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67-564: The peoples of this area were named Flathead Indians by Europeans who came to the area. The name was originally applied to various Salish peoples , based on the practice of artificial cranial deformation by some of the groups, though the modern groups associated with the Flathead Reservation never engaged in it. The Salish (Flatheads) initially lived entirely east of the Continental Divide but established their headquarters near

134-514: A US citizen. He returned to Flanders that same year due to health problems and did not return to St. Louis until 1837. In 1838 and 1839, De Smet helped to establish St. Joseph's Mission in what is now Council Bluffs, Iowa , in Potawatomi territory along the Upper Missouri River. These people had moved west from what is now Illinois. Taking over the abandoned Council Bluffs Blockhouse at

201-536: A band of Nimíipuu to reside at St. Mary's for a period of two months; all of the people had received baptism before they left. Near the end of his time with the Salish, De Smet sent out an appeal to the United States public for financial aid to bolster his missionary efforts. He thought the Salish habit of seasonal nomadic movement made it "impossible to do any solid and permanent good among these poor people..." He forwarded

268-572: A missionary to Native Americans. He began his novitiate at White Marsh, a Jesuit estate near Baltimore , Maryland. Part of the complex survives today as Sacred Heart Church in Bowie . In 1823, De Smet was transferred to Florissant, Missouri , just north of St. Louis , to complete his theological studies and to begin his studies of Native American languages. He was ordained a priest on 23 September 1827. De Smet and five other Belgian novices, led by Charles Van Quickenborne , moved to Florissant at

335-624: A plan proposing that the Salish "be assembled in villages—must be taught the art of agriculture, consequently must be supplied with implements, with cattle, with seed." He went back to France to recruit more workers, and returned to the Pacific Northwest via Cape Horn, reaching the Columbia River on 31 July 1844 with five additional Jesuits and a group of Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur . One of De Smet's longest explorations began in August 1845 in

402-662: A rate that the U.S. government was wary of, and in 1890 a military unit was dispatched to Wounded Knee to interrupt a ceremony of the Ghost Dance among the Sioux. Roughly 200 Sioux were gunned down in what is now known as the Wounded Knee Massacre . Modern powwows came about after the armistice of World War 1, when Native American veterans returned home from war; celebrations were held for their homecoming and included traditional dances. A new sense of community also came into being with

469-499: A relatively small area. The numerous Shoshone semi-surrounded the Salish from northeast to southwest. It seems the Salish did not know the Comanche and Kiowa at this time. They may have been regarded as bands of Shoshone. Later well-established plains tribes like the Sarsi , Assiniboine , Cree , Crow , Gros Ventre , Arapaho , Cheyenne and Sioux lived far away. They were unknown to

536-530: A team of scholars is conducting research on the languages in order to create reference material and educational resources. Salish languages, especially those of the Coast peoples, are threatened primarily by assimilation. State programs such as the Canadian residential schools (where indigenous languages were prohibited) have been a major factor in reducing the number of fluent Salish speakers. Schools today, however, from

603-424: A tenth of what was said was understood by either side." But as in the meeting with Lewis and Clark , the pervasive cross-cultural miscommunication ran even deeper than problems of language and translation. Tribal people came to the meeting assuming they were going to formalize an already-recognized friendship. Non-Indians came with the goal of making official their claims to native lands and resources. Isaac Stevens ,

670-471: A town in the west-central part of the present state. A monument to the event was later erected on this site. When De Smet arrived at Pierre's Hole , 1,600 Salish and Pend d'Oreilles greeted him. He baptized 350 people and then returned to the eastern United States to raise funds for the mission. In 1841, De Smet returned to the Salish accompanied by two priests, Gregorio Mengarini and Nicholas Point , and three friars. They founded St. Mary's Mission in

737-561: Is located in Arlee, Montana. It runs for a period of several days and involves dance competitions and singing competitions (and non-competitive singing and drum performances). In 1884 the BIA (Bureau of Indian Affairs) made it illegal for any Indian dances to be performed, and so the tribes danced in secret. A new, religiously-influenced dance called the Ghost Dance began spreading from tribe to tribe at

