Misplaced Pages

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30-437: The trail is divided into four sections (Panhandle, West, Eastern, and South) each containing at least two 'gateway' sites. Within each section the sites are grouped into clusters. Usually the sites in a cluster are within an hour's drive of each other. Many of the state's 514 species can be found along the trail, including the roseate spoonbill , limpkin , swallow-tailed kite , red-cockaded woodpecker , smooth-billed ani and

60-751: A bare greenish head ("golden buff" when breeding ) and a white neck, back and breast (with a tuft of pink feathers in the center when breeding), and are otherwise a deep pink. The bill is grey. There is no significant sexual dimorphism . Like the American flamingo , their pink color is diet-derived, consisting of the carotenoid pigment canthaxanthin . Another carotenoid, astaxanthin , can also be found deposited in flight and body feathers. The colors can range from pale pink to bright magenta, depending on age, whether breeding or not, and location. Unlike herons , spoonbills fly with their necks outstretched. They alternate groups of stiff, shallow wingbeats with glides. In

90-738: A food coloring agent in different countries, including the United States and the EU; however, it is not approved for use in Australia and New Zealand. It is generally authorized for feed applications in at least the following countries: US, Canada, EU. In the EU , canthaxanthin is allowed by law to be added to trout feed, salmon feed and poultry feed. The European Union limit is 80 mg/kg of feedstuffs, 8 mg/kg in feed for egg laying hens and 25 mg/kg in feed for other poultry and salmonids. Canthaxanthin

120-408: A larger class of phytochemicals known as terpenoids . The chemical formula of canthaxanthin is C 40 H 52 O 2 . It was first isolated in edible mushrooms. It has also been found in green algae , bacteria , crustaceans , and bioaccumulates in fish such as carp , golden grey mullet , seabream and trush wrasse . Canthaxanthin is associated with E number E161g and is approved for use as

150-567: A result sent warning letters to the firms citing such products as containing "a color additive that is unsafe within the meaning of section 721(a) of the FD&;C Act (FD&C Act, sec. 601(e))." According to the FDA, Tanning pills have been associated with health problems, including an eye disorder called canthaxanthin retinopathy , which is the formation of yellow deposits on the eye's retina. Canthaxanthin has also been reported to cause liver injury and

180-519: Is a potent lipid-soluble antioxidant. The biological functions of canthaxanthin are related, at least in part, to its ability to function as an antioxidant (free radical scavenging/vitamin E sparing) in animal tissues. Due to the commercial value of carotenoids, their biosynthesis has been studied extensively in both natural producers, and non-natural (heterologous) systems such as the bacteria Escherichia coli and yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Canthaxanthin biosynthesis proceeds from beta-carotene via

210-411: Is transferred from yolk to the developing embryo where it might help to protect the developing bird against oxidative damage, particularly during the sensitive periods of hatching and early posthatch life. Flamingos are known to produce crop milk containing canthaxanthin for this purpose. When ingested for the purpose of simulating a tan, its deposition in the panniculus imparts a golden orange hue to

240-399: Is used in farm-raised trout. Canthaxanthin is used in combination with astaxanthin for some salmon feeds. The antioxidant characteristics of canthaxanthin have been studied by a number of authors and experiments have shown that the presence of canthaxanthin can potentially help to reduce oxidation in a number of tissues including broiler meat and the chick embryo. In the egg, canthaxanthin

270-411: The endangered Florida scrub jay . 82 sites in 16 counties 119 sites in 21 counties 182 sites in 18 counties 122 sites in 12 counties This Florida protected area related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Roseate spoonbill Ajaia ajaja (Linnaeus, 1758) The roseate spoonbill ( Platalea ajaja ) is a gregarious wading bird of

300-456: The ibis and spoonbill family, Threskiornithidae . It is a resident breeder in both South and North America. The roseate spoonbill's pink color is diet-derived, consisting of the carotenoid pigment canthaxanthin , like the American flamingo . The roseate spoonbill was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under

330-474: The 1970s, as well as a single sighting of the bird in both Michigan and Wisconsin. The last known recorded log of the bird in the state of Wisconsin was of a deceased specimen in 1845 in Rock County. It made an historic reappearance 178 years later when a specimen was sighted by a crew that was doing birding surveys on the restricted-access Cat Island Causeway on July 27, 2023. In the summer of 2021, sightings of

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360-478: The EU and at an international level. The first stage of this review process was completed in 1995 with the publication by Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) of an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) for canthaxanthin of 0.03 mg/kg bodyweight. The work of JECFA was subsequently reviewed and accepted within the EU by the SCF (EU Scientific Committee for Food) in 1997. The conclusion of both these committees

390-757: The United States, the species is locally common in Texas , Florida , and southwest Louisiana . Generally, the species occurs in South America mostly east of the Andes , and in coastal regions of the Caribbean , Central America , Mexico , and the Gulf Coast of the United States , and from central Florida's Atlantic coast at Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge , adjoined with NASA Kennedy Space Center at least as far north as South Carolina's Myrtle Beach . Plume hunting in

420-561: The action of a single protein, known as a beta-carotene ketolase, that is able to add a carbonyl group to carbon 4 and 4' of the beta carotene molecule. Although functionally identical, several distinct beta-carotene ketolase proteins are known. That is to say they differ from an evolutionary perspective in their primary amino acid/protein sequence. They are different proteins that complete the same function. Thus, bacterial (CrtW) and micro-algal beta-carotene ketolase proteins such as BKT isolated from Haematococcus pluvialis are known. Due to

450-586: The bird were reported well outside its typical range, including in Washington, D.C. , upstate New York , and even New Hampshire . A large flock was spotted in Huntley Meadows Park in Fairfax County, Virginia , drawing a large crowd of spectators. In Florida Bay , roseate spoonbills are an ecological and scientific indicator species . The number of nests varies with both the amount of fresh water and

