the 2015 drought, extreme temperatures and heightened salinity reduced the amount of oxygen that could remain dissolved in the water, causing periods of anoxia during nighttime and thereby damaging the health of the turtlegrass in the bay. During the summer and fall of 2015, approximately 40,000 acres of seagrass died. Cyanobacterial harmful algae blooms (also known as blue-green algae) have flourished in

1833-486: A series of ecological changes beginning in the late 1980s that have severely altered the ecosystem. Originally, clean freshwater flowed south through the state into the Florida Bay. To support the state's agricultural water needs, namely for sugar cultivation, the water was rerouted and no longer flows into the Bay. The flow of fresh water is believed to have caused environmental issues and loss of native wildlife. The rerouting of

1974-512: A single large community near the mouth of the Miami River , while the Calusa lived in 30 villages. Both groups traveled through the Everglades but rarely lived within them, remaining mostly along the coast. The diets of both groups consisted mostly of shellfish and fish, small mammals, game, and wild plants. Having access only to soft limestone, most of the tools fashioned by Native Americans in

2115-426: A trace chemical into the main process line at the proportional flow rate Q p = 12 ppm, is doing so at a rate that may be expressed in a variety of volumetric units, including 125 μ L / L , 125 μ gal / gal , 125 cm / m , etc. In nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), chemical shift is usually expressed in ppm. It represents the difference of a measured frequency in parts per million from

2256-598: A variety of epiphytes. Twenty-eight miles (45 km) of trails start near the Long Pine Key campgrounds and wind through Long Pine Key, well-suited for offroad cycling through the pine rocklands in the Marjory Stoneman Douglas Wilderness. Two boardwalks allow visitors to walk through a cypress forest at Pa-Hay-O-Kee, which also features a two-story overlook, and another at Mahogany Hammock (referring to Swietenia mahagoni ) that takes hikers through

2397-579: Is a Marine protected area designated as a "Particularly Sensitive Sea Area" by the International Maritime Organization in 2002. Boating in Florida Bay off the Intracoastal Waterway is considered challenging, because of shallow depths, mud, and seagrass. 25°00′01″N 80°44′59″W  /  25.00028°N 80.74972°W  / 25.00028; -80.74972 Everglades National Park Everglades National Park

2538-625: Is a national park of the United States that protects the southern twenty percent of the original Everglades in Florida . The park is the largest tropical wilderness in the United States and the largest wilderness of any kind east of the Mississippi River . An average of one million people visit the park each year. Everglades is the third-largest national park in the contiguous United States after Death Valley and Yellowstone . UNESCO declared

2679-543: Is also employed to denote the change, stability, or uncertainty in measurements. For instance, the accuracy of land-survey distance measurements when using a laser rangefinder might be 1 millimeter per kilometer of distance; this could be expressed as " Accuracy  = 1 ppm." Parts-per notations are all dimensionless quantities: in mathematical expressions, the units of measurement always cancel. In fractions like "2 nanometers per meter" (2 n m / m = 2 nano = 2×10 = 2 ppb = 2 × 0.000 000 001 ), so

2820-757: Is an important part of the Great Florida Birding Trail . It has great biodiversity and many species of birds for bird watching and bird photography also. Parts-per notation In science and engineering , the parts-per notation is a set of pseudo-units to describe small values of miscellaneous dimensionless quantities , e.g. mole fraction or mass fraction . Since these fractions are quantity-per-quantity measures, they are pure numbers with no associated units of measurement . Commonly used are parts-per-million ( ppm , 10 ), parts-per-billion ( ppb , 10 ), parts-per-trillion ( ppt , 10 ) and parts-per-quadrillion ( ppq , 10 ). This notation

2961-569: Is common to assume that the density of water is 1.00 g/mL. Therefore, it is common to equate 1 kilogram of water with 1 L of water. Consequently, 1 ppm corresponds to 1 mg/L and 1 ppb corresponds to 1 μg/L. Similarly, parts-per notation is used also in physics and engineering to express the value of various proportional phenomena. For instance, a special metal alloy might expand 1.2  micrometers per meter of length for every degree Celsius and this would be expressed as " α = 1.2 ppm/°C". Parts-per notation

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3102-496: Is home to many species of wading birds. Most notably, Roseate spoonbills ( Platalea ajaja ), Reddish egrets ( Egretta rufescens ), and Great White Herons (A rdea herodias occidentalis ) have unique subpopulations that are largely restricted to Florida Bay. Other bird species include Bald eagles , seagulls , pelicans , sandpipers , cormorants , ospreys , and flamingos . Bay land animals include raccoons , opossums , bobcats , and fox squirrels . Florida Bay has undergone

3243-796: Is nearly impenetrable; beneath the canopy hammocks is an ideal habitat for animals. Reptiles (such as various species of snake and anole ) and amphibians (such as the American green tree frog , Hyla cinerea ), live in the hardwood hammocks. Birds such as barred owls ( Strix varia ), woodpeckers , northern cardinals ( Cardinalis cardinalis ), and southern bald eagles ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus ) nest in hammock trees. Mammal species living in hardwood hammocks include Florida black bears ( Ursus americanus floridanus ), red foxes ( Vulpes vulpes ), minks ( Neogale vison ), marsh rabbits ( Sylvilagus palustris ), gray foxes ( Urocyon cinereoargenteus ), white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ), and

3384-514: Is not part of the International System of Units (SI) system and its meaning is ambiguous. Parts-per notation is often used describing dilute solutions in chemistry , for instance, the relative abundance of dissolved minerals or pollutants in water . The quantity "1 ppm" can be used for a mass fraction if a water-borne pollutant is present at one-millionth of a gram per gram of sample solution. When working with aqueous solutions , it

3525-521: Is relatively and consistently flat. The limestone that underlies the Everglades is integral to the diverse ecosystems within the park. Florida was once part of the African portion of the supercontinent Gondwana . After it separated, conditions allowed a shallow marine environment to deposit calcium carbonate in sand, shells, and coral to be converted into limestone. Tiny bits of shell, sand, and bryozoans compressed over multiple layers forming structures in

3666-443: Is required for fishing. Fresh water licenses are not sold in the park, but a salt water license may be available. Swimming is not recommended within the park boundaries; water moccasins, snapping turtles ( Chelydra serpentina ), alligators, and crocodiles thrive in fresh water. Sharks, barracuda, and sharp dangerous coral are plentiful in salt water. Visibility is low in both salt water and fresh water areas. Everglades National Park