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804-687: The Bitterroot River . His book Oregon Missions and Travels over the Rocky Mountains in 1845 to 1846 was published in 1847. [1] In 1854, De Smet helped establish the mission in St. Ignatius, Montana . It is located on the Flathead Indian Reservation . The current building was added to the National Register of Historic Places 100 years after his death. In his remaining years, De Smet

871-613: The Bitterroot Valley among the Salish, and worked with them for several years. The following spring De Smet visited François Norbert Blanchet and Modeste Demers , missionaries at Fort Vancouver . He noted that the Protestant proselytizing of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions under Henry H. Spalding , based at Lapwai , had made the neighboring Nimíipuu (Nez Perce) nation wary of Catholicism. He persuaded

938-511: The Haida , Tsimshian , Tlingit , and Kwakiutl tribes. It wasn't until the twentieth century that the totem pole tradition was adopted by the northern Coast Salish peoples including the Cowichan, Comox, Pentlatch, Musqueam, and Lummi tribes. These tribes created fewer free-standing totem poles, but are known for carving house posts in the interior and exterior of longhouses. Salish peoples located in

1005-780: The Interior Salish languages , and the Nuxalk (Bella Coola) people speaking the Nuxalk language . The Nuxalk are the northernmost Salish peoples, located in and around Bella Coola, British Columbia . This area is separated from the main continuous land area known to be populated by Salish peoples. Below is a list of most, but not all, Salish tribes and bands, listed from north to south. scəẁaθən məsteyəxʷ (Tsawwassen First Nation) Pierre-Jean De Smet Pierre-Jean De Smet , SJ ( Dutch and French IPA: [də smɛt] ; 30 January 1801 – 23 May 1873), also known as Pieter-Jan De Smet ,

1072-552: The KwaTaqNuk Resort & Casino in Polson ( county seat of Lake County and most populous community on the reservation) and Gray Wolf Peak Casino in Evaro, Montana . The peoples of these tribes originally lived in the areas of Montana, parts of Idaho , British Columbia ( Canada ) and Wyoming . The original territory comprised about 22 million acres (89,000 km) at the time of

1139-629: The North Saskatchewan River , which he followed downstream and east. It was October, and a long cold winter was looming, when he reached Rocky Mountain House . He had fulfilled one of his main goals; to meet with the Cree , Chippewa , and Blackfoot of the area. At the end of the month, De Smet traveled further to the east to search for other Natives. Fortunate to find his way back to Rocky Mountain House, Natives guided him to Fort Edmonton , where he spent

1206-680: The Sioux war chief to participate in negotiations with the American government for the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie . The Native Americans gave him the affectionate nickname De Grote Zwartrok ( The Great Black Skirt ). De Smet was born in Dendermonde , in what is now Belgium in 1801, and entered the Petit Séminaire at Mechelen at the age of nineteen. De Smet first came to the United States with eleven other Belgian Jesuits in 1821, intending to become

1273-523: The 1855 Hellgate treaty . The Flathead Reservation in northwest Montana is over 1.3 million acres (5,300 km) in size. The Tribal Council represents eight districts: During World War II , a 422-foot (129 m) Liberty Ship, the SS Chief Charlot , was named in his honor and built in Richmond, California , in 1943. Salish peoples The Salish peoples are indigenous peoples of

1340-581: The 1960s, and the Salish Weavers Guild was formed in 1971. Plentiful in the Pacific Northwest, the Western Red Cedar was a vital resource in Coast Salish peoples' lives. Canoes, longhouses , totem poles, baskets, mats, clothing, and more were all made using cedar. Totem poles were less common in Coast Salish culture than with neighboring non-Salish Pacific Northwest Coast peoples such as

1407-531: The American and Canadian Pacific Northwest , identified by their use of the Salishan languages which diversified out of Proto-Salish between 3,000 and 6,000 years ago. The term "Salish" originated in the modern era as an exonym created for linguistic research. Salish is an anglicization of Séliš, the endonym for the Salish Tribes of the Flathead Reservation . The Séliš were the easternmost Salish people and

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1474-510: The Bitterroot Valley south of Lolo Creek as a "conditional reservation" for the Salish. Victor put his X mark on the document, convinced that the agreement would not require his people to leave their homeland. No other word came from the government for the next fifteen years, so the Salish assumed that they would indeed stay in their Bitterroot Valley forever. After the 1864 gold rush in the newly established Montana Territory , pressure upon