480-457: The current binomial name Platalea ajaja . Linnaeus largely based his account on the "Aiaia" that been described and illustrated over a century earlier by the German naturalist Georg Marcgrave in his book Historia Naturalis Brasiliae . Linnaeus specified the type locality as South America but this is now restricted to Brazil. The genus name Platalea is Latin and means "broad", referring to

510-462: The depth of seawater there, as wetlands turn into open ocean. The birds are choosing to nest further north and inland in Florida, with sharp changes in nest locations noted in the years 2006–2020. Little is known about the roseate spoonbill's behavior outside of their foraging habits. This species feeds in shallow fresh or coastal waters by swinging its bill from side to side as it steadily walks through

540-511: The distinctive shape of the bill; the specific epithet ajaja is from the name for the species in the Tupi language as reported by Marcgrave. The species is treated as monotypic : no subspecies are recognised. The roseate spoonbill is sometimes placed in its own genus – Ajaia . A 2010 study of mitochondrial DNA of the spoonbills by Chesser and colleagues found that the roseate and yellow-billed spoonbills were each other's closest relatives, and

570-498: The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries almost drove the roseate spoonbill to extinction. However, following decades of conservation efforts, and the effects of climate change , the range of the roseate spoonbill has expanded considerably in the 21st century. For instance, the species was recorded breeding in the state of Georgia for the first time in 2011. Moreover, its presence in South Carolina has expanded significantly since

600-533: The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries almost drove the roseate spoonbill to extinction. However, it is currently considered not threatened. Information about predation on adults is lacking. In 2022, an 18-year-old banded bird was discovered, making it the oldest known wild individual. Canthaxanthin Canthaxanthin / ˌ k æ n θ ə ˈ z æ n θ ɪ n / is a keto-carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. Carotenoids belong to

630-498: The health of those people affected was fully recovered. However, the level of canthaxanthin intake in the affected individuals was many times greater than that which could ever be consumed via poultry products - to reach a similar intake, an individual would have to consume more than 50 eggs per day, produced by hens fed practical levels of canthaxanthin in their diets. Moreover, it was demonstrated by Hueber et al. that ingestions of canthaxanthin cause no long-term adverse effects, and that

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660-489: The nature of canthaxanthin, relative to astaxanthin (a carotenoid of significant commercial value) these beta-carotene ketolase proteins have been studied extensively. An E. coli based production system has been developed, that achieved canthanaxanthin production at 170 mg/L in lab scale fermentation. Canthaxanthin is not found in wild Atlantic Salmon , but is a minor carotenoid in Pacific Salmon . Canthaxanthin

690-457: The one genus made more sense. The roseate spoonbill is 71–86 cm (28–34 in) long, with a 120–133 cm (47–52 in) wingspan and a body mass of 1.2–1.8 kg (2.6–4.0 lb). The tarsus measures 9.7–12.4 cm (3.8–4.9 in), the culmen measures 14.5–18 cm (5.7–7.1 in) and the wing measures 32.3–37.5 cm (12.7–14.8 in) and thus the legs, bill, neck and spatulate bill all appear elongated. Adults have

720-427: The phenomenon of crystal deposition on the retina is reversible and does not result in morphological changes. Although this incidence was totally unrelated and very different from the feed or food use of canthaxanthin, as a link had been drawn between canthaxanthin and human health, it was important that the use of canthaxanthin as a feed and food additive should be reviewed in detail by the relevant authorities, both in

750-406: The relative plasticity of great egret foraging behavior, allows the two species to minimize competition during the breeding season. Roseate spoonbills must compete for food with other freshwater birds, such as snowy egrets , great egrets , tricolored herons and American white pelicans . Roseate spoonbills are often trailed by egrets when foraging in a commensal "beater-follower" relationship, as

780-425: The skin. In the late 1980s, the safety of canthaxanthin as a feed and a food additive was drawn into question as a result of a completely un-related use of the same carotenoid. A reversible deposition of canthaxanthin crystals was discovered in the retina of a limited number of people who had consumed very high amounts of canthaxanthin via sun- tanning pills – after stopping the pills, the deposits disappeared and

810-474: The spoonbill's disturbance of the sediment makes prey more available to the egret (follower). The roseate spoonbill nests in shrubs or trees, often mangroves , laying two to five eggs , which are whitish with brown markings. Immature birds have white, feathered heads, and the pink of the plumage is paler. The bill is yellowish or pinkish. Nestlings are sometimes killed by turkey vultures , bald eagles , raccoons and invasive fire ants . Plume hunting in

840-403: The two were descended from an early offshoot from the ancestors of the other four spoonbill species. They felt the genetic evidence meant it was equally valid to consider all six to be classified within the genus Platalea or alternatively the two placed in the monotypic genera Platibis and Ajaia , respectively. However, as the six species were so similar morphologically, keeping them within

870-484: The water, often in groups. Moreover, the spoon-shaped bill allows it to sift easily through mud. The bird feeds on crustaceans , bits of plant material, aquatic insects , mollusks , frogs , newts and very small fish (such as minnows ) ignored by larger waders. In Brazil, researchers found roseate spoonbill diets to consist of fish, insects, crustaceans, mollusks, and seeds, all foraged from limnetic /freshwater habitats. This habitat specialization, combined with

900-569: Was that canthaxanthin is safe for humans. Recently (2010), the EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient sources added to food (ANS) published a revised version of the safety assessment of Canthaxanthin, reconfirming the already set ADI. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has no "tanning pills" approved for sale in the United States. In spite of this, there are companies that continue to market such products, some of which contain canthaxanthin. The FDA considers such items "adulterated cosmetics" and as

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