3807-723: Is the largest continuous system of mangroves in the world. Within the Florida mangrove systems live 220 species of fish, and a variety of crabs, crayfish , shrimp, mollusks , and other invertebrates , which serve as the main source of food for many birds. Dozens of bird species use mangroves as nurseries and food stores, including pelicans , grebes , tricolored herons ( Egretta tricolor ), gulls , terns , hawks and kites, and arboreal birds like mangrove cuckoos ( Coccyzus minor ), yellow warblers ( Dendroica petechia ), and white-crowned pigeons ( Patagioenas leucocephala ). The mangroves also support 24 species of amphibians and reptiles, and 18 species of mammals, including

3948-541: Is today Big Cypress National Preserve , to escape the forced emigration to the west. Some survivors of the "Spanish Indians" were sent to Indian Territory with the Seminoles. From 1859 to about 1930, the Seminoles and Miccosukee lived in relative isolation, making their living by trading. In 1928, surveying and construction began on the Tamiami Trail , along the northern border of Everglades National Park. The road bisected

4089-500: Is used, it is better to write the units out, such as kg/kg, mol/mol or m /m , even though they are all dimensionless. The difference is quite significant when dealing with gases, and it is very important to specify which quantity is being used. For example, the conversion factor between a mass fraction of 1 ppb and a mole fraction of 1 ppb is about 4.7 for the greenhouse gas CFC-11 in air (Molar mass of CFC-11 / Mean molar mass of air = 137.368 / 28.97 = 4.74). For volume fraction,

4230-594: The Biscayne Bay system. The bay consists of more than 50 shallow (one to three meters deep) basins or lakes separated by mud banks and mangrove islands. Such basins include: Little Blackwater Sound, Blackwater Sound, Tarpon Basin, Buttonwood Sound, Duck Key Basin, Eagle Key Basin, Madeira Bay, Calusa Key Basin, Crane Key Basin, Rankin Lake, Whipray Basin, Twin Key Basin, Rabbit Key Basin, and Johnson Key Basin. Water flows between

4371-511: The Everglades & Dry Tortugas Biosphere Reserve in 1976 and listed the park as a World Heritage Site in 1979, and the Ramsar Convention included the park on its list of Wetlands of International Importance in 1987. Everglades is one of only three locations in the world to appear on all three lists. Most national parks preserve unique geographic features; Everglades National Park was

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4512-453: The Floridan aquifer lies about 1,000 feet (300 m) below the surface of South Florida . The Everglades has an immense capacity for water storage, owing to the permeable limestone beneath the exposed land. Most of the water arrives in the form of rainfall, and a significant amount is stored in the limestone. Water evaporating from the Everglades becomes rain over metropolitan areas, providing

4653-625: The International Bureau of Weights and Measures (an international standards organization known also by its French -language initials BIPM) recognizes the use of parts-per notation, it is not formally part of the International System of Units (SI). Note that although " percent " (%) is not formally part of the SI, both the BIPM and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) take

4794-422: The neurotoxin beta-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) that has been implicated as a significant environmental risk in the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The cyanobacteria has also been linked to liver cancer, chronic fatigue illness, skin rashes, abdominal cramps, nausea, diarrhea and vomiting. The 2002 algal bloom in

4935-421: The paleontology of biota in cores from bay muds in Florida Bay have found that historically the salinity of water in Florida Bay has been primarily dependent on rainfall rather than flow from the Everglades. Salinity partially controls the occurrence of biota in the bay. The particular species of foraminifera , molluscs , algae , and seagrasses present in the waters of a locality in Florida Bay depend on

5076-431: The quotients are pure-number coefficients with positive values less than or equal to 1. When parts-per notations, including the percent symbol (%), are used in regular prose (as opposed to mathematical expressions), they are still pure-number dimensionless quantities. However, they generally take the literal "parts per" meaning of a comparative ratio (e.g. "2 ppb" would generally be interpreted as "two parts in

5217-451: The 18th century, invading Creeks incorporated the dwindling numbers of the Tequesta into their own. Neither the Tequesta nor Calusa tribe existed by 1800. Disease, warfare, and capture for slavery were the reasons for the eradication of both groups. The only evidence of their existence within the park boundaries is a series of shell mounds that were built by the Calusa. In the first half of

5358-531: The 19th century, people call Spanish Indians and Muspas lived in southern Florida. At the same time Creeks , escaped African slaves, and other Indians from northern Florida displaced by the Creek War , formed the area's Seminole nation. After the end of the Seminole Wars in 1842, the Seminoles faced relocation to Indian territory near Oklahoma . A few hundred Seminole hunters and scouts settled within what

5499-631: The C-111 South Dade, Modified Water Deliveries, and C-111 Spreader Canal Western Project from the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP). These projects seek to distribute more freshwater into the sloughs but do not deliver additional water to the bay. The U.S. Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway goes through Florida Bay, generally following the southern boundary of the Everglades National Park. Florida Bay

5640-543: The Calusa. The settlements in Chokoloskee and Flamingo served as trading centers for small populations of farmers, fishermen, and charcoal burners settled in the Ten Thousand Islands. Both settlements and the more isolated homesteads could only be reached by boat until well into the 20th century. Everglades City , on the mainland near Chokoloskee, enjoyed a brief period of prosperity when, beginning in 1920, it served as

5781-645: The Everglades is a politically charged issue in South Florida. Everglades National Park covers 1,508,976 acres (2,357.8 sq mi; 6,106.6 km ), throughout Dade , Monroe , and Collier counties in Florida, at the southern tip of the Atlantic coastal plain . The elevation typically ranges from 0 to 8 feet (2.4 m) above sea level , but a Calusa -built shell mound on the Gulf Coast rises 20 feet (6.1 m) above sea level. The terrain of South Florida

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5922-448: The Everglades and Florida Bay reported salinity levels of 64.4 ppt in July 2015 and recorded water temperatures of up to 92 °F (33 °C). These environmental conditions are far from ideal for the seatrout and add additional difficulties for the survival of juveniles as well as important prey such as larval shrimp and small fish. The bay is an economic and environmental asset. As of 2017,

6063-622: The Everglades attract a great variety of waders such as herons , egrets , roseate spoonbills ( Platalea ajaja ), ibises and brown pelicans ( Pelecanus occidentalis ), as well as limpkins ( Aramus guarauna ) and snail kites that eat apple snails , which in turn feed on the sawgrass. The sloughs' availability of fish, amphibians, and young birds attract a variety of freshwater turtles, alligator ( Alligator mississippiensis ), water moccasin ( Agkistrodon piscivorus conanti ), and eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( Crotalus adamanteus ). Freshwater marl prairies are similar to sloughs but lack