1541-584: The Catholic Church to come to baptize their children, sick, and dying. The first two delegations reached St. Louis after being devastated by sickness, and although Bishop Joseph Rosati promised to send missionaries when funds were available, he never did. A third delegation was massacred by enemy Sioux . In 1839, a fourth delegation traveled down the Missouri River by canoe and stopped at Council Bluffs. There, they met De Smet. De Smet saw his meeting with

1608-596: The Columbia District. He went west to Jasper House , and with considerable hardships completed the trek. He then crossed the Great Divide by Athabaska Pass , traveling to the Canoe_River_(British_Columbia) , the northernmost tributary of the Columbia River, and eventually on to Fort Vancouver , some thousand miles (1600 km) to the southwest. He eventually arrived at his mission at Sainte-Marie on

1675-598: The Dakota territory aboard the steamboat Saint Agne , piloted by Joseph LaBarge . LaBarge was a close friend of De Smet, and always offered the services of his steamboat to the Catholic missionary effort. De Smet died in St. Louis on 23 May 1873. He was originally buried at St. Stanislaus Seminary near Florissant, as were some fellow early Jesuit explorers. In 2003, the remains in that cemetery were moved to Calvary Cemetery in St. Louis, at

1742-429: The Flathead Reservation as of 2013, and 2,800 tribal members living off the reservation. Their predominant religion is Roman Catholicism . 1,100 Native Americans from other tribes and more than 10,000 non-Native Americans also live on the reservation. As the first to organize a tribal government under the 1934 Indian Reorganization Act , the tribes are governed by a tribal council. The Tribal Council has ten members, and

1809-562: The Pacific Northwest and parts of Southern Alaska were known to build totem poles that were meant to symbolize a tribe member's spirit animal or family crest. They continue on this legacy today by selling hand carved totem poles formed in the same fashion. Salish people groups are subdivided by their respective branches of the Salishan language family: Coast Salish (peoples) speaking the Coast Salish languages , Interior Salish (peoples) speaking

1876-419: The Pacific Northwest. The influx of these cheaper, machine-made blankets led to the decline of native wool blankets that were expensive and labor-intensive to produce. Salish weaving continued to a lesser extent, but the weavers largely transitioned to using sheep's wool yarn brought to the area by traders, as it was less costly than keeping the salmon-eating woolly dogs. There was a revival of Salish weaving in

1943-620: The Plains tradition. This dispersal of people and culture into large community centers also tightened the inter-tribal networks that had come into existence after the first World War. Salish weavers used both plant and animal fibers. Coast Salish peoples kept flocks of woolly dogs , bred for their wool, to shear and spin the fibers into yarn. The Coast Salish would also use mountain goat wool, waterfowl down, and various plant fibers including cedar bark, nettle fiber, milkweed and hemp. They would combine these materials in their weaving. A type of white clay

2010-469: The Salish as the will of God. He joined the delegation on its journey to St. Louis and asked Bishop Rosati to send missionaries. Rosati assigned him to journey to Salish territory, to determine their nation, and to establish a mission among them. For safety and convenience De Smet traveled with an American Fur Company brigade. On 5 July 1840, De Smet offered the first Mass in Wyoming , a mile east of Daniel ,

2077-575: The Salish had lived in conical tents covered with two to four layers of sewed tule mats, depending on the season. The tipi soon replaced the old lodge. Instead of rawhide bags of many shapes and sizes, the women made parfleches from now on. Both the Salish-Tunaxe and the Semteuse were almost "killed off in wars" with the Blackfoot and further reduced by smallpox . Some of the survivors took refuge among

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2144-459: The Salish intensified from both illegal non-Indian squatters and government officials. In 1870, Victor died, and he was succeeded as chief by his son, Chief Charlot (aka Charlo, Claw of the Little Grizzly). Like his father, Charlot adhered to a policy of nonviolent resistance. He insisted on the right of his people to remain in the Bitterroot Valley. But territorial citizens and officials thought

2211-618: The Salish out of the Bitterroot and roughly marched the small band sixty miles to the Flathead Reservation. The three main tribes moved to the Flathead Reservation were the Bitterroot Salish, the Pend d'Oreille, and the Kootenai. The Bitterroot Salish and the Pend d'Oreille tribes spoke dialects of the same Salish language. A dispute over off-reservation hunting between a band of Pend d'Oreilles and

