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38-581: The Flathead River ( Salish : člq̓etkʷ ntx̣ʷetkʷ , ntx̣ʷe , Kutenai : kananmituk ), in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Montana , originates in the Canadian Rockies to the north of Glacier National Park and flows southwest into Flathead Lake , then after a journey of 158 miles (254 km), empties into the Clark Fork . The river is part of the Columbia River drainage basin, as

76-424: A sonorant consonant , or between two unlike sonorants. (Differences in glottalization do not cause epenthesis, and in long sequences not all pairs are separated, for example in /sqllú/ → [sqəllú] "tale", /ʔlˀlát͡s/ → [ʔəlˀlát͡s] "red raspberry", and /sˀnmˀné/ → [səʔnəmˀné] "toilet". No word may begin with a vowel. Salish has pharyngeal consonants , which are rare worldwide and uncommon but not unusual in

114-655: A few miles after flows into the Clark Fork near Paradise . David Thompson (explorer) explored the area in 1807. Fur traders employed by the North West Company and Hudson's Bay Company entered the Flathead Valley in the early 19th century. Trading posts were established north of Flathead Lake. The 1846 settlement of the Oregon Boundary Dispute established the border with British North America and that

152-629: A part of its ongoing efforts to preserve the language. As of May 2013, the organization Yoyoot Skʷkʷimlt ("Strong Young People") is teaching language classes in high schools. Salish-language Christmas carols are popular for children's holiday programs, which have been broadcast over the Salish Kootenai College television station, and Salish-language karaoke has become popular at the annual Celebrating Salish Conference, held in Spokane, Washington . As of 2013, many signs on U.S. Route 93 in

190-402: A particular organization or region. The IJC makes decisions on applications for projects, such as dams and diversions, that affect the natural level and flow of water across the boundary. Changing water levels can affect drinking water intakes, commercial shipping, hydroelectric power generation, agriculture, shoreline property, recreation, fisheries, wildlife, wetlands and other interests. If

228-444: A sequence of two affricates, whereas [stiʕít.ʃən] "killdeer" has a tee-esh sequence. All stop consonants are clearly released, even in clusters or word-finally. Though they are generally not aspirated, aspiration often occurs before obstruents and epenthetic schwas before sonorants. For example, the word /t͡ʃɬkʷkʷtˀnéˀws/ "a fat little belly" is pronounced [t͡ʃɬkꭩkꭩtʰəʔnéʔʍs] ; likewise, /t͡ʃt͡ʃt͡sʼéˀlʃt͡ʃn/ "woodtick"

266-546: A verb takes a direct object or it does not. For example, in (1) and (2), the single morphemes illustrate these properties rather than it being encoded in the verb as it is in English. ɫox̩ʷ open(ed) -nt - TR -en - 1sg . SUBJ ɫox̩ʷ -nt -en open(ed) -TR -1sg.SUBJ 'I made a hole in it' puls die, kill -VC - OC -st - TR -el' - SUCCESS puls -VC -st -el' {die, kill} -OC -TR -SUCCESS 'He got to kill (one)' Something that

304-754: Is a bi-national organization established by the governments of the United States and Canada under the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 . Its responsibilities were expanded with the signing of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement of 1972 (later amended 1987 and 2012). The commission deals with issues affecting the extensive waters and waterways along the Canada–United States border . A six member commission, it has multiple sub-commissions, which deal with particular sections of

342-556: Is a proposal to protect one-third of British Columbia's Flathead River by adding it to the Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park . In 2003 Parks Canada requested the province of British Columbia to take part in a park feasibility study. British Columbia has yet to agree to this. Montana Salish Dialects are spoken by the Spokane (Npoqínišcn), Kalispel (Qalispé), Pend d'Oreilles , and Bitterroot Salish (Séliš). The total ethnic population

380-688: Is also responsible for maintaining emergency water levels in the Lake of the Woods basin and for apportioning water among various uses in the Souris River, St. Mary River and Milk River basins. In the Boundary Waters Treaty, Canada and the United States agreed that neither country will pollute boundary waters, or waters that flow across the boundary, to an extent that would cause injury to health or property in

418-495: Is guided by the Boundary Waters Treaty, signed by Britain in right of Canada and the United States in 1909. The treaty provides general principles, rather than detailed prescriptions, for preventing and resolving disputes over waters shared between the two countries and for settling other transboundary issues. The specific application of these principles is decided on a case-by-case basis. The IJC has two main responsibilities: approving projects that affect water levels and flows across

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456-728: Is not afforded any protection in British Columbia. This has been the subject of 33 years of dispute between the United States and Canada. In 1988 the International Joint Commission , ruled that a proposed open pit coal mine would violate the 1909 Boundary Waters Treaty. Energy development once threatened the North Fork, which was deemed the "wildest river in the continental United States" by The New York Times in 2004. On February 21, 2008, BP announced to drop plans to obtain drilling rights for coalbed methane extraction in

