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46-586: The Clark Fork is a Class I river for recreational purposes in Montana from Warm Springs Creek to the Idaho border. It rises as Silver Bow Creek in southwestern Montana, less than 5 miles (8.0 km) from the Continental Divide near downtown Butte, from the confluence of Basin and Blacktail creeks. It flows northwest and north through a valley in the mountains, passing east of Anaconda , where it changes its name to

92-598: A 20-mile-long (32 km) reservoir. It crosses into eastern Bonner County in north Idaho between the towns of Heron, Montana and the town of Cabinet, Idaho . In Idaho, just before the town of Cabinet, the Clark Fork River is dammed again at the Cabinet Gorge Dam . The Cabinet Gorge Dam was completed in the early 1950s, and its reservoir extends eastwards into Montana. After passing the Cabinet Gorge Dam,

138-498: A Record of Decision released in 1995. Shortly after the Record of Decision for remedy, the state of Montana became the lead party on the remedy and, for reasons of efficiency, combined remedy with restoration. The state of Montana filed a lawsuit against ARCO in 1983, in parallel to the EPA's Superfund listing, to recover natural resource damages to water, soil, vegetation, fish, and wildlife in

184-590: A degree of protection for colonists and their allies from hostile Indians and foreign colonists. York Factory was founded by the chartered Hudson's Bay Company in 1697. It was headquarters of the company for a long time, and was once the de facto government in parts of North America such as Rupert's Land , before European-based colonies existed. It controlled the fur trade throughout much of British-controlled North America for several centuries, undertaking early exploration. Its traders and trappers forged early relationships with many groups of American Indians, and

230-557: A factory with warehouses. Usually these factories had larger warehouses to fit the products resulting from the increasing agricultural development of colonies, which were boosted in the New World by the Atlantic slave trade . In these factories, the products were checked, weighed, and packaged to prepare for the long sea voyage. In particular, spices, cocoa , tea , tobacco , coffee , sugar , porcelain , and fur were well protected against

276-589: A network of trading posts formed the nucleus for later official authority in many areas of Western Canada and the United States. The early coastal factory model contrasted with the system of the French, who established an extensive system of inland posts and sent traders to live among the tribes of the region. When war broke out in the 1680s between France and England, the two nations regularly sent expeditions to raid and capture each other's fur trading posts. In March 1686,

322-654: A series of legislation called the Indian Intercourse Acts . However, in practice, numerous tribes conceded extensive territory in exchange for the trading posts, as happened in the Treaty of Fort Clark in which the Osage Nation ceded most of Missouri at Fort Clark . A blacksmith was usually assigned to the factory to repair utensils and build or maintain plows. The factories frequently also had some sort of milling operation associated with them. The factories marked

368-403: A state, meeting in a foreign place. These organizations sought to defend their common interests, mainly economic (as well as organized insurance and protection), enabling the maintenance of diplomatic and trade relations within the foreign state where they were set. The factories were established from 1356 onwards in the main trading centers, usually ports or central hubs that have prospered under

414-430: Is America's largest Superfund site. Butte, at the headwaters, was the source of much of the watershed's contamination from over a century of industrial-scale mining and ore processing activities. This Superfund mega site includes the cities of Butte, Anaconda, Deer Lodge , and Bonner-Milltown (just upriver of Missoula ). The contamination extends along a river corridor of 120 miles (190 km) that reaches from Butte to

460-566: Is a 26-mile-long (42 km) headwater stream of the Clark Fork (river) originating within the city limits of Butte, Montana , from the confluence of Little Basin and Blacktail Creeks. A former northern tributary, Yankee Doodle Creek, no longer flows directly into Silver Bow Creek as it is now captured by the Berkeley Pit . Silver Bow Creek flows northwest and north through a high mountain valley, passing east of Anaconda, Montana , where it becomes

506-506: The Americas from the 15th century onward also tended to be official political dependencies of those states. These have been seen, in retrospect, as the precursors of colonial expansion . A factory could serve simultaneously as market , warehouse , customs , defense and support to navigation and exploration , headquarters or de facto government of local communities. In North America , Europeans began to trade with Natives during

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552-591: The Blackfoot River experienced a record flood in 1908. Since the late 19th century many areas in the watershed of the river have been extensively mined for minerals, resulting in an ongoing stream pollution problem. Most pollution has come from the copper mines in Butte and the smelter in Anaconda. Many of the most polluted areas have been designated as Superfund sites. Nevertheless, the river and its tributaries are among