2278-552: The Salish. The Salish got horses from the Shoshone, and the animal changed the life of the people. When they had had only dogs, the Salish had paid no special attention to the American bison , which they had hunted just like deer and elk . Newly acquired mounts made it possible to overtake the American bison and the secured meat and skins could easily be carried by packhorses. All other game lost in importance. Before they had had horses,

2345-549: The Salish. With the near extinction of the Salish-Tunaxe, the Salish extended their hunting grounds northward to Sun River . Between 1700 and 1750, they were driven back by pedestrian Blackfoot warriors armed with fire weapons. Finally, they were forced out of the bison range and west of the divide along with the Kutenai-Tunaxe. The Flatheads lived now between the Cascade Range and Rocky Mountains . The first written record of

2412-471: The chief, on tribal policies, culture and education, and in turn tribal policies have grown out of a desire to strengthen the community's ties to their cultural heritage. In a move to self-identify and push back against the effects of the Indian Termination policy, namely assimilation, in 2016 the tribe chose to change their name from the anglicized "Salish-Prend d'Oreille" to Séliš-Ql̓ispé. The change

2479-511: The council elects from within a chairman, Vice Chairman, Secretary and Treasurer. The tribal government offers a number of services to tribal members and is the chief employer on the reservation. The tribes operate a tribal college, the Salish Kootenai College , and a heritage museum called "The People's Center" in Pablo , seat of the tribal government. The tribes are the biggest employer on

2546-667: The eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains. Occasionally, hunting parties went west of the Continental Divide but not west of the Bitterroot Range . The easternmost edge of their ancestral hunting forays were the Gallatin Range , Crazy Mountain, and Little Belt Ranges. The Flathead and the Pend d'Oreille both agree that the Flathead once occupied a large territory on the plains east of the Rocky Mountains. This tribal homeland included

2613-420: The end of the war, along with the proximity of reservations to one another, and the celebrations began to include neighboring tribes rather than remain exclusive to individual tribes. When Plains Indians were resettled in urban areas following World War II, per the policy of the U.S. government, their culture and traditions went with them and became widely spread—which is why many powwow dances and songs are from

2680-422: The first to have a diplomatic relationship with the United States so their name was applied broadly to all peoples speaking a related language. The Salish (or Salishan) people are in four major groups: Bella Coola (Nuxalk) , Coast Salish , Interior Salish , and Tsamosan , who each speak one of the Salishan languages . The Tsamosan group is usually considered a subset of the broader Coast Salish peoples. Among

2747-645: The former United States military fort, De Smet worked primarily with a Potawatomi band led by Billy Caldwell , also known as Sauganash . (Of Mohawk and Irish descent, Caldwell was born on what is now the Six Nations Reserve in Ontario. He was fluent in English and Mohawk, and some other Indian languages.) Among the women responding to Smet's request to serve the Potawatomi people was Rose Philippine Duchesne . De Smet

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2814-433: The four major groups of the Salish people, there are twenty-three documented languages. At least five of these are no longer in use, while the rest are seriously endangered. The majority of fluent Salish-speakers are elderly, and younger speakers are quite rare. In spite of this, there are ongoing efforts to keep the languages alive through revitalization programs planned and conducted by various tribal organisations. Currently,

2881-494: The invitation of bishop Louis William Valentine DuBourg . They founded several academic institutions, among which was the St. Regis Seminary, where De Smet had his first contacts with indigenous students. He learned about various Indian tribal customs and languages while serving as a prefect at the seminary. Around 1830, De Smet went to St. Louis to serve as treasurer at the College of St. Louis . On 23 September 1833, De Smet became

2948-566: The language with no falling back onto English), include such things as virtual tours and museums, such as the Sq'éwlets , which is a Stó:lō-Coast Salish Community in the Fraser River Valley. There is also the People's Center Museum that opened in 1994 and hosts a rotating exhibition of Salish and Kootenai cultural artifacts. The museum is supplemented with an oral tradition of story-telling that explains