6204-446: The Everglades in the 1880s. The first canals built in the Everglades did little harm to the ecosystem, as they were unable to drain much of it. Napoleon Bonaparte Broward based the majority of his 1904 campaign for governor on how drainage would create "The Empire of the Everglades". Broward ordered the drainage that took place between 1905 and 1910, and it was successful enough that land developers sold tracts for $ 30 per acre, settling

6345-497: The Everglades were developed, proponents of the park's establishment faced difficulty in persuading the federal government and the people of Florida that the subtle and constantly shifting ecosystems in the Everglades were just as worthy of protection. When the park was established in 1947, it became the first area within the U.S. to protect flora and fauna native to a region as opposed to geologic scenery. The National Park Service recognizes nine distinct interdependent ecosystems within

6486-504: The Everglades, introducing a steady, if small, traffic of white settlers into the Everglades. Some members of the Miccosukee and Seminole tribes continue to live within park boundaries. Management of the park includes approval of new policies and procedures by tribal representatives "in such a manner that they do not conflict with the park purpose". Following the end of the Seminole Wars , Americans began settling at isolated points along

6627-613: The Everglades. Plans arose in 1882 to drain the wetlands and develop the land for agricultural and residential use. As the 20th century progressed, water flow from Lake Okeechobee was increasingly controlled and diverted to enable explosive growth of the Miami metropolitan area . The park was established in 1934, to protect the quickly vanishing Everglades, and dedicated in 1947, as major canal-building projects were initiated across South Florida. The ecosystems in Everglades National Park have suffered significantly from human activity, and restoration of

6768-415: The Everglades. With a high tolerance of salt water, winds, extreme tides, high temperatures, and muddy soils, mangrove trees are uniquely adapted to extreme conditions. They act as nurseries for many marine and bird species. They are also Florida's first defense against the destructive forces of hurricanes, absorbing flood waters and preventing coastal erosion . The mangrove system in Everglades National Park

6909-457: The Everglades: peat, created by many years of decomposing plant matter, and marl , the result of dried periphyton , or chunks of algae and microorganisms that create a grayish mud. Portions of the Everglades that remain flooded for more than nine months out of the year are usually covered by peat. Areas that are flooded for six months or less are covered by marl. Plant communities are determined by

7050-596: The Florida Keys, and 35 metres (115 ft) at Key West, and is underlain by the Fort Thompson Formation . The Miami Limestone of Florida Bay formed during the Sangamon interglacial between the most recent glacial period, the Wisconsin , and the preceding Illinoian , centered on about 125,000 years ago. The sea level stood higher then than at present, covering much of what is now southern Florida. A coral reef grew on

7191-568: The National Park Service reports there were probably about 20,000 natives living in or near the Everglades when the Spanish established contact in the late 16th century. The Calusa lived in social strata and were able to create canals , earthworks , and shellworks . The Calusa were also able to resist Spanish attempts at conquest. The Spanish had contact with these societies and established missions further north, near Lake Okeechobee . In

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7332-646: The Royal Palm Visitor Center, the Anhinga Trail is a half-mile self-guided tour through a sawgrass marsh where visitors can see alligators, marsh and wading birds, turtles, and bromeliads. Its proximity to Homestead and its accessibility makes it one of the most visited sites in the park. The nearby Gumbo Limbo Trail is also self-guided, at half-mile long. It loops through a canopy of hardwood hammocks that include gumbo limbo ( Bursera simaruba ), royal palms ( Roystonea ), strangler figs ( Ficus aurea ), and

7473-405: The SI to express the values of quantities". Although "ppt" usually means "parts per trillion", it occasionally means "parts per thousand". Unless the meaning of "ppt" is defined explicitly, it has to be determined from the context. Another problem of the parts-per notation is that it may refer to mass fraction , mole fraction or volume fraction . Since it is usually not stated which quantity

7614-700: The Tamiami Trail (part of U.S. Route 41 ) directly west of Miami is the Shark Valley Visitor Center . A fifteen-mile (24 km) round trip path leads from this center to a two-story observation tower. Tram tours are available during the busy season. Closest to Homestead on State Road 9336 is the Ernest F. Coe Visitor Center , where a 38-mile (61 km) road begins, winding through pine rockland, cypress, freshwater marl prairie, coastal prairie, and mangrove ecosystems. Various hiking trails are accessible from

7755-401: The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, established an agricultural area directly south of Lake Okeechobee, and three water conservation areas, all bordered by canals that diverted excess water either to urban areas or into the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico or Florida Bay. South of these manmade regions was Everglades National Park, which had been effectively cut off from its water supply. By the 1960s,

7896-504: The Wilderness Waterway, Gulf Coast sites, and sites in the various keys. Several back-country sites are chickees ; others are beach and ground sites. Low-powered motorboats are allowed in the park; the majority of salt water areas are no-wake zones to protect manatees and other marine animals from harm. Jet skis , airboats, and other motorized personal watercraft are prohibited. Many trails allow kayaks and canoes. A state license

8037-414: The act, "Through this legislation that river of grass may now be restored to its natural flow of water". In 2000, Congress approved the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP), a federal effort to restore the Everglades with the objectives of "restoration, preservation and protection of the south Florida ecosystem while providing for other water-related needs of the region", and claiming to be

8178-638: The area become a national park in 1923. Five years later, the Florida state legislature established the Tropical Everglades National Park Commission to study the formation of a protected area. The commission was led by Ernest F. Coe , a land developer turned conservationist, who was eventually nicknamed Father of Everglades National Park. Coe's original plan for the park included more than 2,000,000 acres (3,125.0 sq mi; 8,093.7 km ) including Key Largo and Big Cypress , and his unwillingness to compromise almost prevented

8319-1073: The area bloom about 16 weeks after a fire. Nearly all pinelands have an understory of palm shrubs and a diverse ground covering of wild herbs. Pine rocklands are considered one of the most threatened habitats in Florida; less than 4,000 acres (6.3 sq mi; 16.2 km ) of pineland exist outside the park. Within the park, 20,000 acres (31.3 sq mi; 80.9 km ) of pineland are protected. A variety of animal species meet their needs for food, shelter, nesting, and rooking in pine rocklands. Woodpeckers, eastern meadowlarks ( Sturnella magna ), loggerhead shrikes ( Lanius ludovicianus ), grackles , and northern mockingbirds ( Mimus polyglottos ) are commonly found in pinelands. Black bears and Florida panthers also live in this habitat. Cypress trees are conifers that are adapted to live in standing fresh water. They grow in compact structures called cypress domes and in long strands over limestone. Water levels may fluctuate dramatically around cypress domes and strands, so cypresses develop "knees" that protrude from