598-750: The Coromandel Coast in southern India, Colombo in Sri Lanka, Ambon in Indonesia, Fort Zeelandia in Taiwan, Canton in southern China, Dejima island in Japan (the only legal point of trade between Japan and the outside world during the Edo Period ), and Fort Orange in modern-day Upstate New York in the United States. The American factories often played a strategic role as well, sometimes operating as forts, providing

644-791: The Milltown Reservoir Superfund Site and includes adjacent areas such as the Anaconda Smelter Stack . The mining and smelting operations of the Anaconda Copper Mining Corporation were the primary cause of this pollution at the headwaters of the Clark Fork. The Anaconda Copper Mining Corporation (ACM) merged with the Atlantic Richfield Corporation ( ARCO ) in 1977. Shortly thereafter, in 1983, ARCO ceased mining and smelting operations in

690-485: The North West Company explored the region and founded several fur trading posts , including Kullyspell House at the mouth of the Clark Fork, and Saleesh House on the river near the present-day site of Thompson Falls, Montana . Thompson used the name Saleesh River for the entire Flathead-Clark Fork-Pend Oreille river system. For most of the first half of the 19th century the Clark Fork river and surrounding region

736-595: The feitorias were sometimes licensed to private entrepreneurs, giving rise to some conflict between abusive private interests and local populations, such as in the Maldives . Other European powers began to establish factories in the 17th century along the trade routes explored by Portugal and Spain, first the Dutch and then the English . They went on to establish in conquered Portuguese feitorias and further enclaves, as they explored

782-465: The navigation and customs and were governed by a feitor ("factor") responsible for managing the trade, buying and trading products on behalf of the king and collecting taxes (usually 20%). The first Portuguese feitoria overseas was established by Henry the Navigator in 1445 on the island of Arguin , off the coast of Mauritania. It was built to attract Muslim traders and monopolize the business in

828-578: The 16th century. Colonists created factories, also known as trading posts , at which furs could be traded, in Native American territory. Although European colonialism traces its roots from the classical era , when Phoenicians , Greeks and Romans established colonies of settlement around the Mediterranean – "factories" were a unique institution born in medieval Europe. Originally, factories were organizations of European merchants from

874-775: The 19th century, the Clark Fork Valley was inhabited by the Flathead tribe of Native Americans . It was explored by Meriwether Lewis of the Lewis and Clark Expedition during the 1806 return trip from the Pacific. The river is named for William Clark . A middle segment of the river in Montana was formerly known as the Missoula River. The river was also referred to as the Deer Lodge River by Granville Stuart . In 1809, David Thompson of

920-579: The Butte-Anaconda area. For more than a century, the ACM mined and smelted ore in Butte. Smelters operated in Butte until c. 1920 and in nearby Anaconda until 1981. In Butte, mine tailings and smelter waste were dumped directly into Silver Bow Creek, creating a 120-mile (190 km) plume of pollution extending down the valley to Milltown Dam on the Clark Fork just upstream of Missoula. Air- and waterborne pollution poisoned livestock and agricultural soils throughout

966-531: The Clark Fork at the confluence with Warm Springs Creek, then northwest to Deer Lodge . Near Deer Lodge it receives the Little Blackfoot River . From Deer Lodge it flows generally northwest across western Montana, passing south of the Garnet Range toward Missoula. Five miles east of Missoula, the river receives the Blackfoot River . Northwest of Missoula, the river continues through a long valley along

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1012-414: The Clark Fork at the confluence with Warm Springs Creek. For more than one hundred years Silver Bow Creek was an open industrial sewer, primarily used as a depository for mining and smelting waste. A record flood in 1908 dispersed mass quantities of heavy metals and arsenic along its entire floodplain, which posed significant risks to environmental and human health. The Upper Clark Fork river basin

1058-536: The Deer Lodge Valley. Modern environmental clean-up efforts began under Superfund in 1983 and continue to this day. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) designated Silver Bow Creek as the Streamside Tailings (SST) Superfund site in 1985, with ARCO as the principal party responsible for remedy or clean-up. The EPA selected a remedy for the 26-mile-long (42 km) Silver Bow Creek (SST) Superfund in