3015-607: The locations of Indian villages and other cultural features, including the wreck of the steamboat Pirate . After discussion with members of various Iroquois nations from the East, the Salish Native Americans had gained a slight knowledge of Christianity. At a time when their people were afflicted by illnesses, they thought the new religion might help. Three times they sent delegations of their tribe more than 1,500 miles (2,400 km) to St. Louis to request "black-robes" from

3082-475: The new chief could be pressured into capitulating. In 1871, they successfully lobbied President Ulysses S. Grant to declare that the survey required by the treaty had been conducted and that it had found that the Jocko (Flathead) Reservation was better suited to the needs of the Salish. On the basis of Grant's executive order, Congress sent a delegation, led by future president James Garfield , to make arrangements with

3149-528: The new governor and superintendent of Indian affairs for the Washington Territory , was intent on obtaining cession of the Bitterroot Valley from the Salish. Many non-Indians were already well aware of the valley's potential value for agriculture and its relatively temperate climate in winter. Because of the resistance of Chief Victor (Many Horses), Stevens ended up inserting into the treaty complicated (and doubtless poorly translated) language that defined

3216-506: The north of the Flathead. There was no sharp line between the two tribal territories, and the people in the border zone often intermarried. Further north lived the Kutenai-Tunaxe (Kootenai-Tunaxe). To the east of them lived the Salisan tribes' common enemy, the Blackfoot . West of the Rocky Mountains held the Pend d'Oreille the territory around Flathead Lake , and south of them occupied the Semteuse

3283-467: The present-day counties of Broadwater, Jefferson, Deer Lodge, Silver Bow, Madison and Gallatin and parts of Lewis & Clark, Meagher and Park. This was about the time when they got the first horses. The tribe consisted of at least four bands. Respectively, they had winter quarters near present-day Helena , near Butte , east of Butte and in the Big Hole Valley. The Salis-Tunaxe lived immediately to

3350-755: The region west of the Rockies that was jointly occupied by the Americans, who called it Oregon Country , and the British, who identified it as Columbia District . De Smet started from Lake Pend Oreille in present-day north Idaho and crossed into the Kootenay River Valley. He followed the Kootenay valley north, eventually crossing over to Columbia Lake , the source of the Columbia River at Canal Flats . He followed

3417-493: The reservation. In 2011, they provided 65% of all jobs. The tribes own and jointly operate a valuable hydropower dam , called Séliš Ksanka Ql'ispé Dam (formerly known as Kerr Dam). They are the first Indian nation in the United States to own a hydroelectric dam. CSKT also operates the only local electricity provider Mission Valley Power, as well as S&K Electronics (founded 1984), and the internationally operating S&K Technologies (founded 1999). Other tribal businesses are

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3484-426: The secondary to the university level, are actively promoting knowledge and use of the Salish languages. In 1988, the Self Governance Demonstration Project of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes (the CSKT) was successful, and the U.S. government returned full autonomy to their tribal leadership in 1993. Over the following decades the CSKT has reverted to traditional governance in which Elders provide counsel, to

3551-421: The significance of the pieces on display and shares the stories of the people who lived in the time before and during the European invasion. There have also been calls for repatriation of artifacts across all indigenous tribes of the Americas as additional efforts to reclaim history and culture. The Arlee Espapqeyni Celebration is a yearly July 4 powwow hosted by the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes and

3618-527: The state of Montana's Fish and Game department resulted in the Swan Valley Massacre of 1908 . Though marked for termination in 1953 under the House concurrent resolution 108 of the US federal Indian termination policy , the Flathead Tribes were able to resist the government's plans to terminate their tribal relationship in Congressional hearings in 1954. In 2021 the Bison were returned to the Confederated Salish and Kootenai tribes The tribe has about 6800 members with approximately 4,000 tribal members living on

3685-413: The terms spelled out in the written document, the tribes ceded to the United States more than twenty million acres (81,000 km) of land and reserved from cession about 1.3 million acres (5300 km), thus forming the Jocko or Flathead Indian Reservation. Conditions had become intolerable for the Salish by the late 1880s, after the Missoula and Bitter Root Valley Railroad was constructed directly through

3752-479: The top of the pass, where it could be seen from miles away. On the other side of the Great Divide was the British territory of Rupert's Land . From the crest of the pass, streams lead to Spray Lakes above present-day Canmore, Alberta , and the Spray River , which joins the Bow River near modern-day Banff, Alberta . Once in the Bow Valley, De Smet headed upstream and in a north-westerly direction to its source Bow Lake . He traveled further north until he came to