8460-425: The basins in narrow channels and over the mud banks. The bay is open to the Gulf of Mexico to the west, but connection to the Atlantic Ocean to the east is restricted to narrow channels between the Florida Keys. The average tidal range along the western edge of the bay is 1 to 1.5 meters, but the tidal range diminishes quickly eastward in the bay due to the restricted flow of water between basins. Fresh water flow into

8601-470: The bay 30 to 40 times each year between November and April, rarely lowering the temperature in parts of the bay to below 13 °C (55 °F). Tides in Florida Bay are semi-diurnal , with a range of 60 centimetres (24 in) on the Atlantic side of connecting creeks in the Florida Keys and at Cape Sable. Tidal ranges are less than 15 centimetres (5.9 in) behind the first line of mud banks and absent in

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8742-494: The bay due to a variety of environmental stressors: Agricultural fertilizer run-off increases nutrients in the delicately balanced environment and the excess increases the bacteria's rate of growth; The newly hyper-saline environment provides an ideal breeding ground for cyanobacteria; Rafts of dead seagrass floating on the surface of the water as well as decaying on the bay bottom leads to anoxia and in turn, algal blooms. Blue-green algae causes numerous severe health consequences for

8883-409: The bay into many basins or lakes, are subject to various processes that degrade, move, and built the mounds. These processes are dependent on the production of carbonate , which occurs at different rates across the bay. Carbonate is produced at high enough rates in the more open (western) part of the bay for mud mounds to acquire sediment, and have grown together to form large structures, while mounds in

9024-498: The bay is restricted to Taylor Slough and Trout Creek in the northeast corner of the bay, and is only 10% of the freshwater supply to the bay (rainfall provides the rest of the fresh water). Due to the poor circulation of water within the bay, salinity increases rapidly away from the margins of the bay, except for the northeast part of the bay where it receives fresh water from rivers. Water temperature ranges from 15 to 40 °C (59 to 104 °F) in interior bays. Cold fronts cross

9165-467: The bay tend to run in a northwest to southeast direction, corresponding to the direction of approach of cold fronts across the bay. The mud bank called Upper Cross Bank is 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) long and 400 to 700 metres (1,300 to 2,300 ft) wide. Upper Cross Bank is eroding on the windward (east) side at a rate of 20 centimetres (7.9 in) vertically and 2 to 3 metres (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in) laterally over five years, while

9306-697: The bay. The packstone resembles stone that commonly forms on limestone at the bottom of lakes. The presence of remnants of the algae Halimeda in the packstone may indicate that it formed when the bay was more open. Mud mounds appear to be migrating over the basal packstone in the basins. The basal packstone in the basins has also been reworked by hurricanes. The bay's many basins that are broken up by banks serve as plentiful fishing grounds for snook ( Centropomus undecimalis ), redfish ( Sciaenops ocellatus ), spotted seatrout ( Cynoscion nebulosus) , tarpon ( Megaflops atlanticus), bonefish ( Albula vulpes) , and permit ( Trichinous falcatus) , among others. The bay

9447-873: The birds frequenting park shorelines. The bay also has its own resident population of bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus ). The bay's many basins are broken up by sandbanks that serve as plentiful recreational fishing grounds for snook ( Centropomus undecimalis ), redfish ( Sciaenops ocellatus ), spotted seatrout ( Cynoscion nebulosus) , tarpon ( Megaflops atlanticus), bonefish ( Albula vulpes) , and permit ( Trichinous falcatus) , as well as snapper (Lutjanus campechanus), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), and bass . Wading birds such as roseate spoonbills ( Platalea ajaja ), reddish egrets ( Egretta rufescens ), and great white herons ( Ardea herodias occidentalis ) have unique subpopulations that are largely restricted to Florida Bay. Other bird species include bald eagles , cormorants , and ospreys . Mammals along

9588-493: The bottom. The mud layer is thicker on islands covered by mangrovess , and in banks connecting the islands. Peat and caliche remnants from the Everglades tree islands remain under the islands and banks. As the rising sea level flooded the area that is now Florida Bay between 3,000 and 5,000 years ago, peat deposits from tree islands, shore levees , and irregularities in the bedrock surface served as nuclei for mud banks. The mud mounds (islands and banks) of Florida Bay, which divide

9729-505: The busier season only. Camping is available year-round in Everglades National Park. Camping with some services is available at Long Pine Key, close to the Ernest F. Coe Visitor Center, where 108 sites are accessible by car. Near Flamingo, 234 campsites with some services are also available. Recreational vehicle camping is available at these sites, but not with all necessary services. Back-country permits are required for campsites along

9870-418: The central past of the bay can grow only by the movement of sediment from the borroms of basins onto the mounds. Mounds in the inner part of the bay are smaller, and grow slowly because of low production rates of carbonate. The growth and development of mud banks is controlled by biological processes, including the baffling of water movement and binding of sediment by seagrasses. Mud banks in the central part of

10011-601: The central portion of the Florida Bay was associated with high concentrations of dissolved organic nitrogen and organic phosphorus, whereas the eastern bay regions bloom was associated with high concentration of inorganic nutrients. By the mid 1930s, the three main species of wading birds in the bay (Roseate spoonbills, Reddish egrets, Great herons) were driven to near extinction by human harvesting for food and feathers. The cyanobacteria create an oxygen-free environment teaming with toxic gases, creating an unsuitable living environment for many marine and terrestrial animal species. As

10152-476: The chart below. Expressions that the BIPM explicitly does not recognize as being suitable for denoting dimensionless quantities with the SI are marked with ! . Note that the notations in the "SI units" column above are for the most part dimensionless quantities ; that is, the units of measurement factor out in expressions like "1 nm/m" (1 n m / m  =1 × 10 ) so the ratios are pure-number coefficients with values less than 1. Because of

10293-469: The coast in what is now the park, from the Ten Thousand Islands to Cape Sable . Communities developed on the two largest pieces of dry ground in the area, on Chokoloskee Island and at Flamingo on Cape Sable, both of which established post offices in the early 1890s. Chokoloskee Island is a shell mound, a midden built roughly 20 feet (6 m) high over thousands of years of occupation by

10434-489: The coastlines of South Florida, sometimes growing inland depending on the amount of salt water present within the Everglades ecosystems. During drier years when less fresh water flows to the coast, mangroves will appear among fresh water plants. When rain is abundant, sawgrass and other fresh water plants may be found closer to the coast. Three species of mangrove trees—red ( Rhizophora mangle ), black ( Avicennia germinans ), and white ( Laguncularia racemosa )—can be found in

10575-444: The coasts were taken down for better views and replaced with shallow-rooted palm trees. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers began construction on larger canals to control the rising waters in the Everglades. Nevertheless, Lake Okeechobee continued to rise and fall, the region was covered with rain, and city planners continued to battle the water. The 1926 Miami Hurricane caused Lake Okeechobee levees to fail; hundreds of people south of