494-511: Is one main stress in each word, though the location of stress is determined in a complex way (Black 1996). OC:out-of-control morpheme reduplication SUCCESS:success aspect morpheme Given its polysynthetic nature, Salish-Spokane-Kalispel encodes meaning in single morphemes rather than lexical items. In the Spokane dialect specifically, the morphemes ¬–nt and –el', denote transitivity and intransitivity, respectively. Meaning, they show whether or not

532-408: Is pronounced [t͡ʃt͡ʃt͡sʼéʔt͡ɬʃᵗʃən] , and /ppíˀl/ is [pʰpíḭᵗɬə̥] . Spokane vowels show five contrasts: /a/ , /e/ , /i/ , /o/ and /u/ , but almost all examples of /a/ and /o/ are lowered from /e/ and /u/ , respectively, when those precede uvulars, or precede or follow pharyngeals. Unstressed vowels are inserted to break up certain consonant clusters, with the vowel quality determined by

570-733: Is the North Fork , which runs from the Canadian province of British Columbia southwards. The North Fork is sometimes considered the main stem of the Flathead River. Near West Glacier the North Fork combines with the Middle Fork to form the main Flathead River. The river then flows westwards to join the South Fork and cuts between the Whitefish Range and Swan Range via Bad Rock Canyon . All of

608-577: Is unique to the Spokane dialect is the SUCCESS aspect morpheme: -nu. The SUCCESS marker allows the denotation that the act took more effort than it normally would otherwise. In (3) and (4) we can see this particular transformation. ɫip' mark -nt - TR -en - 1sg . SUBJ ɫip' -nt -en mark -TR -1sg.SUBJ 'I marked it' ɫip' mark -nu - SUCCESS -nt- International Joint Commission The International Joint Commission ( French : Commission mixte internationale )

646-595: The Flathead Indian Reservation were including the historic Salish and Kutenai names for towns, rivers, and streams, and the Missoula City Council was seeking input from the Salish-Pend d'Oreille Culture Committee regarding appropriate Salish-language signage for the city of Missoula. Salish has five vowels, /a e i o u/ , plus an epenthetic schwa [ə] which occurs between an obstruent and

684-574: The Mosan Sprachbund to which Salish belongs. It is also unusual in lacking a simple lateral approximant and simple velar consonants ( /k/ only occurs in loanwords ), though again this is known elsewhere in the Mosan area. The post-velars are normally transcribed as uvular consonants : ⟨ q, qʼ, χ, qʷ, qʷʼ, χʷ ⟩. Salish contrasts affricates with stop – fricative sequences. For example, [ʔiɬt͡ʃt͡ʃeˀn] "tender, sore" has

722-602: The Clark Fork is a tributary of the Pend Oreille River , a Columbia River tributary. With a drainage basin extending over 8,795 square miles (22,780 km) and an average discharge of 11,380 cubic feet per second (322 m/s), the Flathead is the largest tributary of the Clark Fork and constitutes over half of its flow. The Flathead River rises in forks in the Rocky Mountains of northwestern Montana. The largest tributary

760-706: The Flathead River; and the Flathead River – to its confluence with the Clark Fork River, are designated. It is part of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System . Reaches designated wild and scenic include the entire North Fork south of the Canada–US border, the entire Middle Fork, and the South Fork above Hungry Horse Reservoir. The North Fork Flathead River in Montana is designated a National Wild and Scenic River. The river

798-421: The Flathead Valley was firmly American. The first settlers began arriving in the 1860s. Irrigation agriculture began in the 1880s. The river was affected by the 2022 Montana floods . The river is a Class I river in Montana for purposes of recreational access. The South fork of the Flathead, from Youngs Creek to Hungry Horse reservoir ; Middle fork of the Flathead – from Schaffer creek to its confluence with

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836-567: The IJC approves a project, it may impose conditions on project design or operation to protect interests on either side of the boundary. The IJC may also appoint a board to monitor compliance of operational requirements, such as flows through a dam. Projects approved by the IJC include hydroelectric power projects in the Great Lakes and on the St. Lawrence River , the St. Croix River and the Columbia River . The IJC

874-500: The IJC have focused mostly on water and air quality and on the development and use of shared water resources. For example, one reference led to the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (1972), in which the two countries agreed to control pollution and to clean up wastewater from industries and communities. In 1978, a new agreement added a commitment to rid the Great Lakes of persistent toxic substances, which remain in

912-434: The United States and Canada under the 1909 Boundary Waters Treaty and pursues the common good of both countries as an independent and objective advisor to the two governments. In particular, the IJC rules upon applications for approval of projects affecting boundary or transboundary waters and may regulate the operation of these projects; it assists the two countries in the protection of the transboundary environment, including

950-457: The adjacent consonants. The epenthetic vowel is often realized as /ə/ , but also /ɔ/ before rounded uvulars, and /ɪ/ before alveolars and palatals. The consonant inventory of Spokane differs from Salish somewhat, including plain and glottalized central alveolar approximants /ɹ/ and /ˀɹ/ , and a uvular series instead of post-velar. Spokane words are polysynthetic , typically based on roots with CVC(C) structure, plus many affixes . There