3819-404: The tribe for their removal. Charlot ignored their demands and even their threats of bloodshed, and he again refused to sign any agreement to leave. U.S. officials then simply forged Charlot's "X" onto the official copy of the agreement that was sent to the Senate for ratification. Over time, the real reason for the Hellgate treaty meetings became clear to the Salish and Pend d'Oreille people. Under

3886-422: The tribe's lands, with neither permission from the native owners nor payment to them. Charlot finally signed an agreement to leave the Bitterroot Valley in November 1889. Inaction by Congress, however, delayed the removal for another two years, and according to some observers, the tribe's desperation reached a level of outright starvation. In October 1891, a contingent of troops from Fort Missoula forced Charlot and

3953-428: The tribe. Their request was finally granted, and a number of missionaries, including Pierre-Jean De Smet , were eventually sent. The Flatheads are also located in Sula, Montana . The tribes negotiated the Hellgate treaty with the United States in 1855. From the start, treaty negotiations were plagued by serious translation problems. A Jesuit observer, Adrian Hoecken, said that the translations were so poor that "not

4020-440: The tribes is either from their meeting with trapper Andrew Garcia, explorer David Thompson , or the Lewis and Clark Expedition (September 4, 1805). Lewis and Clark came there and asked for horses but eventually ate the horses due to starvation. The Flatheads also appear in the records of the Roman Catholic Church at St. Louis , Missouri, to which they sent four delegations to request missionaries (or "Black Robes") to minister to

4087-430: The upper Columbia valley north to and past Lake Windermere . At Radium Hot Springs , he turned east and went over Sinclair Pass into the Kootenay River Valley. He recrossed the Kootenay and continued along the reverse of the route pioneered by the Sinclair expedition . He followed the Cross River upstream to its headwaters at Whiteman's Pass. The Cross River was named for the large wooden cross that De Smet erected at

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4154-414: The winter of 1845–1846. During these years, he established St. Mary's Mission in present-day Stevensville, Montana , among the Flathead and Kootenay Indian tribes. He also established the mission that became the Sacred Heart Mission to the Coeur d'Alene in present-day Cataldo, Idaho . In the spring of 1846, De Smet began his return westward, following the established York Factory Express trade route to

4221-447: Was a Flemish Catholic priest and member of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). He is known primarily for his widespread missionary work in the mid-19th century among the Native American peoples, in the midwestern and northwestern United States and western Canada . His extensive travels as a missionary were said to total 180,000 miles (290,000 km). He was affectionately known as "Friend of Sitting Bull ", as he persuaded

4288-491: Was active in work related to the missions which he helped establish and fund. During his career, he sailed back to Europe eight times to raise money for the missions among supporters there. In 1868 he persuaded Sitting Bull to send a delegation to meet the U.S. peace commissioners, leading to the Treaty of Fort Laramie . De Smet returned to St. Louis and from there made several trips to the north country helping Indians and teaching Christianity. In 1850 he cruised from St. Louis to

4355-436: Was appalled by the murders and brutality resulting from the whiskey trade, which caused much social disruption among the Indian people. During this time, he also assisted and supported Joseph Nicollet 's efforts at mapping the Upper Midwest. De Smet used newly acquired mapping skills to produce the first detailed map of the upper Missouri River valley system, from below the Platte River to the Big Sioux River . His map shows

4422-486: Was part of a wider movement to include more Salishan in the community's daily lives. For the Séliš-Ql̓ispé, language and culture are entwined — through oral histories, food practices, horticulture, environment, and spirituality. By reviving the language, they hope to also reclaim their identity, their health, and their culture. Community efforts to revitalize the Salishan language and culture, aside from efforts to teach classes on language (in some cases, full-immersion into

4489-430: Was pounded into the fibers, possibly for the purpose of extracting oil from the wool. Not all Salish blankets were made with dog's wool—commoners' blankets were usually made of plant fibers. The designs of Salish weavings commonly featured graphical patterns such as zig-zag, diamond shapes, squares, rectangles, V-shapes and chevrons. In the early to mid-nineteenth century, the fur trade brought Hudson's Bay blankets to

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