10716-517: The creation of the new national park on May 30, 1934, but the Act (HR 2837), which permanently reserved lands donated by public or private donation as wilderness, passed only with a rider that ensured no money would be allotted to the project for at least five years. Coe's passion and U.S. Senator Spessard Holland 's politicking helped to fully establish the park, after Holland was able to negotiate 1,300,000 acres (2,031.2 sq mi; 5,260.9 km ) of

10857-526: The cumbersome nature of expressing certain dimensionless quantities per SI guidelines, the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) in 1999 proposed the adoption of the special name "uno" (symbol: U) to represent the number 1 in dimensionless quantities. In 2004, a report to the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) stated that the response to the proposal of

10998-505: The eastern edge of the Florida platform, while the shallow, protected waters west of the reef formed oolites or hosted large fields of bryozoans . Throughout the Wisconsin glaciation the sea level was much lower than today and the area that is now Florida Bay was dry land. As the glaciation ended with the Pleistocene period, sea level rise rapidly, only slowing down about 7,000 years ago as

11139-451: The endangered green turtle ( Chelonia mydas ), hawksbill turtle ( Eretmochelys imbricata ), and West Indian manatee ( Trichechus manatus ). Coastal lowlands, or wet prairies, are salt water marshes that absorb marine water when it gets high or fresh water when rains are heavy. Floods occur during hurricane and tropical storm surges when ocean water can rise several feet over the land. Heavy wet seasons also cause floods when rain from

11280-542: The field of occupational safety and the field of permissible exposure limit (e.g. permitted gas exposure limit in air ) may use mass/volume. Unfortunatelly, many academic publications of otherwise excellent level fail to specify their use of the parts-per notation, which irritates some readers, especially those who are not experts in the particular fields in those publications, because parts-per-notation, without specifying what it stands for, can mean anything. SI-compliant units that can be used as alternatives are shown in

11421-556: The first created to protect a fragile ecosystem . The Everglades are a network of wetlands and forests fed by a river flowing 0.25 miles (0.40 km) per day out of Lake Okeechobee , southwest into Florida Bay . The park is the most significant breeding ground for tropical wading birds in North America and contains the largest mangrove ecosystem in the Western Hemisphere. Thirty-six threatened or protected species inhabit

11562-416: The flow of freshwater to the Bay coupled with periods of drought have caused massive seagrass die-offs. The first major die-off occurred from 1987 to 1991 as thousands of hectares of turtlegrass beds ( Thalassia testudinum ) were devastated by high levels of toxic dissolved sulfide. 10,000 acres died in the central and western bay, and almost 60,000 additional acres suffered reduced productivity and biomass as

11703-502: The foraminifera and mollusc species present changed, and vegetation almost completely disappeared from the bottom, indicating a rise in salinity to above 25 ppt. Those conditions continued until about 1910, when the pre-1840 conditions returned, with relatively dense vegetation on the bay floor. The bay floor remains covered with vegetation, but variations in the foraminifera and mollusc species present indicate rapid oscillations in salinity levels since 1940. Around 1970, changes in species and

11844-661: The fresh water supply for the region. Water also flows into the park after falling as rain to the north onto the watersheds of the Kissimmee River and other sources of Lake Okeechobee, to appear in the Everglades days later. Water overflows Lake Okeechobee into a river 40 to 70 miles (64 to 113 km) wide, which moves almost imperceptibly. At the turn of the 20th century, common concepts of what should be protected in national parks invariably included formidable geologic features like mountains, geysers, or canyons. As Florida's population began to grow significantly and urban areas near

11985-405: The freshwater sloughs also inhabit marl prairies. Marl prairies may go dry in some parts of the year; alligators play a vital role in maintaining life in remote parts of the Everglades by burrowing in the mud during the dry season, creating pools of water where fish and amphibians survive from one year to the next. Alligator holes also attract other animals who congregate to feed on smaller prey. When

12126-485: The headquarters for the construction of the Tamiami Trail . A dirt road from Florida City reached Flamingo in 1922, while a causeway finally connected Chokoloskee to the mainland's Everglades City in 1956. After the park was established, private property in the Flamingo area was claimed by eminent domain , and the site was incorporated into the park as a visitor center. Several attempts were made to drain and develop

12267-489: The lake drowned. Two years later, the 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane claimed 2,500 lives when Lake Okeechobee once again surged over its levees. Politicians who declared the Everglades uninhabitable were silenced when a four-story wall, the Herbert Hoover Dike , was built around Lake Okeechobee. This wall effectively cut off the water source from the Everglades. Following the wall's construction, South Florida endured

12408-735: The largest environmental restoration in history. It was a controversial plan; detractors worried that it "relies on uncertain technologies, overlooks water quality, subsidizes damaging growth and delays its environmental benefits". Supporters of the plan included the National Audubon Society , who were accused by Friends of the Everglades and the Biodiversity Legal Foundation of prioritizing agricultural and business interests. CERP projects are designed to capture 1.7 billion US gallons (6,400,000 m ) of fresh water every day, store it in underground reservoirs, and release

12549-406: The leeward (west) side is growing at a rate of 10 centimetres (3.9 in) vertically and 10 to 20 metres (33 to 66 ft) laterally 0ver the same five years. Mud mounds are made up of facies , thin layers of different types of rock. The lowest facies of Upper Cross Bank, 15 to 25 centimetres (5.9 to 9.8 in) thick, is a basal packstone , which is also found widely on the bottom of basins in

12690-512: The limestone called ooids , which created permeable conditions that hold water. The Florida peninsula appeared above sea level between 100,000 and 150,000 years ago. As sea levels rose at the end of the Wisconsin ice age , the water table appeared closer to land. Lake Okeechobee began to flood, and convection thunderstorms were created. Vast peat deposits south of Lake Okeechobee indicate that regular flooding had occurred about 5,000 years ago. Plants began to migrate, subtropical ones from

12831-427: The mangroves but "standing dead snags" several miles wide, but 30 years later the area had completely recovered. Predictably, what suffered the most in the park from the 2005 hurricanes were man-made structures. In 2009 the visitor center and lodge at Flamingo were irreparably damaged by 125 mph (201 km/h) winds and an 8 ft (2.4 m) storm surge ; the lodge had been functioning for 50 years when it