1104-821: The East, among many other products. In the Indian Ocean, the trade in Portuguese factories was enforced and increased by a merchant ship licensing system: the cartazes . From the feitorias , the products went to the main outpost in Goa, then to Portugal where they were traded in the Casa da Índia , which also managed exports to India. There they were sold, or re-exported to the Royal Portuguese Factory in Antwerp , where they were distributed to

1150-549: The French sent a raiding party under Chevalier des Troyes over 1,300 km (810 mi) to capture the company's posts along James Bay . In 1697, Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville , commander of the company's captured posts, defeated three ships of the Royal Navy in the Battle of the Bay on his way to capture York Factory by a ruse. York Factory changed hands several times in the next decade and

1196-611: The Greenway Service District secured $ 23.5 million from the NRDP to enhance the remedy (cleanup) of Silver Bow Creek with restoration. To date DEQ, NRDP, and GSD have successfully worked together to remediate and restore about 70% of the Silver Bow Creek corridor. The long-term land use as a recreational corridor will assure that these efforts are protected for and accessible to future generations. The cleanup of Silver Bow Creek

1242-477: The Hansa, inviting foreign merchants to join in. Because foreigners were not allowed to buy land in these cities, merchants joined around factories, like the Portuguese in their Bruges factory: the factor(s) and his officers rented the housing and warehouses, arbitrated trade, and even managed insurance funds, working both as an association and an embassy, even administering justice within the merchant community. During

1288-662: The United States' attempt to continue a process originally pioneered by the French and then by the Spanish to officially license the fur trade in Upper Louisiana . Factories were frequently called " forts " and often had numerous unofficial names. Legislation was often passed calling for military garrisons at the fort but their de facto purpose was a trading post. In Canada, the Hudson's Bay Company created several factories, including: In

1334-624: The Upper Clark Fork River basin. In a 1999 state, federal and tribal settlement, Atlantic Richfield Company agreed to pay $ 215 million to the state, through the Natural Resource Damage Program, to resolve part of the state's claims. From the settlement amount, $ 80 million plus interest was set aside for the Montana Department of Environmental Quality and US-EPA to implement the remedy for Silver Bow Creek. In addition,

1380-563: The coasts of Africa, Arabia, India, and South East Asia in search of the source of the lucrative spice trade . Factories were then established by chartered companies such as the Dutch East India Company (VOC), founded in 1602, and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), founded in 1621. These factories provided for the exchange of products among European companies, local populations, and the colonies that often started as

1426-510: The influence of the Hanseatic League and its guilds and kontors . The Hanseatic cities had their own law system and furnished their own protection and mutual aid. The Hanseatic League maintained factories, among others, in England ( Boston , King's Lynn ), Norway ( Tønsberg ), and Finland ( Åbo ). Later, cities like Bruges and Antwerp actively tried to take over the monopoly of trade from

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1472-534: The junction of the Clark Fork and Blackfoot Rivers. Stimson Dam (an old log crib dam) was removed in 2007 just upstream of the Milltown Dam on the Blackfoot River. Stimson Dam was normally under water due to the Milltown Dam. The area that used to be under Milltown Lake has recently become a State Park. Continued remediation and/or restoration of these sites is ongoing. Silver Bow Creek Silver Bow Creek

1518-664: The lower Clark Fork River. At Thompson Falls, about 100 mi (160 km) northwest of Missoula, the Thompson Falls Dam , actually a series of four dams that bridge between islands in the river, was built atop the falls in 1915. Next, at Noxon, Montana , along the Cabinet Mountains and the northern end of the Bitterroots near the Idaho border, the river is impounded by the Noxon Rapids Dam , completed in 1959 and forming

1564-525: The most popular destinations for fly fishing in the United States . Today, the Clark Fork watershed encompasses the largest Superfund site in America. As a mega-site, it includes three major sites: Butte, Anaconda, and Milltown Dam/Clark Fork River's Milltown Reservoir Superfund Site . Each of these major sites is split up into numerous sub-sites known as Operable Units. Milltown Dam was removed in 2008 at

1610-784: The northeast flank of the Bitterroot Range , through the Lolo National Forest . It receives the Bitterroot River from the south-southwest approximately 5.5 miles (8.9 km) west of downtown Missoula. Along the Cabinet Mountains , the river receives the Flathead River from the east near Paradise . It receives the Thompson River from the north near Thompson Falls in southern Sanders County . There are three dams on