988-496: The border-waters, or topics, and a technical staff to organize and inform task-forces. Canada and the United States created the International Joint Commission because they recognized that each country is affected by the other's actions in lake and river systems along the border. The two countries cooperate to manage these waters and to protect them for the benefit of today's citizens and future generations. The IJC

1026-428: The boundary and investigating transboundary issues and recommending solutions. The IJC's recommendations and decisions take into account the needs of a wide range of water uses, including drinking water, commercial shipping, hydroelectric power generation, agriculture, ecosystem health, industry, fishing, recreational boating and shoreline property. The International Joint Commission prevents and resolves disputes between

1064-895: The environment for a long time and can poison food sources for animals and people. Although IJC reference recommendations are not binding, they are usually accepted by the Canadian and American governments. The Commission is headed by six commissioners, three from each country. The Commissioners are appointed by the government of Canada and the United States. Commissioners do not represent their governments. The Canadian Commissioners appointed in 2019 are Pierre Béland (Canadian Chair), Merrel-Ann Phare and F. Henry Lickers. The American Commissioners appointed in 2019 are Jane Corwin (American Chair), Robert C. Sisson, and Lance V. Yohe. The Commission has three offices, in Ottawa , Washington, D.C. , and Windsor, Ontario . The Windsor Great Lakes Regional Office (GLRO)

1102-419: The governments every two years. The IJC studies and recommends solutions to transboundary issues when asked to do so by the national governments. When the IJC receives a government request, called a reference, it appoints a board with equal numbers of experts from each country. Board members are chosen for their professional abilities, not as representatives of a particular organization or region. References to

1140-521: The headwaters forks are entirely or in part designated National Wild and Scenic Rivers . After the river leaves the canyon it flows into the broad Flathead Valley and arcs southwest, passing Columbia Falls and Kalispell , before it is joined by the Stillwater River and its Whitefish River tributary, and then empties into Flathead Lake , where the Swan River joins. Near Polson the river leaves

1178-408: The implementation of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement and the improvement of transboundary air quality; and it alerts the governments to emerging issues along the boundary that may give rise to bilateral disputes. The IJC has the authority to issue orders of approval. These orders place conditions on the application and operation of projects, such as dams, diversions or bridges that would affect

Flathead River - Misplaced Pages Continue

1216-523: The natural basin of Flathead Lake, but first passes through Seli’š Ksanka Qlispe’ Dam (formerly Kerr Dam), which raised Flathead Lake 's natural level by 10 feet (3.0 m). After flowing through the dam the river turns south and meanders through the Flathead Valley west of the Mission Mountains , and at Dixon it is joined by the small Jocko River . At the Jocko River confluence it turns west, and

1254-466: The natural level of boundary waters. The application process for an order of approval is outlined in the IJC guide to applications. The IJC studies and recommends solutions to transboundary issues when asked to do so by the national governments. When the IJC receives a government request, called a reference, it appoints a board with equal numbers of experts from each country. Board members are chosen for their professional abilities, not as representatives of

1292-845: The other country. When asked by governments, the IJC investigates, monitors and recommends actions regarding the quality of water in lakes and rivers along the Canada-United States border. The IJC has water quality responsibilities for the St. Croix River, the Rainy River and the Red River. Much of the Commission's work focuses on helping governments clean up the Great Lakes and prevent further pollution. As well as damaging rivers and lakes, air pollution affects human health, especially for people with respiratory illnesses such as chronic bronchitis and asthma. Over

1330-412: The river's headwaters. The Cline Mining Corporation still intended to start a mountaintop-removal coal mining project. On February 9, 2010, the British Columbia government announced that it would not permit mining, oil and gas development and coalbed gas extraction in British Columbia's portion of the Flathead Valley, which was praised by environmental groups and the U.S. Senators from Montana. There

1368-562: The years, the American and Canadian governments have asked the IJC to bring to their attention, or to investigate, air pollution problems in boundary regions. To support these activities, the IJC created the International Air Quality Advisory Board. As well, under the 1991 Canada-United States Air Quality Agreement, the IJC is required to collect and synthesize public comments on the air quality progress report published by

1406-601: Was 8,000 in 1977, but most have switched to English. As is the case of many other languages of northern North America, Salish is polysynthetic ; like other languages of the Mosan language area , it does not make a clear distinction between nouns and verbs. Salish is famous for native translations that treat all lexical Salish words as verbs or clauses in English—for instance, translating a two-word Salish clause that would appear to mean "I-killed a-deer" into English as I killed it. It

1444-856: Was a deer. Salish is taught at the Nkwusm Salish Immersion School, in Arlee, Montana . Public schools in Kalispell, Montana , offer language classes, a language nest , and intensive training for adults. An online Salish Language Tutor and online Kalispel Salish curriculum are available. A dictionary, "Seliš nyoʔnuntn: Medicine for the Salish Language," was expanded from 186 to 816 pages in 2009; children's books and language CDs are also available. Salish Kootenai College offers Salish language courses, and trains Salish language teachers at its Native American Language Teacher Training Institute as

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