12972-563: The marine ecosystem as well surrounding human populations. Blooms result in reduced dissolved oxygen concentrations, alterations in aquatic food webs, algal scum lining the shores, the production of compounds that cause distasteful drinking water and fish flesh, and the production of toxins severe enough to poison aquatic as well as terrestrial organisms. Blooms have been reported throughout the continental United States, and resulting cyanotoxins have been associated with human and animal illness and death in at least 43 states. Most cyanobacteria produce

13113-444: The nicknames "Grand Dame of the Everglades", "Grandmother of the Everglades" and "the anti-Christ" for her singular focus at the expense of some political interests. She founded and served as president for an organization called Friends of the Everglades, initially intended to protest the construction of a proposed Big Cypress jetport in 1968. Successful in that confrontation, the organization has grown to over 4,000 members, committed to

13254-597: The north flows into the Everglades. Few trees can survive in the conditions of this region, but plants— succulents like saltwort and glasswort —tolerate salt, brackish water, and desert conditions. Animal life in this zone is dependent upon the amount of water present, but commonly found animals include Cape Sable seaside sparrow ( Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis ), Everglades snail kite ( Rostrhamus sociabilis ), wood stork ( Mycteria americana ), eastern indigo snake ( Drymarchon couperi ), and small mammals such as rats, mice, and rabbits. The largest body of water within

13395-418: The northeast corner of the bay, and slopes to 2 to 3 metres (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in) below sea level in the southwest. Isolated high spots occur at East Key, Arsnicker Key , and Lignumvitae Key , which are underlain by patches of Pleistocene coral. The Miami Limestone under Florida Bay ranges in thickness from about 3 metres (9.8 ft) at Cape Sable to up to 12 metres (39 ft) along

13536-400: The northeast corner of the bay. Due to the poor circulation of water within the bay, salinity increases rapidly away from the margins of the bay, except for the northeast part of the bay where it receives fresh water from rivers. Salinity is 30% to 40% near the open waters of the continental shelf, while salinity levels range from 4% to 70% in the northeast corner of the bay. Examination of

13677-477: The northern part of Florida, and tropicals carried as seeds by birds from islands in the Caribbean . The limestone shelf appears to be flat, but there are slight rises—called pinnacles—and depressions caused by the erosion of limestone by the acidic properties of the water. The amount of time throughout the year that water is present in a location in the Everglades determines the type of soil, of which there only two in

13818-567: The park is Florida Bay , which extends from the mangrove swamps of the mainland's southern tip to the Florida Keys . Over 800 square miles (2,100 km ) of marine ecosystem lies in this range. Coral , sponges , and seagrasses serve as shelter and food for crustaceans and mollusks , which in turn are the primary food source for larger marine animals. Sharks, stingrays , and barracudas also live in this ecosystem. Pelicans, shorebirds , terns, and black skimmers ( Rynchops niger ) are among

13959-431: The park that constantly shift in size owing to the amount of water present and other environmental factors. Freshwater sloughs are perhaps the most common ecosystem associated with Everglades National Park. These drainage channels are characterized by low-lying areas covered in fresh water, flowing at an almost imperceptible 100 feet (30 m) per day. Shark River Slough and Taylor Slough are significant features of

14100-403: The park was visibly suffering. The C&SF was directed to provide enough water to sustain the park; it did not follow through. A proposed airport that would have dire environmental effects on Everglades National Park became the center of a battle that helped to initiate the environmental movement into local and national politics. The airport proposal was eventually abandoned, and in 1972 a bill

14241-471: The park's creation. Various other interests, including land developers and sport hunters, demanded that the size of the park be decreased. The commission was also tasked with proposing a method to raise the money to purchase the land. The search coincided with the arrival of the Great Depression in the United States, and money for land purchase was scarce. The U.S. House of Representatives authorized

14382-695: The park, closed the park to airboats , directed the Department of the Army to restore water to improve the ecosystems within Everglades National Park, and "Direct(ed) the Secretary of the Interior to manage the Park in order to maintain the natural abundance, diversity, and ecological integrity of native plants and animals, as well as the behavior of native animals, as part of their ecosystem." Bush remarked in his statement when signing

14523-529: The park, including the Florida panther , the American crocodile , and the West Indian manatee , along with 350 species of birds, 300 species of fresh and saltwater fish, 40 species of mammals, and 50 species of reptiles. The majority of South Florida 's fresh water, which is stored in the Biscayne Aquifer , is recharged in the park. Humans have lived for thousands of years in or around

14664-697: The park, leaving out Big Cypress, Key Largo, the Turner River area , and a 22,000-acre (34.4 sq mi; 89.0 km ) tract of land called "The Hole in the Donut" that was too highly valued for agriculture. Miami Herald editor John Pennekamp was instrumental in pushing the Florida Legislature to raise $ 2 million to purchase the private land inside the park boundaries. It was dedicated by President Harry Truman on December 6, 1947, one month after Marjory Stoneman Douglas's book The Everglades: River of Grass

14805-503: The park, was declared a wilderness area . It was renamed the Marjory Stoneman Douglas Wilderness in 1997. It was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site on October 24, 1979, and as a Wetland of International Importance on June 4, 1987. It was placed on the List of World Heritage in Danger from 1993 until 2007 and then again in 2010. The park was added again due to the continued degradation of

14946-446: The park. Sawgrass growing to a height of 6 feet (1.8 m) or more, and broad-leafed marsh plants, are so prominent in this region that they gave the Everglades its nickname "River of Grass" , cemented in the public imagination in the title for Marjory Stoneman Douglas 's book (1947), which culminated years of her advocacy for considering the Everglades ecosystem as more than a "swamp". Excellent feeding locations for birds, sloughs in

15087-404: The parts-per notation are set out below. Because the named numbers starting with a " billion " have different values in different countries, the BIPM suggests avoiding the use of "ppb" and "ppt" to prevent misunderstanding. The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) takes the stringent position, stating that "the language-dependent terms [...] are not acceptable for use with

15228-629: The parts-per notation is generally quite fixed within each specific branch of science, but often in a way that is inconsistent with its usage in other branches, leading some researchers to assume that their own usage (mass/mass, mol/mol, volume/volume, mass/volume, or others) is correct and that other usages are incorrect. This assumption sometimes leads them to not specify the details of their own usage in their publications, and others may therefore misinterpret their results. For example, electrochemists often use volume/volume, while chemical engineers may use mass/mass as well as volume/volume, while chemists ,

15369-494: The position that "in mathematical expressions, the internationally recognized symbol % (percent) may be used with the SI to represent the number 0.01" for dimensionless quantities. According to IUPAP , "a continued source of annoyance to unit purists has been the continued use of percent, ppm, ppb, and ppt". Although SI-compliant expressions should be used as an alternative, the parts-per notation remains nevertheless widely used in technical disciplines. The main problems with