1656-477: The rest of Europe. Easily supplied and defended by sea, the factories worked as independent colonial bases. They provided safety, both for the Portuguese, and at times for the territories in which they were built, protecting against constant rivalries and piracy. They allowed Portugal to dominate trade in the Atlantic and Indian oceans, establishing a vast empire with scarce human and territorial resources. Over time,

1702-561: The richest possession of Bassein that went on to become the financial centre of India as Bombay (Mumbai) . They were mainly driven by the trade of gold and slaves on the coast of Guinea , spices in the Indian Ocean, and sugar cane in the New World. They were also used for local triangular trade between several territories, like Goa-Macau-Nagasaki, trading products such as sugar, pepper, coconut, timber, horses, grain, feathers from exotic Indonesian birds, precious stones, silks and porcelain from

1748-522: The river enters the northeastern end of Lake Pend Oreille , approximately 8 miles (13 km) west of the Idaho–Montana border, near the town of Clark Fork, Idaho . During the last ice age , from approximately 20,000 years ago, the Clark Fork Valley lay along the southern edge of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet covering western North America . The encroachment of the ice sheet formed an ice dam on

1794-573: The river, creating Glacial Lake Missoula , which stretched through the Clark Fork Valley across central Montana. The periodic rupturing and rebuilding of the ice dam released the Missoula Floods , a series of catastrophic floods down the Clark Fork and Pend Oreille into the Columbia, which sculpted many of the geographic features of eastern Washington and the Willamette Valley of Oregon . In

1840-620: The routes traveled in North Africa. It served as a model for a chain of African feitorias , Elmina Castle being the most notorious. Between the 15th and 16th centuries, a chain of about 50 Portuguese forts either housed or protected feitorias along the coasts of West and East Africa, the Indian Ocean, China, Japan, and South America. The main factories of the Portuguese East Indies , were in Goa , Malacca , Ormuz , Ternate , Macao , and

1886-461: The salty sea air and against deterioration. The factor was present as the representative of the trading partners in all matters, reporting to the headquarters and being responsible for the products’ logistics (proper storage and shipping). Information took a long time to reach the company headquarters, and this was dependent on an absolute trust. Some Dutch factories were located in Cape Town in modern-day South Africa, Mocha in Yemen, Calicut and

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1932-439: The territorial and economic expansion of the Age of Discovery , the factory was adapted by the Portuguese and spread throughout from West Africa to Southeast Asia. The Portuguese feitorias were mostly fortified trading posts settled in coastal areas, built to centralize and thus dominate the local trade of products with the Portuguese kingdom (and thence to Europe). They served simultaneously as market , warehouse , support to

1978-470: Was controlled by the British-Canadian North West Company and Hudson's Bay Company . In the mid-19th century, the Clark Fork River wound through the valley where cattle had replaced bison . This was when Conrad Kohrs purchased a ranch from Johnny Grant that is now called the Grant-Kohrs Ranch, a National Historic Site and Federal Park. For a history of the river and the people, see Grant-Kohrs family and history of Clark Fork River region. The Clark Fork and

2024-459: Was finally ceded permanently in the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht . After the treaty, the Hudson Bay Company rebuilt York Factory as a brick star fort at the mouth of the nearby Hayes River , its present location. The United States government sanctioned a factory system from 1796 to 1822, with factories scattered through the mostly territorial portion of the country. The factories were officially intended to protect Indians from exploitation through

2070-652: Was scheduled for completion in 2014. The remediation and restoration of Silver Bow Creek is the largest project of its kind in the United States and has won local, national, and international awards for environmental excellence. As of this writing, remedy and restoration of the final reach – Durant Canyon – is underway. Westslope cutthroat trout , a native species and Montana's state fish, are an apex predator species set as an indicator of successful recovery of Silver Bow Creek. 46°11′13″N 112°46′19″W  /  46.18694°N 112.77194°W  / 46.18694; -112.77194 Factory (trading post) Factory

2116-622: Was the common name during the medieval and early modern eras for an entrepôt – which was essentially an early form of free-trade zone or transshipment point. At a factory, local inhabitants could interact with foreign merchants, often known as factors . First established in Europe, factories eventually spread to many other parts of the world. The origin of the word factory is from Latin factorium  'place of doers, makers' ( Portuguese : feitoria ; Dutch : factorij ; French : factorerie , comptoir ). The factories established by European states in Africa , Asia and

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