15510-476: The preservation of the Everglades. She wrote and spoke about the importance of the Everglades until her death at age 108 in 1998. Floridians hoping to preserve at least part of the Everglades began to express their concern over diminishing resources in the early 20th century. Royal Palm State Park was created in 1916 and protected Paradise Key; it included several trails and a visitor center several miles from Homestead . Miami-based naturalists first proposed that

15651-432: The purchase of 207,000 acres (323.4 sq mi; 837.7 km ) of land at a cost of $ 1 billion. The plan aims to spend $ 10.5 billion over 30 years, combining 50 different projects and giving them 5-year timelines. Everglades National Park was directly hit by Hurricanes Katrina , Wilma , and Rita in 2005. Such storms are a natural part of the park's ecosystem; 1960's Hurricane Donna left nothing in

15792-509: The rare, critically endangered Florida panther ( Puma concolor couguar ). Miami-Dade County was once covered in 186,000 acres (290.6 sq mi; 752.7 km ) of pine rockland forests, but most of it was harvested by the lumber industry. Pineland ecosystems (or pine rocklands) are characterized by shallow, dry sandy loam over a limestone substrate covered almost exclusively by slash pines ( Pinus elliottii var. densa ). Trees in this ecosystem grow in solution holes , where

15933-408: The recreational fishing industry in Florida Bay had an estimated value of $ 7.1 billion, and generated $ 73 million in federal, state and local taxes annually, while the bay's commercial fishing industry had an estimated value of $ 400 million, and generated $ 3 million in taxes. Various projects are funded by the government in an attempt to manage the hydrology issues present in the Florida Bay, including

16074-492: The reference frequency. The reference frequency depends on the instrument's magnetic field and the element being measured. It is usually expressed in MHz . Typical chemical shifts are rarely more than a few hundred Hz from the reference frequency, so chemical shifts are conveniently expressed in ppm ( Hz /MHz). Parts-per notation gives a dimensionless quantity that does not depend on the instrument's field strength. Although

16215-720: The region floods again during the wet season, the fish and amphibians which were sustained in the alligator holes then repopulate freshwater marl prairies. Hammocks are often the only dry land within the park. They rise several inches above the grass-covered river and are dominated by diverse plant life consisting of subtropical and tropical trees, such as large southern live oaks ( Quercus virginiana ). Trees often form canopies under which animals thrive amongst scrub bushes of wild coffee ( Psychotria ), white indigoberry ( Randia aculeata ), poisonwood ( Metopium toxiferum ) and saw palmetto ( Serenoa repens ). The park features thousands of these tree islands amid sloughs—which often form

16356-440: The region were made of shell, bone, wood, and animal teeth; shark teeth were used as cutting blades, and sharpened reeds became arrows and spears. Shell mounds still exist today within the park, giving archaeologists and anthropologists evidence of the raw materials available to the indigenous people for tool construction. Spanish explorers estimated the number of Tequesta at first contact to be around 800, and Calusa at 2,000;

16497-612: The road, which runs to the Flamingo Visitor Center and marina, open and staffed during the busier time of the year. The Gulf Coast Visitor Center is closest to Everglades City on State Road 29 along the west coast. The Gulf Coast Visitor Center gives canoers access to the Wilderness Waterway , a 99-mile (160 km) canoe trail that extends to the Flamingo Visitor Center. The former Royal Palm State Park

16638-444: The salinity. Analysis of core samples extracted from mud banks have provided a record of past salinity levels in a few parts of the bay, going back about two centuries in one case. At a site called Bob Allen in the central part of the bay, sparse seagrass cover was present from the bottom of the core, and the species present indicated a salinity in 18 to 25 parts-per-thousand (ppt) range, from about 1810, until about i840. Around 1840,

16779-471: The sea level flooded the gently sloping southernmost part of the Everglades to form Florida Bay. There are tree islands throughout the Everglades, clusters of trees growing on slight elevations. Tree islands accumulate plant litter which becomes peat , which in turn facilitates the creation of caliche , a dense limestone crust on the limestone bedrock. As the bay flooded, a layer of grey to black calcium carbonate mud, rich in hydrogen sulfide , formed on

16920-474: The sea level reached about 8 metres (26 ft) below the late 20th century level. Sea level continued to rise thereafter at an average rate of about 11 centimetres (4.3 in) per century. During the last 6,000 to 7,000 years a wet climate allowed sawgrass -dominated wetlands resembling the Evereglades to develop on the land that is now under Florida Bay. Between 3,000 and 5,000 years ago, the continued rise of

17061-510: The semi-enclosed basins in north-central Florida Bay. Without the freshwater, the water has become stagnant and salty with excess nitrogen from the fertilizer. This hyper-salinity contributes to the massive seagrass die-offs and algal blooms, and kills submerged aquatic vegetation. Florida Bay is underlain by a flat oolitic limestone bedrock, the Miami Limestone . The top of the bedrock is about 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) below sea level in

17202-536: The set causing significant indications of eutrophication (for example algal blooms) negatively impacting the marine life causing the US government to request UNESCO and IUCN for assistance in development. President George H. W. Bush signed the Everglades National Park Protection and Expansion Act on December 13, 1989, that added 109,506 acres (171.1 sq mi; 443.2 km ) to the eastern side of

17343-402: The shape of a teardrop when seen from above (see park map) because of the slowly moving water around them—but they can also be found in pineland and mangroves. Trees in the Everglades, including wild tamarind ( Lysiloma latisiliquum ) and gumbo-limbo ( Bursera simaruba ), rarely grow higher than 50 feet (15 m) because of wind, fire, and climate. The plant growth around the hammock base

17484-523: The shoreline include raccoons , opossums , bobcats , and fox squirrels . Humans likely first inhabited the South Florida region 10,000 to 20,000 years ago. Two tribes of Native Americans developed on the peninsula's southern tip: the Tequesta lived on the eastern side and the Calusa , greater in numbers, on the western side. The Everglades served as a natural boundary between them. The Tequesta lived in

17625-413: The slow movement of surface water; instead, water seeps through a calcitic mud called marl . Algae and other microscopic organisms form periphyton , which attaches to limestone. When it dries it turns into a gray mud. Sawgrass and other water plants grow shorter in freshwater marl than they do in peat , the other type of soil in the Everglades which is found where water remains present longer throughout

17766-654: The soft limestone has worn away and filled with soil, allowing plants to take hold. Pinelands require regular maintenance by fire to ensure their existence. South Florida slash pines are uniquely adapted to promote fire by dropping a large amount of dried pine needles and shedding dry bark. Pine cones require heat from fires to open, allowing seeds to disperse and take hold. The trunks and roots of slash pines are resistant to fire. Prescribed burns in these areas take place every three to seven years; without regular fires, hardwood trees begin to grow in this region, and pinelands become recategorized as mixed swamp forests. Most plants in

17907-407: The suffix "V" or "v" is sometimes appended to the parts-per notation (e.g. ppmV, ppbv, pptv). However, ppbv and pptv are also often used for mole fractions (which is identical to volume fraction only for ideal gases). To distinguish the mass fraction from volume fraction or mole fraction, the letter "w" (standing for "weight") is sometimes added to the abbreviation (e.g. ppmw, ppbw). The usage of

18048-626: The town of Davie , and developing regions in Lee and Dade counties. The canals also cleared water that made way for agricultural fields growing sugarcane . In the 1920s, a population boom in South Florida created the Florida land boom , which was described by author Michael Grunwald as "insanity". Land was sold before any homes or structures were built on it and in some cases before any plans for construction were in place. New landowners, eager to make good on their investments, hastily constructed homes and small towns on recently drained land. Mangrove trees on

18189-462: The type of soil and the amount of water present. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Royal Palm at Everglades National Park has a tropical monsoon climate ( Am ). Summers are long, hot, and very wet and winters are warm and dry. While they are common in the northern portion of Florida , no underground springs feed water into the Everglades system. An underground reservoir called

18330-764: The water at high levels to provide oxygen for the root systems. Dwarf cypress trees grow in drier areas with poorer soil. Epiphytes , such as bromeliads , Spanish moss ( Tillandsia usneoides ), orchids and ferns grow on the branches and trunks of cypress trees. Everglades National Park features twenty-five species of orchids. Tall cypress trees provide excellent nesting areas for birds including wild turkey ( Meleagris gallopavo ), ibis, herons, egrets, anhingas ( Anhinga anhinga ), and belted kingfisher ( Megaceryle alcyon ). Mammals in cypress regions include white-tailed deer, squirrels, raccoons , opossums , skunks, swamp rabbits, river otters ( Lontra canadensis ), and bobcats , as well as small rodents. Mangrove trees cover

18471-415: The water to areas within 16 counties in South Florida. Approximately 35,600 acres (55.6 sq mi; 144.1 km ) of man-made wetlands are to be constructed to confine contaminated water before it is released to the Everglades, and 240 miles (390 km) of canals that divert water away from the Everglades are to be destroyed. During the first five years of implementation, CERP was responsible for

18612-411: The year. Marl prairies are usually under water from three to seven months of the year, whereas sloughs may remain submerged for longer than nine months and sometimes remain under water from one year to the next. Sawgrass may dominate sloughs, creating a monoculture . Other grasses, such as muhly grass ( Muhlenbergia sericea ) and broad-leafed water plants can be found in marl prairies. Animals living in

18753-518: The years to the park or incorporated into other protected areas: Biscayne National Park , Big Cypress National Preserve , John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park on Key Largo, Ten Thousand Islands National Wildlife Refuge, and Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary were all protected after the park's opening in 1947. Everglades National Park was designated an International Biosphere Reserve on October 26, 1976. On November 10, 1978, 1,296,500 acres (2,025.8 sq mi; 5,246.7 km ), about 86% of

18894-684: Was also its longest-serving. After Superintendent Beard, Warren F. Hamilton served between 1958 and 1963, followed by Stanley C. Joseph (1963-1966), Roger W. Allin (1966-1968), John C. Raftery (1968-1970), Joseph Brown (1970-1971), Jack E. Stark (1971-1976), John M. Good (1976-1980), John M. Morehead (1980-1986), Marueen E. Finnerty (Acting Superintendent, 1986), Michael V. Finley (1986-1989), Robert L. Arnberger (Acting Superintendent, 1989), Robert S. Chandler (1989-1992), Dick Ring (1992-2000), Marueen E. Finnerty (2000-2003), Dan Kimball (2004-2014), Shawn Benge (Acting Superintendent, 2014), Bob Krumenaker (Acting Superintendent, 2014-2015), and finally Pedro Ramos, who

19035-611: Was appointed in 2015 and continues to serve. The park was placed into Administrative Region I in 1937, when the regions were first established. Region I was retitled the Southeast Region in 1962, which was restructured into the Southeast Area in 1995. The reorganized unified Interior regions put it in the new Region 2. The busiest season for visitors is from December to March, when temperatures are lowest and mosquitoes are least active. The park features five visitor centers: on

19176-545: Was between 18 and 25 ppt. Salinity rose to above 25 ppt around 1940, and stayed there until about 1960, when it fell to between 15 and 25 ppt until 1980. As at the Bob Allen site, there was a brief event around 1970 that severely disrupted the presence of various species at Russell Bank. Around 1980, salinity again rose above 25 ppt. The 2015 drought period of low precipitation combined with high temperatures and calm winds that produced rapid evaporation caused salinity to increase in

19317-541: Was introduced to curb development in South Florida and ensure the national park would receive the amount of water it needed. Efforts turned to repairing the damage wrought by decades of mismanagement: the Army Corps of Engineers changed its focus in 1990 from constructing dams and canals to constructing "purely environmental projects". Regions originally included in Ernest Coe's vision for a national park were slowly added over

19458-428: Was released. The same year, several tropical storms struck South Florida, prompting the construction of 1,400 miles (2,300 km) of canals, sending water unwanted by farmers and residents to the ocean. The Central and Southern Florida Flood Control Project (C&SF) was authorized by Congress to construct more than one thousand miles of canals and flood control structures across South Florida. The C&SF, run by

19599-465: Was seeping into the Biscayne Aquifer, South Florida's water source. In the 1940s, Marjory Stoneman Douglas , a freelance writer and former reporter for The Miami Herald , began to research the Everglades for an assignment about the Miami River . She studied the land and water for five years and published The Everglades: River of Grass in 1947, describing the area in great detail, including

19740-503: Was the site of the first Everglades National Park visitor center and later became the Royal Palm Visitor Center within the park. The western coast of the park and the Ten Thousand Islands and the various key islands in Florida Bay are accessible only by boat. Several walking trails in the park vary in hiking difficulty on Pine Island, where visitors can cross hardwood hammocks, pinelands, and freshwater sloughs. Starting at

19881-463: Was torn down; nothing is slated to replace it. Everglades National Park reported in 2005 a budget of over $ 28 million. Of that, $ 14.8 million was granted from the National Park Service and $ 13.5 million from various sources including CERP, donations, and other grants. The entry fee for private vehicles in 2021 is $ 30. Of the nearly one million visitors to Everglades National Park in 2006, more than 38,000 were overnight campers, paying $ 16

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